99mTc LABELED N-ACETYL NEURAMINIC ACID AS A NEW RADIONUCLIDE PROBE FOR TARGETING CANCER: IN-SILICO AND IN-VITRO STUDY
HTML Full Text99mTc LABELED N-ACETYL NEURAMINIC ACID AS A NEW RADIONUCLIDE PROBE FOR TARGETING CANCER: IN-SILICO AND IN-VITRO STUDY
Ravi Ranjan Kumar 1, Jasmine Sati 1, Monika Chauhan 3, Neelima D. Passi 3, Dewinder K. Dhawan 2 and Vijayta D. Chadha * 1
Centre for Nuclear Medicine 1, University Institute of Emerging Areas in Science and Technology (UIEAST), Department of Biophysics 2, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS) 3, Panjab University, Chandigarh - 160014, Chandigarh, India.
ABSTRACT: Radioisotopic imaging based on small molecules like carbohydrate has been regarded as a promising candidate for in-vivo imaging for cancer diagnosis in recent years. In this study, we report that N-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), a type of sialic acid with 9-carbon amino sugar and low pKa value coordinates with the transition radioactive metal 99mTc. The radiochemical yield of 99mTc labeled Neu5Ac was observed to be greater than 90% and was confirmed by Instant Thin Layer Chromatography. Molecular docking studies showed greater affinity of 99mTc labeled Neu5Ac towards the lectin receptor when compared to cold Neu5Ac. The radiolabeled complex (99mTc-Neu5Ac) binds specifically to the HT-29 cells and was mildly cytotoxic at a concentration of 402 µM. Cellular internalization of 99mTc-Neu5Ac was mainly in the cytosolic proteins and free membranes as compared to nuclear fraction and large organelles. In conclusion, Neu5Ac was successfully radiolabeled with 99mTc, and in-vitro binding studies confirmed that our developed radionuclide probe binds selectively to the cancer cells. Further, efficacy of our developed complex may be useful for the in-vivo imaging of cancer.
Keywords: |
N-acetyl neuraminic acid, In-vitro cancer cell, Molecular docking, Radiolabeling, Cytotoxicity, Lectin receptor
INTRODUCTION: Technetium-99m (99mTc) is the most prevalent diagnostic radionuclide in nuclear medicine due to its easy availability from commercial generator columns, ideal nuclear properties, and suitable decay characteristics. It emits γ-rays with an energy of 140 keV, which is close to optimal for imaging with commercial gamma cameras. The six-hour half-life is sufficiently long for pharmaceutical preparation and in-vivo accumulation in the target 1, 2.
The ability to include this radionuclide into targeting molecules has been the foremost consideration for developing radiopharmaceuticals. Various ligands have been labeled with 99mTc by direct method using stannous chloride as the reducing agent.
99mTc-DTPA (Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid) and 99mTc-MDP (Methylene diphosphonate) are some of the radiopharmaceuticals clinically used to diagnose the disease in nuclear medicine practices 3, 4. Additionally, some carbohydrates like glucoheptonate and glucuronic acid are carboxylic acid analogs of glucose, which have been coordinated with 99mTc. These radio complexes formed have been approved for imaging of the brain, kidney, myocardium and tumor necrosis respectively 5, 6.
