A COMPREHENSIVE PHARMACOGNOSTIC REVIEW: MANILKARA HEXANDRA (ROXB.) DUBARD

A COMPREHENSIVE PHARMACOGNOSTIC REVIEW: MANILKARA HEXANDRA (ROXB.) DUBARD

Sonia Singh ^* and Manas Kumar Jha

Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, G. L. A. University, Mathura - 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this review paper is to provide throughout the information of Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard, used as a Khirni or Rayon in most of the tropical regions of India. It is native to India, mainly distributed as a wild tree in the southern part and North-central part of India. It is widely spread in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Maharashtra our efforts are to collect valuable information with respect to morphology, microscopy, phytoconstituents and pharmacological aspect of the plant. The plant contains major phytoconstituents such as protobassic acid, 16-ahydroxyprotobassic acid, taraxerol, a triterpene ketone, alpha and beta-amyrin, cinnamates, alpha-sipnasterol, beta-sitosterol, its beta-D-glucoside, quercitol, quercetin and its dihydroderivatives, ursolic acid. Traditionally, the whole plant is employed as astringent, refrigerant, aphrodisiac, alexipharmic, stomachic, anthelmintic, for reliving fever, flatulence, colic, dyspepsia, helminthiasis, hyperdipsia, burning sensation. All these compounds claimed to possess various pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antidiuretic and so on.

Organoleptic evaluation, Phytochemicals, Pharmacological, Microscopy, Powder study

INTRODUCTION: Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard, synonym: Mimusops hexandra Roxb, widely spread in central India as well as Deccan Peninsula. It is cultivated throughout India covering major regions. It is also equated with Khirni. The fruits of the plant are one of the most underutilized fruits in the Gujarat state. It is popularly known as ‘Rayan ¹.

It is widely spread in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and Maharashtra ³. It is also found in Malaya; mainly grown in gardens.

FIG. 1: GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION PHARMACOGNOSY STUDY OF M. HEXANDRA

Vernacular Names: ^{1, 2}

Botanical Classification:

2.2 Cultivation, Collection and Harvesting: Propagation of the plant is usually done by seed germination, air layering or by vegetative propagation, including cutting. It is a tropical based crop. It can be grown very well at an altitude of 1000 m. Any type of soil is favorable for the growth of the plant. It can also be planted by rootstock. Sowing can be done during June-December. The space of 8 × 8 m must be recommended in between the crop for conventional planting. It requires proper irrigation soon after planting. Manures and fertilizers may be applied in the month of September-October, about 45 cm away from the trunk upto the leaf apex. The rootstock sprouts, water shoots, and lower branches should be removed after cultivation. The legumes and vegetable crops must be cultivated as intercrop during pre-bearing stage of cultivation. Farmyard manure can be preferable. The fertilizer must require appropriate amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The mature fruits should be harvested by hand picking method in the month of February to June and September to October. Alternatively, fruits can be exposed to ethylene gas at 100 - 200 ppm for 18-20 h to induce ripening ^{4, 5}.

3. Pharmacognostic Study:

3.1 Macroscopy Study: According to the Ayurvedic book, the organoleptic characters are as follow:

Habitat: A medium-sized to a large glabrous evergreen tree, height 15-20 m; stem:bark: blackish-grey, deeply furrowed; leaf: simple, alternate, 5-15 cm by 2.5-5 cm, elliptic-obovate or oblong, coriaceous, rounded or emarginated, at the apex, dark green and polished above, light green beneath, glabrous on both sides main nerves 12-20 pairs, petioles 1.25 cm long, channeled above glabrous; flower: white r pale yellow small odorous, axillary, solitary or in 2-6 flowered fascicles pedicels ^6-13 mm long, glabrous or nearly so; Fruit: berries ovoid or ellipsoid, milky one rarely seeded two 1.25 cm long, green, when unripe, reddish-yellow; when ripe, shape like the fruit of Azadirachta indica; Seed: ovoid, 1 cm long, brownish-black, shinning with white testa.

Flowering and Fruit Period: March - April and May-June:

Collection: April - May:

3.1.1 Seeds: Type: berry with one-seeded, sometimes two seeds are found; shape: oblique to ovoid, compressed with shining appearance, presence of elongated hilum with testa; the presence of thick and fleshy endosperm, cotyledons are thin, papery with prominent reticulate venation, short radicle, and plumule; odor: slight characteristics; taste: bitter; color: reddish brown ⁶.

3.1.2 Leaves: Type: alternate; shape: elliptic, oblong to obovate, sometimes oblong, rounded; apex: emarginated with glabrous; color: dark green; taste: bitter ⁷.

3.1.3 Stem Bark: Shape: longitudinal, quilled; surface: outer surface shows dark brown to greyish, rough, scaly, presence of mosses and lichens whereas inner surface is pink color, which in turn into reddish-brown on drying, striations are seen; fracture: fibrous; odor: none; taste: astringent ⁸ as shown in Fig. 2.

