A COMPLETE RECAPITULATION OF A DRUG DELIVERY BASED ON OSMOTIC PRESSURE: AN OSMOTIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
HTML Full TextA COMPLETE RECAPITULATION OF A DRUG DELIVERY BASED ON OSMOTIC PRESSURE: AN OSMOTIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Alla Monisha *, M. Mohan Varma, D. Basava Raju
Department of Formulation Research & Development, Aurigene Pharmaceutical Services (Subsidiary of Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories), CPS, Miyapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
ABSTRACT: Conventional dosage forms are the systems that don't have complete control on their drug release, and also there is no control over the effective concentration at the target site. So in order to overcome this problem the osmotic drug delivery system was developed for the controlled delivery of drugs. This osmotic drug delivery system includes dosage forms for oral administration and implantable systems where they provide controlled delivery of drugs. These systems contain osmotic agents and a semipermeable membrane where they play an important role in the development of these delivery systems. This review mainly concentrates on the main Advantages, the principle of osmosis and how the drugs are delivered by using osmotic pressure, historical background, Types of osmotic drug delivery - Implantable and oral osmotic system, their pictorial representations and mechanisms, factors influencing the drug release, scientific developments and Marketed products of osmotic drug delivery systems.
Keywords: Implantable devices, Oral osmotic device, Osmogents, Osmotic pressure, Drug delivery orifice, Semipermeable membrane, Pumping devices, Push & Pull layers
INTRODUCTION: Oral drug delivery is one of the oldest and most widely used routes for the administration of drugs for achieving local and systemic effects. In this, the conventional dosage forms are able to give an immediate release of drugs but they are unable to control the drug release and they cannot maintain effective concentration at the target site for a longer period of time. In turn, the bioavailability of drugs purely depends on the physicochemical properties of a drug, excipients, and many physiological factors 1,2.
Due to all these limitations of the conventional dosage form, researchers have concentrated on developing novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), which is a key area of (FR&D) pharmaceutical research and development. This NDDS controlled release drug delivery system has gained more importance because of its many advantages than conventional dosage forms.
Controlled release drugs are easy to administer, have better patient compliance and decrease dosing frequency where the main goal of controlled release drug delivery is to improve the efficacy of drugs by prolonging the drug release for an extended period of time 3. In this novel drug delivery system, the drug release can be regulated by preparing them in different ways such as matrix system, reservoir system and osmotic systems. Where the osmotic drug delivery Systems are more well-founded controlled release drug delivery systems, which can be administered orally ⁴. Here in this osmotic drug delivery system, osmotic pressure is used as a driving force to release the drug in a controlled manner 5. Drug release from this system is independent of pH and other physiological parameters 6. There are many advantages of osmotically controlled drug delivery systems given in the following Table 1. Osmotic drug delivery systems have many benefits practically when compared to conventional dosage forms. Whereas they also have some disadvantages. Some distinct advantages and disadvantages of Osmotic drug delivery systems are as follows.
TABLE 1: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF OSMOTICALLY DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS 7, 14
Advantages ⁷⁻¹² | Disadvantages ¹³⁻¹⁴ |
The mechanism of drug release is independent of drug concentration | High care should be taken for the coating process because coating film defects may result in dose dumping |
Drug delivery may be delayed or sometimes even pulsed if required | Highly expensive due to specialized equipment |
Increases the bioavailability of drugs | Requires inert ingredients for the preparation of osmotic tablets |
Sustained blood levels within the therapeutic window | Drug delivery orifice making is the critical step in osmotic tablets preparation |
Inter and intra subject variability is less | Osmotic drug delivery systems cannot be crushed or chewed |
Drug delivery is independent of outside agitations, gastric pH, hydrodynamic conditions and even GI motility | Drug release may be affected in the presence of food to some extent |
Drug release rate is highly predictable | Drug retrieval is not possible in case of adverse effects. |
Better in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) with specific limits | Rapid development of tolerance |
Safety margin for high potency drugs | |
Able to produce better release rates than conventional dosage forms | |
Extremely useful for patients suffering | |
Enhanced patient compliance | |
Drug release can be programmable | |
They can be well characterized | |
Less or reduced side effects | |
Gives zero-order release profile after lag time |
Limitations: Moreover, in addition to these, there are certain limitations associated with these osmotic drug delivery systems they are.
- They may cause ulcers due to the release of a saturated solution.
- Extraordinary systems are necessary for making orifices to the device, resulting in an increase in making costs.
- Experienced personnels are required for the production of these osmotic drug delivery devices.
- Residence time of the osmotic drug delivery system in the body may vary with gastric motility and after eating food.
Historical Background 14, 22: In the year 1955, two scientists Rose and Nelson used osmosis principle for the first time in drug delivery systems and they have developed an implantable pump that consists of three chambers. In 1970’s Higuchi and Leeper developed and proposed a series of variations in the Rose and Nelson pump. Then in 1974, the scientist Theeuwes developed the first osmotic drug delivery concept; also he simplified the Rose-Nelson pump which was developed by Alza Corporation of the USA and also he developed an elementary osmotic pump and holds several patents and released many osmotic drug delivery system products in the market.