N-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) is the most predominant type of sialic acid, which consists of 9-carbon carboxylate amino sugar and is involved in numerous fundamental functions of the living cells 7. Due to its low pKa value (2.2), this carbohydrate is a very good ligand for transition metals due to its ability to donate electrons from the hydroxyl group of Neu5Ac 8, 9. Overexpression of cell surface sialic acids has been correlated with the metastatic potential of several tumors, and cell surface sialic acid has also been a target for drug delivery 10. Sialic acid binds to the lectin receptor and is over-expressed in many cancer cells. Numerous studies have also revealed that various cancer cells take up exogenous sialic acid 11, 12, 13, 14. Till date, the use of sialic acid for tumor imaging has been largely unexplored. In the present study, N-acetyl neuraminic acid was radiolabeled with radioactive transition metal 99mTc by direct labeling method. The radiochemical purity was determined by Instant Thin Layer Chromatography (ITLC). Molecular docking studies were also performed. Cytotoxicity and in-vitro binding studies of 99mTc labeled Neu5Ac were determined in HT-29 human colon cancer cell line.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Chemicals: HT-29, a human adherent type colon cancer cell line, was procured from National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS) Pune, India. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), N-acetyl neuraminic acid, Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI) 1640 media [(supplemented with L-glutamine and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)] and stannous chloride dihydrate (SnCl2.2H2O) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Pertechnetate (99mTcO4-) was obtained from the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) Chandigarh, India. Instant Thin Layer Chromatography- silica gel (ITLC-SG) strips were purchased from MERCK. Fetal bovine serum (FBS), trypsin-EDTA (10x), antibiotic antimycotic solution (1000X) was purchased from Hi-media.
Radiolabeling and Radiochemical Purity: 99mTc labelled Neu5Ac was prepared by adding 7.4 Megabecquerel (MBq) (200µCi) of pertechnetate (99mTcO4-) to a vial containing 50 μg of Neu5Ac (1mg/ml in DDW), 10 μg of stannous chloride dihydrate (SnCl2·2H2O) [1mg SnCl2·2H2O in 1 ml of 0.01N hydrochloric acid (HCl)] and the pH was adjusted between 6.5 to 7.5 using 0.05M sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The reaction mixture was gently shaken and kept at room temperature for sufficient time to complete the reaction. Percentage labeling of Neu5Ac with 99mTc was carried out by ascending chromatographic technique.
Briefly, Instant Thin Layer Chromatography-silica gel (ITLC-SG) strips were cut into appropriate width and length (0.5 × 12 cm) and the point of origin and end line (solvent front) were marked from the base 15, 16, 17. A single spot of preparation was applied on the strip at the point of origin. Strips were then placed in tubes containing absolute (100%) acetone and a mixture of Pyridine: Acetic acid: Water [PAW] (3:5:1.5) as mobile solvents to rule out the amount of free pertechnetate (99mTcO4-) and reduced/ hydrolyzed (99mTc-R/H) fraction in the preparation. The strips were left undisturbed in the developing tubes to allow movement of the solvent and then removed after the solvent touched the end line (Solvent front). The strips were air-dried, cut into 1 cm segments, and then counted for activity using a well-type gamma-sensitive probe (ECIL, Hyderabad, India). Finally, the labeled compound was calculated according to the following equations:
% Free 99mTcO4- = (Radioactivity counts at Rf = 1)/ Total radioactivity counts × 100
ITLC-SG/acetone system
% 99mTc-R/H = (Radioactivity counts at Rf = 0) / Total radioactivity counts × 100
ITLC-SG/ Mixture of PAW system
Radiochemical purity of 99mTc-Neu5Ac (%) = 100 – (% Free 99mTcO-4 + % R/H)
Molecular Docking Studies: Three-dimensional (3D) crystal structure of the known potent anticancer drug target lectin was retrieved from the protein data bank (PDB ID: 3WHD; http://www.rcsb.org). Among the various crystal structures available for lectin, 3WHD human lectin receptor with a resolution of 2.29 Å was used in the present study, Fig. 1. 18
Ligand Preparation: One of the important determinants for a successful docking is the structure of the ligand. The 2D structure of the N-acetyl neuraminic acid and its 99mTc radio labeled analog was sketched using the ChemDraw ultra 8.0, followed by their conversion into 3D and the chemical structure was saved in the requisite format shown in Fig. 2a and b 19. The geometry and energy of these molecules were optimized and minimized using the Merck Molecular Force Field (MMFF) method. Conformer with the lowest energy was selected for docking simulation studies. The comprehensive and integrated graphical user interface program of the Vlife MDS 4.6, i.e. ‘‘Bio Predicta module’’ was used to prepare, run, and analyze the docking simulations on the HP Pentium IV 2.80 GHz Processor / Microsoft Win XP Home Edition system.
