OPHTHALMIC MONKEYPOX: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON OCULAR INVOLVEMENT, DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND VACCINATION

Ocular monkeypox, a rare but severe consequence of monkeypox virus infection (an Orthopoxvirus), presents with various ophthalmic issues, from conjunctivitis and keratitis to, in severe cases, corneal ulcers and vision loss. Transmission occurs via Close contact with sick people, contaminated objects, or respiratory droplets can spread the infection. Among the symptoms include inflamed eyes, swelling, pain, and discharge, often alongside systemic symptoms like fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes. Prompt diagnosis and treatment, including supportive care, antiviral medications (e.g., tecovirimat or cidofovir), and management of secondary bacterial infections, are crucial to prevent permanent damage. Corneal transplantation may be considered in vision-threatening cases due to corneal damage. Vaccination, especially with the modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine, offers protection and lessens the risk of severe complications, including ocular involvement. Public health strategies, like immunization drives and instruction, are vital for outbreak control and minimizing the impact of ocular and systemic monkeypox. More investigation is required to improve and understand the disease’s mechanisms and improve treatment, prevention, and surgical approaches.