FIG. 2: ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION OF MANILKARA HEXANDRA. (A) LEAVES, (B) FRUITS, (C) SEEDS, (D) STEM BARK, (E) POWDER OF STEM BARK

3.2 Microscopy Study: The macroscopical analysis of the plant has been mentioned in detail in Table 1 and Fig. 3.

FIG. 3: TRANSVERSE SECTION OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF MANILKARA HEXANDRA. (A) SEED; (B) LEAF; (C) STEM BARK

4. Phytochemistry: A new compound that has been identified by GC-MS was 7, 9-di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro (4.5) deca-6, 9-diene-2, 8-dione. The isolated compound showed antibacterial activity as it has high zone of inhibition in the range of 30 to 150 μg/ml. It is assumed that the isolated flavonoid has a great significance, used in the pharmacological applications as main components in the drug delivery system.

Catechin possessed a significant antioxidant activity and has unique biological behaviors, as it acts as a metal chelating agent also. 6 Fruits and seeds of the plant contain phenolic compounds, quercetin, and dihydroquercetin.

For the first time, Benzaldehyde derivatives are reported to present in the plant. Out of which, one compound named as 3, 4-dihydroxy benzaldehyde was active against Streptococcus aureus at a concentration of 500 µg/ml (zone of inhibition of 21.5 ± 0.70 mm) and another compound methyl-p-coumarate was found to be active against Streptococcus epidermidis (250 µg/ml level; zone of inhibition of 22 ± 1.41 mm).

As these compounds has a great significance in the treatment of skin infection. Isolation and purification of three bidesmosidic saponins from the seeds of the plant cultivated in Egypt, containing protobassic acid and 16-ahydroxyprotobassic acid as aglycones, showed significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity. Fruits and seeds of Rayan were analyzed for total phenolic and flavonoid content. Major phenolic compounds such as asgallic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were obtained from fruits and quercetin, gallic acid, and vanillic acid from the seeds and were properly analyzed through LC-MS. The seeds also contain 16% of fatty oil and 1% saponin.

All parts gave taraxerol, a triterpene ketone, alpha-and beta-amyrin, cinnamates, alpha-sipnasterol, beta-sitosterol, its beta-D-glucoside, quercitol, quercetin and its dihydroderivatives, ursolic acid ^{1, 9-18} (summary of chemical constituents are given in Table 2 and Fig. 4.

TABLE 1: HISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF MANILKARA HEXANDRA ^{6, 7, 8}

TABLE 2: DISTRIBUTION OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN VARIOUS PARTS OF MANILKARA HEXANDRA ^9-18

FIG. 4: STRUCTURES OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS. (A) TARAXEROL; (B) HENTRIACONTANE; (C) CINNAMIC ACID; (D) QUERCITOL; (E) 4-METHYL BENZALDEHYDE;(F) P-COUMARIC ACID; (G) 3, 4-DIHYDROXY BENZALDEHYDE; (H) ETHYL NICOTINATE; (I) URSOLIC ACID;(J) Α-AMYRIN ACETATES; (K) Α-SPINASTEROL; (L) GALLIC ACID; (M) QUERCETIN; (N) KAEMPFEROL

5. Pharmacological Activity:

5.1 Antibacterial Activity: Antibacterial potency of herbal gel containing M. hexandra leaf extracts, including methanolic and hydroalcholic with different concentration of carbopol 934 was carried out against Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Proteus vulgaris, respectively.

Although the other parameters were also evaluated such as homogeneity, color, pH, spreadability of the formulation, the results revealed that formulation containing 1% of gelling agent and 2.5% of the extract showed better stability ¹⁹.

Another investigation revealed the fact that the isolated flavonoid, 7, 9- di-tert-buty-1-oxaspiro (4.5) deca-6, 9-diene-2, 8-dione has antibacterial potency at a concentration from 30-150 μg/ml ²⁰. Patel K et al., examined the antibacterial activity of the seed extract of the plant prepared from microwave-assisted extraction method. The study showed significant bactericidal action against Streptococcus mutans with a minimum bactericidal concentration in the range of 600-900 µg/Ml ²¹.

5.2 Antifertility Activity: Seeds of the crude drug have been evaluated for an antifertility property using male albino rats, where it has been observed that there is a markedly decrease in the sperm count of the animals ²².

5.3 Antimicrobial Activity: Antimicrobial activity of different leaf extracts of the plant, including petroleum ether, acetone, and methanol, has been tested against gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, molds, and yeast. The activity was performed using the agar disc diffusion method at 250 and 500 μg/disc of concentrations. The methanolic extract exhibited maximum antimicrobial potency ²³. Aqueous extracts of aerial parts of Euphorbia thymifolia and leaves of M. hexandra were evaluated for antimicrobial activity using well diffusion method against six different bacterial strains of Streptococcus mutans, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella bongori and Enterococcus faecalis and two fungal strains Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The extract of M. hexandra was found highly significant when compared to E. thymifolia plant extract ²⁴. Another study has contributed to the utilization of M. hexandra leaf as an antimicrobial compound. Keshetti et al., experimented and showed that the plant extracts, namely petroleum ether, acetone, and methanol, has the potency to exhibit MIC in the range of 250-32,000 μg/ml.