Later the Rose-Nelson pump was further simplified and developed by Higuchi and Theeuwes. And also, they have designed a tablet that contains a core surrounded by a semipermeable membrane that contains an orifice. In the 1980's the first two osmotic drug delivery products were released into the market; they are indomethacin, Osmosin and phenylpropanolamine. Osmosin, which is an elementary osmotic pump, was withdrawn from the market due to its large number of side effects. Zentner et al. in 1985-1991, Zentner and Rork in 1990, Appel and Zentner and Mcclelland et al. In 1991, they developed a controlled-porosity osmotic pump tablet as an oral drug delivery system. Later oral osmotic drug delivery system was further developed with two new designs one delivered 0.02 ml/day for 100 days and the other delivered 0.5 ml/ day for 4 days, both are used in pharmacological research, they are push-pull osmotic pumps (PPOP) it was developed for the application of poorly water soluble drugs to the targeted site and controlled-porosity osmotic pumps (CPOP) was developed to decrease the risk of drug induced irritation.
Osmosis & ITS Principle 23, 25: Osmosis is a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a low concentrated solution into a highly concentrated one. This osmosis process is able to control drug delivery. This type of osmotic drug delivery device contains osmogent, due to which osmotic pressure is created. (The osmotic pressure of a solution is the external pressure applied to the solution to prevent it from being diluted by the entry of solvent via the osmosis process. So that when this device comes in contact with fluids, osmotic pressure is created, due to high osmotic pressure inside the device, the drug pushes outside.
Moreover the release rate of the drugs from osmotic drug delivery devices depends on molecular weight, solubility and activity coefficient of the solute (osmogent). According to the Pfeffer experiment, it was reported that the membrane is permeable to water but the membrane-impermeable to sugars is used to separate a sugar solution from the pure water. He showed that the osmotic pressure π of the sugar solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the solution and absolute temperature. Later within a few years, Van't Hoff shows the comparison between these results and ideal gas law with the following equation.
π = Ф c r t Where, π = Osmotic pressure. Ф = Osmotic coefficient of the solution. C = Molar concentration of sugar in the solution. r = Gas constant t = Absolute temperature
Osmotic pressure for the concentrated solution of soluble solutes commonly used for controlled release formulation; their osmotic pressure can produce high water flow across the semipermeable membrane. The osmotic water flows through a membrane is given by equation.
Dv/dt = A Q Δ π/ Where, dvdt = Water flows across the membrane. A = Area. L = Thickness. ?π = Osmotic pressure. Q = Permeability.
Therefore this equation strictly says that the membrane is permeable to water, but it is impermeable to osmotic agents.
Rate of Drug Delivery from the Device Is Directly Proportional To The:
- Amount of osmotic agents in the device.
- Drug solubility modifier ratio.
- Level of pore former.
- Thickness and composition of semi permeable membranes.
- Size of hole/ aperture.
- Surface area of the device.
The Drug Release Is Inversely Proportional To: Concentration of polymer coating. Membrane thickness or weight gain.
Principle Components of Osmotic Drug Delivery System: (1) Drug, (2) Semipermeable membrane, (3) Osmotic agent (or) Osmogen, (4) Pore-forming agent, (5) Wicking agent, (6) Coating solvents, (7) Flux Regulators, (8) Plasticisers, (9) Solubilizing agents, (10) Surfactants.
Drug 13, 27: All drugs are not suitable to develop as an osmotic drug delivery device. Examples of some drugs that are suitable to develop into osmotic drug delivery are given in Table 2. Basic characteristics that are required for a drug to develop into osmotic drug delivery system are as follows. Should have a short biological half-life 2-6 h. It should be a highly potent drug. Solubility should not be either high or low. Drugs should be suitable for prolonged treatment. The drug should itself have an osmogenicproperty and should have a good aqueous solubility. If the drug should not possess osmotic properties, then osmotic salts and other sugars are incorporated in the formulation.
Semi-Permeable Membrane 28, 52: The membrane which is present in the osmotic drug delivery system is semipermeable in nature. So, the polymers that are used in this system should be permeable to water and impermeable to solutes that are present. The semipermeable membrane plays an important role in the osmotic drug delivery system, so we have to be very careful in the selection of material for the semipermeable membrane.
The semipermeable membrane must meet some criteria, they are. It should be permeable to water. It should have sufficient wetting strength and wet modulus in order to retain its shape during the lifetime of the device. The Leakiness and reflection coefficient of an osmotic agent should approach the limiting value. Membrane should be biocompatible.
Osmotic Agent (or) Osmogen 25, 33, 35: Osmotic agents (or) Osmogen are the essential ingredients in the osmotic drug delivery formulation. These osmogents are the materials that are used to create osmotic pressure inside the system. Osmotic agents or osmogens protect the concentration gradient across the membrane. They also create a driving force for the uptake of water and helps in and also helps in maintaining drug consistency in the hydrated form. Upon the perception of biological fluid into the osmotic device through a semipermeable membrane, then the osmogents are dissolved in the penetrated fluids, so that the osmotic pressure is created, inside the pump where due to high osmotic pressure the drug or medicament which is present inside the device and pushes the medicament outside through delivery orifice, in a controlled manner.
The release rate from the device is purely based on the osmotic pressure that is created inside the device. So in order to maintain the drug release rate osmotic agents are added to the formulation. When the drug solubility is low, then it shows a zero-order release. The most commonly used osmogents are given in Table 2. Osmotic agents used in the formulation either alone or in combination (mixture) of osmogents. Different types of osmogents present are (1) Water-soluble salts of inorganic acids, (2) -soluble salts of organic acids, (3) Carbohydrates, (4) Water-soluble amino acids and organic polymeric Osmogens.