FIG. 1: 3D STRUCTURE OF 3WHD PROTEIN IN NEW CARTOON VIEW
FIG. 2: THE 3D CONFIGURATION OF THE (a) N-ACETYL NEURAMINIC ACID AND (b) 99mTc RADIO LABELED PROPOSED ANALOGUE WAS SKETCHED USING THE ChemDraw ultra 8.0, FOLLOWED BY THEIR CONVERSION INTO 3D AND CHEMICAL STRUCTURE WAS SAVED IN THE REQUISITE FORMAT.
In-vitro Study: HT-29 cells were used to test the cytotoxicity and internalization of 99mTc labeled Neu5Ac. HT- 29 cells were grown in RPMI 1640 media supplemented with L-glutamine, sodium bicarbonate, 10% FBS, 100 units/ml of penicillin, 100 μg/ml of streptomycin and 1 mM sodium pyruvate. Cells were grown at 37°C in a humidified incubator with an atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air. The cell culture flasks were replaced with medium every 3-4 days and passaged when 90-95% confluent.
For subculture of cells, the medium was removed from the flask, and a solution of 0.5% trypsin/0.2% EDTA in 0.85% normal saline (1X) was added. HT-29 cells were incubated at 37°C and 5% CO2 for 2 min, and an equal volume of medium was added to deactivate the trypsin. The culture was transferred to a 25 ml conical tube and centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 10 min. Cells were re-suspended in medium and seeded into T 175 flasks.
Cytotoxicity by MTT Assay: Cytotoxicity of Neu5Ac was evaluated at 24 h in HT-29 cells using MTT (3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay 20. 1 × 104 cells were plated per well in a 96 well plate and were allowed to attach overnight. The next day, fresh media containing different concentrations of 99mTc- Neu5Ac (8, 16, 32, 40, 80, 100, 160 and 402 μM) were added to the plate in triplicates. After 24 h incubation at 37 °C, the added medium in each well was removed.
Subsequently, 180 μL of RMPI (without FBS) and 20 μL of MTT stock solution (5 mg/ mL in PBS) was added and incubated for 4 h resulting in formation of formazan crystals. The medium containing MTT was then completely removed. Immediately, 200 μL of DMSO was added to each well to dissolve the formazan crystal. Absorbance intensity was measured by an ELISA plate reader (Bio-RAD 680, USA) at 540 nm by a reference wavelength of 620 nm with linear shaking for 10 sec at 25oC. Wells containing cells incubated with 10% tritonX-100 were treated as negative control, and those containing assay medium without 99mTc-Neu5Ac were treated as a positive control. Wells containing assay medium and MTT reagent without cells were used as blank. Cell viabilities were determined by reading the absorbance at 540 nm. The experiment was performed two times in triplicate.
Cell viability (%) = (Absorbance of sample) / (Absorbance of positive control) ×100
Cellular Binding: The cellular uptake studies of 99mTc-Neu5Ac were performed on HT-29 cell lines. The cells (6 × 105) were seeded in 12-well plates and kept in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator at 37 ºC overnight. The following day, cells were incubated with the radio-complex (99mTc-Neu5Ac, 325μM, 4MBq) at 37 °C for 1 h. Cells were simultaneously incubated with 99mTcO4 containing the same amount of activity as that of the radio-complex, to account for the uptake of 99mTcO4- by the cells 21. Incubation of the samples was terminated by removing the medium and washing the cells twice with ice-cold PBS. After that, the cells were detached by trypsin, and the radioactivity in the cell suspension was quantified. To determine specific versus nonspecific binding, HT-29 cells were seeded into 12-well plates at a density of 6 × 105 cells/well and incubated with unlabeled Neu5Ac at a concentration 500 times higher than the 99mTc labeled Neu5Ac for 35 min at 37 °C, and then the radio complex was added to the wells.
