REVIEW ON BIOSYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES AND ITS ROLE IN TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY

Bio-nanotechnology has emerged as an integration of biotechnology and nanotechnology. The nanoparticles are described as particles with sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. Nanoparticles exist in many forms such as spherical, cylindrical, platelets, tubes, etc. Nanotechnology is an area that is flourishing, creating an effect in all fields of human life. Biological synthesis employs plant leaf extract, bacteria, fungi, and enzymes to synthesize nanoparticles offers various benefits of eco-friendliness and compatibility for pharmaceutical and other biomedical applications as they do not use toxic chemicals. Drugs are entrapped in the polymer matrix particulates or solid solutions or may be bound to the particle surface by physical adsorption or through chemical interaction. The basic concept involved is the selective and effective localization of nanodrugs in appropriate concentration, and nanoparticles provide restricted access to non-target cells. Nanoparticles are mainly taken by the reticuloendothelial system after administration. Therefore, nanoparticles are useful for carrying drugs to the phagocytically active cells. It is possible to enhance drug delivery to targeted tissues by modifying the surface characteristics of nanoparticles. There are several benefits of using nanoparticles as drug delivery agents such as increased effect of drug, reduced side effects, and reduction in the number of dosages taken by the patient. However, more research is required to develop cost-effective green technology for the high production of nanoparticles and also to maintain the stability of nanoparticle entrapped drug for their applications in the treatment of various diseases.