Pore Forming Agents (Or) Channellingagents 36, 41: Pore-forming agents are the materials that are used for the formation of microporous membranes. The microporous wall may be formed in-vivo by the former pore agent by its percolation of fluids during the operation of the system. These pore-forming agents are particularly used in the development of poorly water-soluble drugs and used in the preparation of multi particulate and controlled porosity osmotic pumps. The pore-forming agents may be organic or inorganic and also either in solid or in liquid form. Different examples of pore-forming agents are given in Table 2. These pore-forming agents are also called channelling agents. When the dissolution fluid comes in contact with the semipermeable membrane, then due to the presence of pore formers or channelling agent forms a pore on the semipermeable membrane, through which the drug releases in a controlled manner.
Wicking Agents 32, 42: Wicking agent is defined as the material that has the ability to pull up water into a porous network of the drug delivery device. Also, these wicking agents have the ability to increase the contact surface area of the drug with the incoming aqueous fluid. These agents are either swellable or Non-swellable in nature; different examples of wicking agents are mentioned in Table 2. And these are characterized by having an ability to undergo physisorption with water. The main function of this wicking agent is to carry water to the surface inside the tablet core by creating a channel. The use of these wicking agents in the drug delivery device is to enhance the drug release from the orifice of the device.
Coating Solvents 44, 46: Solvents that are suitable for making a polymeric solution is used in the preparation of coating material. The main function of these solvents is to disperse the polymer and other additives that are used for coating an osmotic device. Inert inorganic and organic solvents are used in the preparation of the outer layer or walls of osmotic drug delivery devices. Examples of different types of solvents are given in Table 2.
Flux Regulators 47, 48: In order to regulate the flow of fluids into the drug delivery device, flux regulators are incorporated in the layer of the drug device, i.e. these flux regulators are added to the wall forming agents. There are different types of flux regulators used are hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances. Examples of flux regulators are given in Table 2.
Plasticizers 47, 51: Plasticizers have the capacity to change the visco-elastic nature of the polymer, so these plasticizers are used in the coating membrane of the osmotic drug delivery systems.
Due to the addition of these plasticizers, the permeability of film may change. Plasticizers have the capacity to turn a hard and brittle polymer into a softer, more pliable material and possibly make the upper layer or film more resistant to mechanical stress. Different types of plasticizers are given in Table 2.
Solubilizing Agents 52: Solubilizing agents are used to increasing the solubility of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. Primarily used in the osmotic systems that contain low soluble drugs. Examples of these solubilizing agents are given in Table 2.
Surfactants 53: Surfactants are the agents that act by modifying the surface energy of resources to get better their blending into the compound and upload their reliability in the environment of use during the drug release period. Some examples of surfactants are given in Table 2.
TABLE 2: TABLE SHOWING DIFFERENT EXAMPLES OF THE PRINCIPLE COMPONENTS USED IN THE OSMOTIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Drugs ¹³⁻¹⁷ | Semipermeable membrane ²⁸⁻³² | Pore-forming agents ³⁶⁻⁴¹ | |
Prazosin
Phenylpropanolamine Doxazosin Verapamil Oxybutynin chloride Isradipine Paliperidone Chlorpheniramine maleate Glipizide Nifedipine Pseudoephedrine Salbutamol Carbamazepine Leuprolide acetate Sufentanil Methylphenidate Albuterol |
Cellulose acetate
Ethylcellulose Cellulose acetate butyrate Cellulose propionate Cellulose acetate Cellulose diacetate Cellulose triacetate Agar acetate Amylose triacetate Beta-glucan acetate Poly (orthoesters) Polyacetals Poly(glycolic acid) Eudragits |
Alkaline metal salts
Potassium sulphate, Potassium phosphate, Sodium chloride, Sodium bromide, Potassium chloride etc Alkaline earth metals Calcium chloride, calcium nitrate Carbohydrates Sucrose, Glucose, Fructose, Mannose Lactose, Sorbitol, Mannitol Volatile pore formers Ethanol and Butanol Non-volatile pore formers Glycerol and Water Diols and Polyols Polyhydric alcohol, Dibutyl phthalate Polyvinyl pyrrolidone |
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Examples of Osmotic Agents used in Osmotic Drug Delivery. ²⁵ ³³⁻³⁶ | |||
Examples of osmotic agents ²⁵ | Some mixtures used as osmotic agents ³³⁻³⁶ | ||
Carbohydrates
Maltose, Lactose, Mannose, sucrose Water-soluble amino acids and organic polymeric Osmogens Polyvinyl pyrrolidone, Polyethylene oxide Methylcellulose, Hydroxyethyl methylcellulose Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose Water-soluble salts of inorganic acids Sodium or potassium hydrogen phosphate, Sodium, or Potassium chloride Magnesium chloride or sulfate, Lithium, Sodium phosphate dibasic. 7 H₂O, Sodium phosphate tribasic. 12 H₂O, Sodium phosphate dibasic. 12 H₂O, Sodium phosphate monobasic. H₂O, Sodium phosphate dibasic. Anhydrous Water-soluble salts of organic acids Magnesium succinate, Sodium benzoate, Sodium and potassium acetate, Sodium citrate, Sodium ascorbate, Potassium sulphate |
(1) Mannitol +Sucrose 170
(2) Dextrose +Sucrose 190 (3) Mannitol +Dextrose 225 (4) Mannitol +Fructose 415 (5) Lactose +Dextrose 225 (6) Lactose +Fructose 500 (7) Dextrose +Fructose 450 (8) Sucrose-fructose 430 (9) Lactose- sucrose 250 (10) Mannitol - lactose 190
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Wicking agents ³²⁻⁴²