Internalization and Sub-Cellular Fraction Binding: To study the binding characteristics of 99mTc-Neu5Ac, HT-29 cells were plated at a density of 106 cells per well in 12-well tissue culture plates and were allowed to attach overnight at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2. The following day, cells were incubated with radio-complex (99mTc-Neu5Ac, 325μM, 4MBq) for different time intervals up to 4 h. Cellular uptake was stopped at each time interval by removing the medium from the cells and washing cells twice with ice-cold PBS. The cells were subjected to an acid wash (50 mM glycine HCl/100 mM NaCl, pH 2.8) to remove surface-bound radioligands. Immediately, pH was neutralized with cold PBS containing 0.2% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and subsequently, the cells were lysed in 500 μl of lysis buffer (Tris 10 mM, MgCl2 3 mM, NaCl 10 mM, 0.1% triton X-100 pH 7.5-8.0) at 37 °C. After 30 min of incubation in lysis buffer, the surface-bound (acid-wash) and internalized radioactivity were measured using the gamma well counter 22.
To see the subcellular fraction binding, the cell suspension was removed and centrifuged at 1300 g at 4°C for 5 min to pellet nuclei and cell debris (P1). The supernatant obtained (S1) was further centrifuged at 20,000 g at 4°C for 20 min to obtain free membrane and soluble cytosolic proteins as supernatant (S2) and large intact organelles as a pellet (P2). At different incubation time, the unbound activity (activity outside the cell), cell surface-bound activity and the activity associated to different sub-cellular fractions, (activity in the nucleus (P1), outside the nucleus (S1), free membranes and soluble proteins, i.e. cytosol (S2) and large intact organelles (P2) were measured (3 replicates) in a gamma-counter. Total binding represents uptake on the surface membrane and that present inside the cell; internalization represents the activity present inside the cell only.
Statistical Analysis: Experiment studying each factor was repeated three times, and differences in the data were evaluated with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. Results are reported as mean ± standard deviation (S.D.). The level of significance was set at p≤0.05. The statistical software package SPSS v 22 for windows were used for the purpose.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Radiolabeling and Radiochemical Purity: The radiochemical purity of the 99mTc-Neu5Ac complexes was determined by ascending instant Thin Layer Chromatography. In ITLC (SG) using acetone as the solvent, free pertechnetate moves with the solvent front (Rf =1), while 99mTc-Neu5Ac complex and reduced/hydrolyzed technetium (99mTc-R/H) stayed at the bottom (origin).
99mTc-R/H was assessed by using the mixture Pyridine: Acetic acid: Water (3:5:1.5) as the mobile phase where 99mTc-R/H remains at the origin (Rf= 0) while other species migrated with the solvent front (Rf=0.8) Table 1. The radiochemical purity was determined by subtracting the sum of the percent of colloid and free 99mTcO-4 from 100%. The maximum radiochemical yield of 99mTc labeled Neu5Ac was 93.4 ± 0.87 %. The ITLC radio chromatogram is presented in Fig. 3.
TABLE 1: RETENTION VALUES (Rf) OF 99mTc (PERTECHNETATE), REDUCED/HYDROLYZED (99mTc -R/H) AND 99mTc-Neu5Ac WAS DETERMINED USING ASCENDING ITLC (SG) IN TWO DIFFERENT SOLVENT SYSTEMS
Solvents
Systems |
Rf value | ||
Free 99mTc | 99mTc-R/H | 99mTc-Neu5Ac | |
Acetone | 1 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Pyridine: Acetic acid: Water (3:5:1.5) | 0.9-1 | 0.0-0.2 | 0.8-0.9 |
Data are represented as mean values ± standard deviation, n = 4.
FIG. 3: RADIO CHROMATOGRAM OF 99mTc-Neu5Ac USING ASCENDING ITLC (SG) IN TWO DIFFERENT SOLVENT SYSTEMS. Data are represented as mean values ± standard deviation, n = 4.