The potency has checked against various microbial strains including, 9 Gram-positive bacteria, 14 Gram-negative bacteria, 7 yeast, and 4 molds, using agar disc diffusion method.

Among all the extracts, methanol extract was found to show maximum antibacterial activity ²⁵. The compounds of the plant isolated from the dried leaves and flowers, methyl-p-coumarate and 3, 4-dihydroxy benzaldehyde, are reported to be active against Streptococcus aureus and S. epidermidis ²⁶.

5.4 Antiulcer Activity: Ethyl acetate extract of the plant was examined for the effectiveness of gastric ulcers using ethanol, ethanol-indomethacin, and pylorus ligated gastric ulcer models. It has observed that the extract can significantly reduce the lipid peroxidation in treated animals and also inhibit the increase in vascular permeability. Moreover, it has found that the pre-treatment with ethyl acetate extract increases mucus production and glycoprotein levels when given either orally or intraperitoneal, as there is an increase in the mucin content and TC: PR ratio, respectively ²⁷.

5.5 Antidiabetic Activity: The ethanolic bark extract has tested for antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetes models in rats. In overnight fasted rats, NIDDM was introduced by streptozotocin (60 mg/kg, i.p). During the experiment, the extract dose was given at a single dose for twenty-one days, where it has observed that there is a marked reduction in the biochemical parameters such as serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL ²⁸.

5.6 Antioxidant Activity: The antioxidant property of methanolic extract of fruits and seeds of the plant was measured using six different assays including, FRAP, DPPHRSA, ABTSRSA, HRSA, and NORSA, respectively. It has observed that fruits are considered as an excellent source of antioxidants, compared to seeds and showed the presence of phenolic components like gallic acid, quercetin, kaempferol, and vanillic acid, which are the richest source of antioxidant property ²⁹. Another study showed the evidence of antioxidant activity of different fractions of leaf extract of M. hexandra, using DPPH, Fe³⁺reducing power assay ³⁰ pharmacological activities, as shown in Fig. 5.

FIG. 5: PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MANILKARA HEXANDRA

6. Ethnomedicinal uses:

• Stem decoction was used to treat diarrhea, fever, and stomach infections by Koli tribe.
• Barkand roots were known for the astringent property.
• Powdered seeds were mixed with honey to cure redness in the eyes. It is used as febrifuge, anthelmintic, antileprotic.
• The bark and root powdered were given to prevent infantile diarrhea.
• Leaves were used as a poultice for tumors.
• Epilepsy: Juice of glands of the stem of the described plant 20 mL, Piper longum 500 mg, honey 20 g, is given two times a day for two months.
• Cloasma: Local application of a paste of leaves of the described plant with fresh milk is usefulness.
• Dentalgia: Apply latex of the described plant as required.
• Menorrhagia: Fried leaves powder of the described 10-20 g with water is given two times a day.
• Scorpion sting: Local application of seed paste of the plant is good for relives pain.
• Skin diseases, acne vulgaris, and black spot on face: Local application of a paste of unripe fruit of the plant is very beneficial.
• Used to treat erectile dysfunction of penis, Usefulness for gaining body weight.
• Seed oil of the plant 10 drops, sugar candy 10 g with cream of milk 15 g is given two times a day.
• Oligogalactia, memory weakness: Fruits of the plant 100 g is given twice a day ^{31, 32}.

7. Therapeutic uses:

• The bark is employed as astringent, refrigerant, aphrodisiac, alexipharmic, stomachic, anti-helmintic, for relieving fever, flatulence, colic, dyspepsia, helminthiasis, hyperdipsia, burning sensation.
• The fruits are refrigerant, aphrodisiac, appetizer, galactagogue, emollient, tonic, ano-rexia, dyspepsia, nervous weakness, bronchitis, spermatorrhea, consumption, hallucinations and unconsciousness ^{31, 32}.

8. Ayurvedic Preparation:

9. Dossage:

10. Ayurvedic Formulation: Virhat narikel khanda ^{31, 32}.

CONCLUSION: The plant belongs to Sapotaceae, is indigenous to India. The literature report revealed its use as an anti-inflammatory, antigout agent. Sometimes it can be employed in treating various diseases such as colic dyspepsia, hyper-dyspepsia. The fruits contain sugar, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, a minor proportion of calcium, iron and phosphorus, Vitamins A, B, and C, respectively. This comprehensive review will support many more properties and activities of the plant, which ultimately play an important role in building steps for further research activities. While gathering information with respect to the plant, it has been analyzed that the genus Manilkara holds a great potential of many other pharmacological properties, which has to be flourished in the recent upcoming years through among us.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors are very thankful to the GLA University, Mathura, for support in the completion of the manuscript.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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    How to cite this article:

    Singh S and Jha MK: A comprehensive pharmacognostic review: Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) dubard. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020; 11(8): 3645-52. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.11(8).3645-52.

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