(M-pyrol, Bentonite, Aluminium silicate, Polyester, Polyethylene, Colloidal silicon dioxide, Titanium dioxide, Alumina (10) Niacinamide (11) Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) (12)Low molecular weight poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) |
Coating solvents ⁴⁴⁻⁴⁶ | Mixture of solvents :
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Typical solvents used :
Ethyl acetate, Cyclohexane, Carbon tetrachloride, Water, Methylene chloride, Acetone, Methanol (8) Ethanol (9) Isopropyl alcohol (10) Butyl alcohol |
Acetone-Methanol (80:20)
Chloride-Methanol-Water (75:22:3) Acetone-Ethanol (80:20) Acetone-Water (90:10) |
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Flux regulators ⁴⁷⁻⁴⁸ | Plasticizers ⁴⁷⁻⁵¹ | Surfactants ⁵³ | |
Hydrophilic substances
Polyethethylene glycols (300 to 6000 Da), Polyhydric alcohols Polyalkylene glycols Hydrophobic substances Phthalates substituted with an alkyl or alkoxy (e.g., Diethyl phthalate or Di methoxy ethyl phthalate) |
PEG-600
PEG-200 Triacetin (TA) Dibutyl sebacate Ethylene glycol monoacetate Ethylene glycol diacetate Triethyl phosphate, and diethyl tartrate |
Polyoxyethylene glyceryl ricinoleate
Polyoxyethylated castor oil having ethylene oxide Glyceryl laureates Glycerol (sorbitan oleate, stearate or laurate) |
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Solubilizing agents ⁵² | |||
(1) Agents that inhibit crystal formation of drugs
Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG 8000) and βcyclodextrin) (2) Micelle-forming agents with a high HLB value Tween 20, 60, and 80, polyoxyethylene or polyethylene containing surfactants and other long-chain anionic surfactants such as Sodium Lauryl Sulfate) (3) Citrate esters Alkyl esters especially triethyl citrate (4) Combinations of complexing agents Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and poly(ethylene glycol) with anionic surfactants such as SLS are mostly preferred |
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Types of Osmotic Drug Delivery System 10, 27: There are two different types of osmotically controlled drug delivery system. They are as follows in Table 3.
Implantable osmotic drug delivery system | Oral osmotic drug delivery system |
Rose Nelson pump. | Elementary osmotic pump. |
Higuchi leeper osmotic pump. | Push-pull osmotic pumps. |
Higuchi theeuwes osmotic pump. | Sandwiched osmotic pump. |
Alzet osmotic pump. | Osmotic pump with non expanding second chamber. |
DUROS® osmotic pump. | Asymmetric membrane osmotic pump. |
Implantable mini osmotic pump. | Liquid osmotic system (L-OROS). |
L-OROS soft gelatin capsule. | |
Controlled-porosity osmotic pumps. | |
Osmotic bursting osmotic pump | |
Monolithic osmotic pump tablet. | |
OROS-CT (colon targeting). | |
Effervescent Osmotic pump Tablet. | |
Multiparticulate Delayed-Release System. | |
Self Emulsified Osmotic Tablet. |
TABLE 3: TYPES OF IMPLANTABLE OSMOTIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Pump Type | Description |
Rose Nelson pump. ⁵⁴⁻⁵⁵ | The earliest discovery of all osmotic pumps is the Rose Nelson pump. It mainly consists of three chambers, namely Drug, Salt, and water chamber. Where it contains a semipermeable membrane between the salt and water chamber and an elastic diaphragm between the drug and salt chamber. As the concentration of water is low, the water moves into the salt chamber through the semipermeable membrane via the osmosis process. Due to the water movement into the salt chamber, the pressure inside the salt chamber increases. The elastic diaphragm, which is present b/w the salt and drug chamber, pushes towards the drug chamber; this drug pushes out from the chamber through delivery orifice. The pictorial representation of the Rose nelson pump was shown in Fig :- 2. Note:- The major limitation of this Rose nelson pump is the water chamber needs charging before it can be used. Mainly used for the drugs to treat sheep and cattle gut. |
Higuchi leeper osmotic pump.⁵⁶⁻⁵⁹ | This pump doesn't have any water chamber in it, but it contains a porous membrane along with a semipermeable membrane. The water enters into the device through the semipermeable with the help of a porous membrane. The salt chamber in the device contains a saturated solution. After the implantation of the device into the body the biological fluids enter into the device so that the salt which is present in the device dissolves and osmotic pressure is created in the device; due to this, the movable separator moves toward the drug chamber in order to exclude the drug outside the device. The pictorial representation of the Higuchi Leeper pump was shown in Fig:- 3. This osmotic pump is widely used for veterinary purposes to deliver antibiotics or growth hormones to animals. Due to the absence of an inbuilt water chamber, this device is less susceptible to microbial contamination. |
Higuchi theeuwes osmotic pump.⁶⁰⁻⁶³ | Almost similar to the Higuchi-Leeper pump and it was a simplified version of the Rose-nelson pump. This higuchitheeuwes osmotic pump contains a semipermeable membrane attached to the outer rigid housing of the device. Beneath the outermost layer there is a solid osmogen, dispersed in a suitable solvent, and the innermost layers of the device consist of flexible and collapsible material. And the drug reservoir is in direct contact with the delivery orifice. The pictorial representation of Higuchi the ewes osmotic pump was shown in Fig :- 4. When this Higuchitheeuwes osmotic pump comes in contact with the body fluid, the water enters inside the pump through the semipermeable membrane so that the osmotic pressure was developed inside the device pressure exerts on the innermost flexible walls so that due to the increased pressure the drug delivers outside. Most of these pumps use the dispersion of solid salt in a suitable carrier for the salt chamber of the device. |