Docking Studies: The molecular docking studies showed that the most stable N-acetyl neuraminic acid conformer, i.e. ligand pose 1 bind to the active site of residues of the lectin with greater affinity represented by a low docking score of -41.60. The docked complex was further analyzed for the active involvement of molecular interaction with 3WHD, indicating the hydrogen and hydrophobic interaction, as shown in Fig. 3. This was noticed to contribute one conventional hydrogen bond between the oxygen with LYS68A by 2.98 Å distance. Further, it was found to form one charge interaction between oxygen and LYSC Å with a bond distance of 4.53 Å. Apart from these interactions, carbon of the ligand was found to show hydrophobic interactions with LYSC, LEU64A, ALA62A, LEUC and PRO85A with a bond distance of 4.12 Å, 4.22 Å, 3.72 Å, 4.75 Å and 4.89 Å respectively as shown in Fig. 4A & B.
Similarly, docking results for 99mTc labeled analog (ligand pose 8) complex with 3WHD showed a good affinity and affording D-Score -91.69. The favorable D-Score could be attributed to its strong hydrogen and hydrophobic interaction with amino acids of the active site of the receptor.
FIG. 4: (A) THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATION OF MOLECULE IN THE BINDING DOMAIN OF 3WHD. (B) INTERACTIVE FORCES INVOLVED BETWEEN LIGAND AND AMINO ACIDS IN THE BINDING POCKET
FIG. 5: (A) THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATION OF MOLECULE IN THE BINDING DOMAIN OF 3WHD. (B) INTERACTIVE FORCES INVOLVED BETWEEN LIGAND AND AMINO ACIDS IN THE BINDING POCKET
Three oxygen atoms were involved in hydrogen interaction with LYS63A with a bond length of 2.07 Å, 2.59 Å, and 2.45 Å respectively. Further, one oxygen found with Pro 210A by a distance of 1.58 Å. At the same time, carbon atoms showed a greater contribution in hydrophobic interactions with ALA624A, CYS84A, PRO85A, THR212A and LEU64A with the bond length of 3.95 Å, 4.76 Å, 3.79 Å, 3.53 Å and 3.20 Å respectively as shown in Fig. 5A & 5B. It has been observed from the docking score that the 99mTc labeled analog of N-acetyl neuraminic acid binds to the lectin receptor with greater affinity and requires almost half of the binding energy as required by the N-acetyl neuraminic acid. Several reports have also demonstrated higher affinity of the radiolabeled complex with the receptor 23, 24.
MTT Assay: MTT is a water-soluble tetrazolium salt, which is transformed to an insoluble purple formazan by cleavage of the tetrazolium ring by succinate dehydrogenase within the mitochondria. The formazan product formed is impermeable to the cell membrane and accumulates in the healthy cell and thus is a measure of cell viability. HT-29 cell lines were taken to screen for the in-vitro cytotoxic activity of 99mTc-Neu5Ac for a range of different concentrations, as displayed in Fig. 6. There was no change in cell viability in the concentration range from 8-100 μM of 99m Tc-Neu5Ac. At 8 μM concentrations, the cell viability was observed to be 97.1 % ± 0.82. However, at concentration of 160 and 402 μM, the cell viabilities observed were 88% ± 0.11 and 86% ± 0.62 respectively. There was a significant decrease in cell viability at a concentration of 160 and 402 μM (p<0.05) when compared to the control cells. Similar to our finding, no detrimental effects on cell viability were observed at doses up to 1 mM for FITC labeled Neu5Ac 14.
FIG. 6: CELL VIABILITY OF 99mTc-Neu5Ac AGAINST HT-29 HUMAN COLON CANCER CELL LINE. Data are represented as mean ± standard deviation, n = 3. ap≤0.05, bp≤0.01, cp≤0.001 are calculated by Least Significant Difference using one way ANOVA when values are compared with the control group.
In-vitro Cellular Binding: The cell-associated radioactivity of 99mTc-Neu5Ac was higher in HT-29 cancer cells when compared to the 99mTc alone as depicted in Fig. 7A. This shows that the radiolabeled complex binds specifically to the HT-29 cells as compared to 99mTc alone. The in-vitro cell-binding competitive assay was performed by addition of 500-fold excess of cold Neu5Ac as a competitor with 99mTc-Neu5Ac. The saturation of the binding sites on HT-29 cells with Neu5Ac resulted in a decrease in radioactivity when compared to the unblocked sites. This demonstrated that the binding was through Neu5Ac as shown in Fig. 7B.