Alzet osmotic pump ⁶⁴ | It is an osmotic pump in which the core of the device is filled with the drug or hormone solution which is to be delivered, and the salt chamber surrounds it with the impermeable layer between them. The pictorial representation of this Alzet osmotic pump was shown in Fig:- 5. When this alzet osmotic pump comes in contact with the water, the water enters into the salt chamber through a semipermeable membrane. The osmotic pressure inside the osmotic pump increases and causes the compression of a flexible reservoir, due to which the drug solution comes out. It is the most widely used osmotic pump for laboratory animals. This pump is used to deliver homogenous solutions or suspensions continuously at a controlled rate for an extended period of time (usually 14 days). |
DUROS® osmotic pump. ⁶⁵ | Duro's osmotic pump is a small rod-shaped implantable osmotic device with titanium housing. Where it consists of a semipermeable membrane, next to this, it contains an osmotic engine and piston, and next to this, the drug reservoir is present. The pictorial representation of this Duro's osmotic pump was shown in Fig:- 6 When this pump comes in contact with the water, then the water is slowly drawn into the pump through the semipermeable membrane by the osmotic agent residing in the engine compartment, thereby the osmotic agent expands and exerts a pressure on the piston due to this the piston moves forward there by the drug releases out from the device. Mostly used for systemic and site-specific administration and has the benefit of providing continuous therapy for up to one year. The non-biodegradable, osmotically driven system is intended to enable the delivery of small drugs, peptides, proteins, DNA, and other bioactive macromolecules for systemic or tissue-specific therapy. The first marketed product to incorporate DUROS®, is indicated for the palliative treatment of advanced prostate cancer. |
Implantable mini osmotic pump ⁵⁶ | This pump is almost similar to the Higuchi-Theeuwes pump, but it has an additional component i.e, a flow modulator that is inserted inside while the device is already filled with the drug solution or suspension.
These implantable mini osmotic pumps are available with various delivery rates in the range between 0.25 to 10ml per hour and delivery duration between one day and four weeks and release the drug at a controlled rate for an extended period of time. The implantable mini osmotic pump was shown in Fig:- 7 |
FIG. 1: SHOWING THE SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE BASIC MODEL OF OSMOTIC PRESSURE POWERED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
FIG. 2: ROSE NELSON PUMP
FIG. 3: HIGUCHI LEEPER OSMOTIC PUMP
FIG. 4: HIGUCHI THEEUWES OSMOTIC PUMP
FIG. 5: ALZET OSMOTIC PUMP
FIG. 6: DUROS OSMOTIC PUMP.
FIG. 7: IMPLANTABLE MINI OSMOTIC PUMP
TYPES OF ORAL OSMOTIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Pump Type | Description |
Elementary osmotic pump ⁶⁸⁻⁶⁹ | It consists of an osmotic core containing the drug, which is surrounded by a rate-controlling semipermeable membrane and also contains a laser-drilled delivery orifice. The delivery orifice size is most critical in the semi permeable membrane through which the active agent i.e the drug is delivered. The pictorial representation of the elementary osmotic pump is shown in Fig :- 8. Then this osmotic device comes in contact with fluids; these fluids enter into the device so that the saturated solution of the drug in the core is formed inside the osmotic pump. Then this saturated drug solution is dispensed out from the delivery device at a controlled rate. Elementary osmotic pumps release drugs at a zero-order release rate for a prolonged period of time, at a controlled rate. The main disadvantage of the elementary osmotic pump is that it is only suitable for the delivery of water-soluble drugs. |
Push-pull osmotic pump ⁷⁰⁻⁷² | It is a modified form of an elementary osmotic pump. Push-pull osmotic pump contains two layers the upper layer and lower layer where the upper layer contains the drug in a formulation with an osmotic agent and the lower layer contains polymeric osmogents with excipients which in turn coated with the semipermeable membrane (It regulates water influx into both layers) and a drug delivery orifice. The pictorial representation of the push-pull osmotic pump is shown in Fig :- 9. When this push-pull osmotic pump comes in contact with the aqueous fluid, the fluid enters the system; thereby, the polymeric osmotic layer swells and pushes the drug layer; due to this, the drug releases from the osmotic pump through a delivery orifice. The main advantage of this push-pull osmotic pump is, it is suitable for both poorly water-soluble drugs and highly water-soluble drugs. In push-pull osmotic pumps, the pressure is enough in order to release the drug under zero-order kinetics. |
Sandwiched osmotic pump ⁷³ | Sandwiched osmotic pump composed of a polymeric push layer which is sandwiched between two drug layers with the two delivery orifices. The pictorial representation of the sandwiched osmotic pump is shown in the Fig :- 10. When this sandwiched osmotic system comes in contact with water then the water enters the system and the middle push layer which contains a swelling agent swells so that the push layer pushes the both drug layer due to this the drug releases from orifices on both sides. Main advantage of this system is the drug present in both the layers and also we can prepare this with two different drugs.It can be used for drugs to cause local irritation of gastric mucosa. |
Osmotic pump with non-expanding second chamber ⁷⁴⁻⁷⁵ | It contains a non-expandable second chamber, in this device there are two rigid chambers, whereas the first chamber contains a biologically inert osmotic agent, such as sugar or a simple salt like sodium chloride, and in the second chamber contains a drug. The pictorial representation of an osmotic pump with non-expanding second chamber is shown in theFig :- 11.When this device comes in contact with water then the water is drawn into both the chambers with the help of semi permeable membranes. Due to this the osmotic agent solution was formed in the first chamber, then passes through the connecting hole to the drug chamber where it mixes with the drug solution and due to this pressure increases and drug releases out from the device. This device is used to deliver relatively insoluble drugs. |
Asymmetric membrane osmotic pump ⁷⁶⁻⁷⁷ | It contains a capsule wall with insoluble water semipermeable polymeric membrane. The pictorial representation of an Asymmetric membrane osmotic pump was shown in the Fig :- 12. Imbibition of water into the asymmetric membrane osmotic pump through the semipermeable membrane. Due to this, the components inside the device solubilizes. Therefore, pressure inside the device increases, and the solution releases out from the same polymeric membrane. The main advantage of this system is high water permeability, and there is no pore formation (on porosity). |
Liquid osmotic system (Hard L-OROS) ⁷⁸ | L-OROS hard cap is one type of liquid osmotic system. This system consists of a hard gelatin capsule containing a liquid gelatin capsule, a barrier layer, and a push layer surrounded by a semipermeable membrane. The pictorial representation of L-OROS hard cap was shown in theFig :- 13. The L-OROS hard cap hard cap system was specially designed to accommodate more viscous suspensions with higher drug loading capacity than would be possible using soft gelatin capsules. The expansion of the barrier layer inside the hard gelatin capsule results in the development of hydrostatic pressure inside the system, thereby forcing the liquid suspension formulation to break through the hydrated gelatin capsule shell at the delivery orifice. When this device comes in contact with water, this water imbibes across the Semipermeable membrane, expanding the osmotic engine, pushing against the barrier and releasing the drug through the delivery orifice. Mainly suitable for the delivery of lipophilic drugs. |
L-OROS soft gelatin capsule ⁷⁸⁻⁸⁰ | L-OROS soft cap contains a drug formulation in a soft gelatin capsule surrounded by a barrier layer, osmotic layer, a Semipermeable membrane, and a delivery orifice. The delivery orifice is designed through these three layers. The pictorial representation of L-OROS soft gelatin capsule was shown in Fig :- 14. When this L-OROS soft gelatin capsule comes in contact with the water, then the water imbibes across the Semipermeable membrane; due to this hydrostatic pressure was developed inside the device, so that the liquid formulation comes out from the hydrated gelatin capsule through the delivery orifice. It is well-suited for the delivery of insoluble drugs and macromolecules such as polysaccharides and polypeptides. The main advantage of this system is that it provides a continuous delivery of liquid suspension drug formulation and improves drugs' bioavailability. |
Telescopic Capsule for Delayed-Release ⁸⁰⁻⁸⁴ | It contains a dispenser that comprises a housing with a first wall and second wall sections in a slidable telescopic arrangement. This housing maintains integrity in its environment of use. This device mainly consists of two chambers, where the first chamber contains the drug and a delivery port. The second chamber contains an osmotic engine. A small layer of wax-like material separates the two chambers. And the desired active agent is placed into one of the chambers by using manual or automated filing mechanisms.. The open end of the filled vessel is fitted in the open end of the cap, and the two pieces are compressed together until the cap, osmotic bilayer tablet, and vessel fit together tightly. The pictorial representation of a telescopic capsule for delayed release was shown in fig :- 15. As fluid is entered into the housing of the dispensing device, the osmotic engine expands, due to this it exerts pressure on the slidable connected first and second wall chambers. During the delay period, the reservoir volume containing the active ingredient was kept constant, and therefore, a negligible pressure existed between the environment and the interior of the reservoir. As a result of this the flow of environmental fluid by the pressure that enters into the reservoir is minimum so that no agent is delivered for a period of time. |
Controlled- porosity osmotic pumps ⁹⁰⁻⁹¹ | Controlled porosity osmotic pump consists of a core with the drug surrounded by a semipermeable membrane, and this membrane contains different channeling agents of water-soluble additives in the coating. And these additives when they comes in contact with water they dissolve which results in an in-situ formation of a microporous membrane. So that the resulting microporous membrane is permeable to both water and dissolved solutes. And the mechanism of drug release from this system was found to be primarily osmotic and then simple diffusion. The pictorial representation of controlled porosity osmotic pump was shown in Fig 16. The main advantage of this system is stomach irritation problems can be considerably reduced because the drug is released from the whole of the device surface rather than from a single hole. |
Osmotic Bursting osmotic pumps ⁸⁸⁻⁸⁹ | This osmotic bursting osmotic pump is similar to elementary osmotic pumps but this does not contain a delivery orifice. It consists of a solid core that has a film coat. The pictorial representation of Osmotic Bursting osmotic pumps was shown in Fig 17. When it comes in contact with water, this water enters the system as a result of this osmotic pressure is developed inside the system due to this the outer film ruptures and the inner contents released outside. This system is used to provide pulsatile release. In this the release rate can be controlled by increasing the thickness of the oute coated film. |
Monolith osmotic pump tablet ⁸⁵⁻⁸⁹ | It consists of a simple dispersion of a water soluble agent in a polymeric matrix. The pictorial representation of the Monolith osmotic pump tablet was shown in Fig 18. When it comes in contact with water, then the water enters into the system by the vigorous agent that ruptures the polymer matrix capsule surrounding the agent, thus healing the drug to the outside environment. If more than 20-30 volumes per liter of the active agents is incorporated into the device then the usage of this system is not possible. |