FIG. 7: (A) THE CELLULAR BINDING OF 99mTc-Neu5Ac IN HT-29 CELLS AS COMPARED TO 99mTc. (B) THE CELLULAR BINDING BY PRE-SATURATION OF THE HT-29 CELLS BY USING 500-FOLD EXCESS OF COLD Neu5Ac BEFORE ADDING THE 99mTc-Neu5Ac. Data are represented as mean values ± standard deviation, n = 5. Statistical significance was considered at p≤0.05.
Internalization and Sub-Cellular Fraction Binding Study: The in-vitro total binding and internalization experiment was performed to determine the rate and fraction of internalization of 99mTc-Neu5Ac in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. The percentage of total binding (Activity present on cell surface +activity inside the cell) of Neu5Ac after 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 min was observed to be 8.0 ± 0.2%, 7.1 ± 0.6%, 6.6 ± 0.25%, 6.8 ± 0.75% and 6.1 ± 0.65% of the total radioactivity in the cells. The results of in-vitro time dependency internalization and total binding of 99mTc-Neu5Ac are shown in Fig. 8A. Maximum internalization was observed at 2 h and 4 h i.e. 2.65 ± 0.6% and 2.1 ± 0.13% respectively. Fig. 8B shows the binding of 99mTc-Neu5Ac in different cellular fractions of HT-29 cells following incubation at 37 °C for 2 and 4 h. These time frames were selected since maximum internalization has been found to occur in this period.
FIG. 8: (A) INTERNALIZATION OF 99mTc-Neu5Ac IN THE HT-29 CELLS AT DIFFERENT TIMES AFTER INCUBATION AT 37 °C. (B) BINDING OF 99mTc-Neu5Ac TO DIFFERENT CELLULAR FRACTIONS OF HT-29 CELLS. Data represent mean values ± standard deviation, n = 5. The lowercase alphabet a, b & c represented the statistical difference (ap≤0.05, bp≤0.01, cp≤0.001) when % internalization was compared with total binding.
The present study was performed to determine the cellular fraction (s) enriched in binding sites for the radio-complex.
Radioactivity associated with each fraction represented the counts per minute of total internalized radio-complex bound to the respective cell fraction. These results suggest that the percentage internalized 99mTc-Neu5Ac was bound more to the soluble cytosolic proteins and free membranes, whereas binding to the nuclear and large cellular components was much less.
CONCLUSION: The developed radio complex 99mTc-Neu5Ac showed a high labeling efficiency of more than 90%. In-silico screening indicated that 99mTc labeled analogs of N-acetyl neuraminic acid bind the lectin receptor with greater affinity. In-vitro studies showed that this radio complex binds specifically to HT-29 cells and are internalized in cytosolic proteins and free membranes. Therefore, Neu5Ac could be a novel molecule for targeting tumor by using it as a in-vivo radionuclide imaging probe. Our department is continuously making efforts towards it.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We would like to thank Post Graduate Institute for Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) Chandigarh, India for providing necessary material and equipment for the study.
FUNDING: This work was supported by Research Promotion Fund, Panjab University Alumni Association, and DST (PURSE), India.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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How to cite this article:
Kumar RR, Sati J, Chauhan M, Passi ND, Dhawan DK and Chadha VD: 99mTc labeled N-acetyl neuraminic acid as a new radionuclide probe for targeting cancer: in-silico and in-vitro study. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020; 11(3): 1224-31. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232. 11(3).1224-31.
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Article Information
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1224-1231
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English
IJPSR
R. R. Kumar, J. Sati, M. Chauhan, N. D. Passi, D. K. Dhawan and V. D. Chadha *
Center for Nuclear Medicine, (UIEAST), Panjab University, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India.
vdchadha@pu.ac.in
17 May 2019
18 July 2019
24 July 2019
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.11(3).1224-31
01 March 2020