OROS-CT (Colon targeting) ⁹⁰⁻⁹⁴ | This is the system that contains a single or as many as five to six push-pull osmotic pumping agents, where these are filled as a unit in a hard gelatin capsule. Also it consists of a semipermeable membrane surrounded by an enteric coat and a core. The pictorial representation of OROS-CT (Colon targeting) was shown in Fig 19. When this system comes in contact with gastric fluids, due to this the gelatin capsule was dissolved, and the enteric coating which is present on the osmotic pumps prevents the entry of fluids from the stomach to the system where this prevents the degradation of drug in the stomach pH |
Self Emulsified osmotic system ⁹⁵ | Self Emulsified osmotic system contains a self-emulsifying agent. This system contains a slightly soluble or insoluble drugs and self-emulsifying agent in the table core. This emulsifying agent emulsifies the drug present inside the system. This Self emulsifying system improves the controlled release rate, bioavailability of drugs and makes the plasma concentrations more stable. The pictorial representation of Self Emulsified osmotic system was shown in Fig 20. |
Multi layer osmotic system ⁹⁶⁻⁹⁷ | It contains two compartments, the upper compartment, usually, the drug compartment, contains the drug along with osmotically active agents and the Lower compartment usually the push compartment, contains the polymeric osmotic agents. The pictorial representation of the Multilayer osmotic system was shown in Fig :- 21. When this dosage form comes in contact with the water, both compartments absorb the water at the same time as the lower segment is lacking any orifice, then it expands and pushes the diaphragm into the higher drug chamber, thereby drug releases via the delivery orifice. |
Floating Elementary osmotic pump
tablet ⁶⁶⁻⁶⁷ |
This floating elementary osmotic pump can flow within the stomach. Inside this system, there is an Elementary osmotic pump tablet surrounded by the gas generating layer (Gas generating agent + Gelling agent). This gas generates a layer inturn surrounded by a polymeric film layer and an orifice. The pictorial representation of this floating elementary osmotic pump was shown in Fig 22. When this tablet comes in contact with the solvents like water or gastric fluids, these solvents enter into the tablet to produce the gas in the gas generating layer. Then the produced CO₂ gas bubbles were entrapped by the gelling agent in the gas generating layer. Thereby the system floats and results in drug release, as shown in Fig 22. |
FIG. 8: ELEMENTARY OSMOTIC PUMP
FIG. 9: PUSH-PULL OSMOTIC PUMP
FIG. 10, 11: SANDWICHED OSMOTIC PUMP, OSMOTIC PUMP WITH NON EXPANDING SECOND CHAMBER
FIG. 12, 13: ASYMMETRIC MEMBRANE OSMOTIC PUMP, LIQUID OSMOTIC SYSTEM (L-OROS)
FIG. 14, 15: L-OROS SOFT GELATIN CAPSULE, TELESCOPIC CAPSULE FOR DELAYED RELEASE
FIG. 16: CONTROLLED-POROSITY OSMOTIC PUMPS
FIG. 17: OSMOTIC BURSTING OSMOTIC PUMPS
FIG. 18: MONOLITHIC OSMOTIC PUMP TABLET
FIG. 19: OROS-CT COLON TARGETING
FIG. 20, 21: SELF EMULSIFIED OSMOTIC SYSTEM MULTI, PARTICULATE DELAYED RELEASE SYSTEM
FIG. 22: FLOATING ELEMENTARY OSMOTIC PUMP TABLET
Creation of Delivery Orifice 103, 104: Delivery orifice for the osmotic drug delivery devices may be created by using different mechanical drilling equipment, Some of the methods to produce a delivery orifice in the osmotic tablet coating are (1) Laser Drill, (2) Indentation that is Not Covered During the Coating Process, (3) Use of Leachable Substances in the Semi-Permeable Coating, (4). Systems with Passageway Produced In-Situ are some of the methods to make a delivery orifice. Out of which laser drilling technique is a mostly used technique for the creation of delivery orifice to the osmotic tablet, the main mechanism involved in this technique is the laser beam is projected on the surface of the tablet then it absorbs the energy of the beam and gets heated that causing a hole to the tablet wall which is a delivery orifice. And the size of the delivery orifice can be controlled by varying different parameters like by controlling the laser power, firing duration (pulse time), the thickness of the wall, and the dimensions of the beam at the wall. Whereas in some osmotic drug delivery systems we can see the in situ formation of delivery orifice that is achieved by incorporating different types of pore-forming agents (these pore-forming agents are water-soluble) in the wall during the coating process. The size of the delivery orifice must be perfect for controlling the drug release from the osmotic device. And the size of the delivery orifice should not also be too large or too small because if it is too large, the drug solute diffusion from the orifice may take place. Or if the size of the delivery orifice is too small, then it will affect the zero-order delivery due to the development of hydrostatic pressure within the core. So the delivery orifice size must be appropriate to achieve the desired drug release from the osmotic device. And the size of the delivery orifice should not also be too large or too small because if it is too large, the drug solute diffusion from the orifice may take place. Or if the size of the delivery orifice is too small, then it will affect the zero-order delivery due to the development of hydrostatic pressure within the core. So the delivery orifice size must be appropriate to achieve the desired drug release from the osmotic device.
Factors Affecting Osmotic Drug Delivery System 98, 104:
Evaluation Parameters 105, 106: Evaluation of osmotic drug delivery devices can be done by studying the following parameters, Hardness, Weight Variation, Visual Inspection Of Tablets, Coating Thickness & Coat Weight, Coating Uniformity, Friability, Pore (Or) Orifice Diameter, In-vitro Dissolution Studies, By Using Methods Like Vertically Reciprocating Shaker, Conventional Usp Dissolution Apparatus I And Ii, Flow-Through Apparatus, In-vivo Evaluation, In-vitro - In-vivo Correlation, Kinetics Of Drug Release.
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES 48, 56, 72, 95, 107, 112
S. no. | Scientists | Studied On |
1 | Vincent Malaterre et.al | Studied on the release mechanism underlying the drug delivery from push-pull osmotic pumps (PPOP) |
2 | Wright et.al | Studied an osmotic controlled release bilayer tablet for water soluble drugs. |
3 | Herbig S. M. et al | He found a new type of asymmetric membrane tablet coatings offering significant advantages over conventional osmotic tablets |
4 | Toshiaki Nagakura et al | He designed an osmotic pump using a semipermeable membrane that changes its volume according to the concentration of the outside solution |
5 | Roger A. Rajewski et al | Studied the membrane controlling factors responsible for drug release from a controlled-porosity osmotic pump tablet (OPT) that utilizes sulfobutyl ether-- cyclodextrin, (SBE)7m --CD, both as solubilizing agent and osmotic agent |
6 | Hai Bang Lee et al | Studied the sandwiched osmotic tablet system (SOTS) |
7 | Sapna N et al | Developed a controlled porosity osmotic pump-based drug delivery system |
8 | Roger A. Rajewski et al | Investigated the application of controlled-porosity osmotic pump tablet (OPT) utilizing (SBE)7m --CD both as a solubilizer and an osmotic agent for drugs with varying physical properties |
9 | Pratim K Choudhury et al | Developed an asymmetric membrane capsule of cellulose acetate for osmotic delivery of flurbiprofen and influence of osmogents and solubilizing agent on in vitro drug release were evaluated |
10 | Longxiao Liu et al | Developed the bilayer-core osmotic pump tablet (OPT) for nifedipine which does not require laser drilling to form the drug delivery orifice |
11 | AK Philip et al | Developed an asymmetric membrane capsular system, formed in situ, for poorly water-soluble drug, ketoprofen |
12 | Mahalaxmi.R et al | Developed the extended-release controlled porosity osmotic pump formulations of model drug glipizide |
13 | Pramod Kumar et al | Developed an Elementary osmotic pump (EOP) of highly water-soluble drug tramadol hydrochloride (TRH) |
14 | WakodeRajeshri et al | Developed an oral monolithic osmotic system for highly water-soluble pramipexole dihydrochloride monohydrate |
15 | Mothilal M et al | Developed an osmotically controlled oral drug delivery system formulations of metoprolol succinate were prepared using different concentrations of mannitol by wet granulation technique |
DIFFERENT MARKETED PRODUCTS
Trade Name | Design Type | Active Ingre Design Type Dient |
Acutrim | Elementary osmotic pump | Phenylpropanolamine |
Alpress LP | Push-Pull osmotic pump | Prazosin |
Concerta | Implantable osmotic systems | ethylphenidatem |
Chronogesic | Implantable osmotic systems | Sufentanil |
Covera HS | Push-Pull with a time delay system | Verapamil |
Calan SR | Push-Pull osmotic pump | Doxazosin |
Calan SR | Push-Pull osmotic pump | Verapamil |
Ditropan XL | Push-Pull osmotic pump | Oxybutynin chloride |
Dynacirc CR | Push-Pull osmotic pump | Isradipine |
Efidac 24 | Elementary osmotic pump | Pseudoephedrine & Brompheniramine, Pseudoephedrine & |
Sudafed 24 | Elementary osmotic pump | Pseudoephedrine |
Glucotrol XL | Push -Pull osmotic pump | Glipizide |
Tegretol XR | Elementary osmotic pump | Carbamazepine |
Viadur | Implantable osmotic systems | Leuprolide acetate |
Volmax | Elementary osmotic pum Elementary osmotic pump p | Salbutamol |
Minipress XL | Elementary osmotic pump | Prazosin |
Procardia XL | Push-Pull osmotic pump | Nifedipine |
Teczem | Push-Pull osmotic pump | Enalapril and Diltiazem |
Adalat OROS | Oral Osmotic pump | Nifedipine |
Ditropan XL/Lyrinel XL | Oral Osmotic pump | Oxybutynin |
Exalgo/Jurnista | Oral Osmotic pump | Hydromorphone |
Invega | Oral Osmotic pump | Palperidone |
Efidac 24 | Elementary osmotic pump | Chlorpheniramine maleate |
CONCLUSION: In osmotic drug delivery systems, osmotic pressure plays an important role for the delivery of drugs from the device, due to the development of high osmotic pressure inside the osmotic system, the drug releases from the device. So it can be said that the drug release from the osmotic device is purely based on the osmotic pressure that is developed inside the system. In addition to these, there are many pulsatile-based delivery systems based on expandable orifice, lipid osmotic pumps, telescopic capsules containing mini osmotic pumps for delayed-release, osmotic bursting osmotic pump and many more osmotic systems are developed for controlled release. So It can be concluded that both implantable and oral osmotic drug delivery systems can be used in the field of controlled drug delivery systems. The development of these Osmotic drug delivery systems has gained a lot of importance with the appearance of new technologies and products.
ACKNOWLEDMENT: Nil
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Nil
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How to cite this article:
Monisha A, Varma MM, Basava DR: A complete recapitulation of a drug delivery based on osmotic pressure: an osmotic drug delivery system. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2021; 12(10): 5264-80. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.12(10).5264-80.
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Article Information
11
5264-5280
1732 KB
648
English
IJPSR
Alla Monisha *, M. Mohan Varma, D. Basava Raju
Department of Formulation Research & Development, Aurigene Pharmaceutical Services (Subsidiary of Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories), CPS, Miyapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
monialla.reddy@gmail.com
20 August 2020
22 June 2021
30 June 2021
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.12(10).5264-80
01 October 2021