A COMPREHENSIVE REVELATION ON PISONIA GRANDIS R. BR.
HTML Full TextA COMPREHENSIVE REVELATION ON PISONIA GRANDIS R. BR.
G. Poongothai, S. Sindhu and S. K. Sripathi *
Department of Chemistry, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
ABSTRACT: Medicinal plants are a huge treasure for mankind and a source of remedy for all illnesses as they are storehouses of bio-actives. The therapeutic efficiency of formulations and medicines depends on using standardized plant extracts, as The World Health Organization emphasized. The present documentation on the medicinal plant Pisonia grandis covers its pharmacological, phytochemical, biological standardization studies and the quantification protocols for the bioactive pinitol and bioactive allantoin earlier reported from this plant. This documentation sheet will aid as a reference for formulating Pisonia grandis-based herbal medicinal products.
Keywords: Standardization, Herbal formulation, Bioactive, Pisonia grandis, documentation
INTRODUCTION: The plant Pisonia grandis is scientifically well-documented for its medicinal potential. Folkloric data on this plant indicates that leaves dipped with Eau-de-Cologne reduced inflammation due to filarioid in leg. Sugar levels reduce on chewing two leaves of the plant. An interesting observation is that the sticky seeds of the plant trap small birds; therefore, it is commonly termed bird-catcher tree 1. Sea-birds that shelter in this tree are sources of guano that farmers use to grow plants. It is a symbiotic host for many mycobionts and demonstrates ectomycorrhizal fungus association in autotrophic plants 2. Due to this nature, the plant serves as a good source of nitrogen and is further proved by another report on symbiotic association 3. The plant is reported to possess anti-diabetic, wound healing, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, anti-pyretic, and hepato-protective potential. Two medicinally valuable molecules pinitol and allantoin have been isolated and characterized from the plant leaves 4, 5. This revelation validates the anti-diabetic and wound-healing potential expressed by the leaf extracts.
FIG. 1 PISONIA GRANDIS 4
nitrogen and is further proved by another report on All parameters about standardization reported to date on this plant and its extracts have been documented in this review and comprise of data on pharmacognostic and phytochemical aspects, bio marker quantification and biological activity. All reports of earlier work, including figures are duly cited. Fig. 1 represents the picture of the plant Pisonia grandis.
Rationale: There is paucity in standardization data on medicinal plants and quantification of bioactive present in them. This remains an impediment to the large-scale production of herbal medicines and consequently leads to their unsung popularity in the drug market. To overthrow these hindrances, documentation of potential medicinal plants is a prerequisite.
TABLE 1: PROVIDES A FACT SHEET ON THE PLANT PISONIA GRANDIS
Scientific Name | Pisonia grandis R. Br |
Taxonomic Identity Number | 504419 |
Subkingdom | Viridiplantae |
Class | Magnolopsida |
Order | Caryophyllales |
Family | Nyctaginaceae |
Genus | Pisonia |
Synonyms | Pisonia alba Span; Pisonia morindifolia R.Br. Pisonia sylvestris Teijsm & Binn |
Vernacular names | Hindi: Chinaisalit, Tamil: Lechaikottai, Maruval, Chandu, Telugu: Lanchamundaku, Kannada: Sulesoppu, Gujarati: Velatisalet |
Common names | Lettuce tree; Cabbage tree; Bird eating tree |
Special name | The grand devil's-claw |
Morphological Characteristics | A tall attractive an evergreen tree, 9-12 m high; Large Leaves 12-15 cm. pale greenish or yellowish; smooth bark, brittle and soft nature; buttress-like roots; produces flowers rarely; fruits are narrow club-shaped |
Distribution | Seychelles; Indo-pacific islands; India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Australia, Indonesia, Madagascar |
Adaptation | Salt and drought resistant plant. Its fibrous nature helps with water storage and allows for year-round flowering. (www.greenpatio.com) |
Propagation | Natural Propagation takes place through birds. The sticky substance in the seeds of the plant makes it feasible to get attached to the belly of birds thus aiding propagation. Propagation in nursery takes place by planting the grafts |
Chemical Constituents | Pinitol 4, allantoin5 ,β-sitosterol6, α-spinosterol, β-sitosterol glucoside, dulcitol, quercetin 7 from leaves C-Methylated glycosides8 from roots |
Biomarkers | Pinitol, Allantoin, Quercetin |
Therapeutic Uses | Used for the cure of arthritis, diabetes, fever and topical wounds |
Folk Use | Decoction of leaves is consumed to cure diabetes; Paste of leaves is applied externally to alleviate rheumatoid arthritis pain in the joints |
Medicinal Part | Leaves, Stem-bark |
Pharmacological Potential | Analgesic, anti-pyretic, diuretic, wound healing, anti-diabetic, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, anxiolytic, anti-plasmodial |
Dosage and Safety | Leaf ethanol extracts - safe and non-toxic up to 2000mg/kg body weight 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 |
Mention in Databases
|
Napralerttm database, National Resource Conservation Service –Plants Database of United States Department of Agriculture, Flora of British India’ Hooker et al., 1973, Flora of China’ XianGuoTengShu, 2003 |
History | Discovered by Robert Brown from islands in the Gulf of Carpentaria (Flinders, 1814) |
This review is a thorough revelation of the medicinal potential of Pisonia grandis. Standardization of plants and plant extracts involves the assessment and documentation of data on the following aspects.
Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Analysis: Details of plant authentication, morphological characteristics, physicochemical characteristics, proximate parameters and qualitative phytochemical tests on plant material are necessary requisites for the standardization of plant and plant extracts
Fingerprinting of Extracts: Plant extracts' chromatographic and spectral fingerprint aid in selecting authentic plant material for herbal formulation.
Chemical Standardization: Quantifying phytochemical content and quantifying major bioactive markers in a plant extract is significant in enhancing the market value of herbal formulations.
Toxicity Studies: Toxicity studies on herbal extracts are mandatory for preparing safe herbal formulations. This review paper comprehensively documents all available data on Pisonia grandis for the ease of reference of herbal researchers and manufacturers. Standard methods and optimized protocols adopted in acquiring data on this plant are also mentioned in this document and are duly cited.
Plant Authentication: Authentication of Pisonia grandis was done at the Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding IFGTB, Coimbatore. Voucher specimens have been deposited in the herbarium of the Institute for further reference [F.No. 14932].
Extraction of Plant Material: The powdered plant material was sequentially extracted. The total ethanol extract was prepared by refluxing the plant material with ethanol for 6 hours. The sample codes of Pisonia grandis are presented in Table 2A and 2 B.
TABLE 2A: DESIGNATION OF EXTRACTS OF PISONIA GRANDIS
Extract code | Extract |
PGLP | Pet ether extract of leaves |
PGSP | Pet ether extract of stems |
PGRP | Pet ether extract of roots |
PGLE | Ethanol extract of leaves |
PGSE | Ethanol extract of stems |
PGRE | Ethanol extract of roots |
DPGLE | Dewaxed ethanol extract of leaves |
DPGSE | Dewaxed ethanol extract of stems |
DPGRE | Dewaxed ethanol extract of roots |
PGLW | Aqueous extract of leaves |
PGSW | Aqueous extract of stems |
PGRW | Aqueous extract of roots |
TABLE 2B: DESIGNATION OF PLANT MATERIAL OF PISONIA GRANDIS
Plant material code | Extract |
PGL | Powdered leaves |
PGS | Powdered stems |
PGR | Powdered roots |
Physicochemical Analysis: The data regarding the various physicochemical parameters from our earlier paper 14 is reproduced here in Tables 3 to 7 for the sake of complete documentation in this data sheet on Pisonia grandis.
TABLE 3: ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF POWDERED LEAVES, STEM AND ROOTS OF PISONIA GRANDIS
Organoleptic Characteristic | PGL | PGS | PGR |
Colour | Green | Pale yellowish green | Pale orangish yellow |
Odour | Medicine like | Tree odour | Odourless |
Taste | Tasteless | Bitter | Tasteless |
*Data reproduced from our earlier paper 14.
TABLE 4: PROXIMATE ANALYSES
Proximate Parameters | % Proximate Content | ||
PGL | PGS | PGR | |
Surface Moisture | 10.0 | 8.0 | 9.0 |
Inherent Moisture | 6.0 | 6.3 | 5.8 |
Ash | 14.0 | 6.9 | 4.5 |
Alcohol extractive | 16.20 | 7.20 | 9.80 |
Water extractive | 34.70 | 13.80 | 16.40 |
Crude fiber | 11.67 | 8.09 | 12.31 |
Volatile matter | 74.20 | 77.00 | 76.60 |
*Data reproduced from our earlier paper 14
TABLE 5: EXTRACTIVE VALUES
Extract | % Yield |
PGLE | 5.9 |
PGSE | 5 |
PGRE | 6 |
PGLW | 29 |
PGSW | 10 |
PGRW | 14.5 |
*Data reproduced from our earlier paper 14
The gross calorific value for leaves, stems and roots of Pisonia grandis is 3848.00, 3648.00 and 4026.00 respectively. The high volatile matter content indicates that the plant is host to essential oils and fatty material, which may contribute to its wound healing potential.
TABLE 6: ELEMENTAL CONTENT OF PISONIA GRANDIS (ICP-AES METHOD)
Element | % Element in Sample | ||
PGL | PGS | PGR | |
Carbon | 39.36 | 38.01 | 38.52 |
Nitrogen | 3.69 | 1.06 | 2.08 |
Hydrogen | 6.99 | 6.31 | 7.26 |
Sulphur | 0.47 | 0.29 | 0.23 |
Calcium | 2.64 | 1.36 | 1.29 |
Potassium | 4.11 | 2.67 | 2.02 |
Magnesium | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.29 |
Sodium | 0.88 | 0.55 | 0.48 |
Zinc (ppm) | 31.58 | 24.56 | 19.26 |
*Data reproduced from our earlier paper 14
TABLE 7: TOXIC METAL CONTENT OF PISONIA GRANDIS (ICP-AES METHOD)
Toxic Metal | Toxic Metal Content(ppm) | ||
PGL | PGS | PGR | |
Lead | 3.3 | 0.42 | BDL |
Cadmium | ND | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Arsenic | ND | 0.09 | 0.09 |
BDL= Below detection limit; ND = not detected |
*Data reproduced from our earlier paper 14
EDX Analysis: Elemental composition of the extract of leaves, stems, and roots of Pisonia grandis was done by energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) analysis. The respective EDX spectra are represented in Fig. 2, 3 and 4. The EDX analysis ascertains the absence of heavy metals and toxic elements in the extracts.
FIG. 2: EDX SPECTRUM OF PGLE
FIG. 3: EDX SPECTRUM OF PGSE
FIG. 4: EDX SPECTRUM OF PGRE
Fluorescence Analysis 14: The fluorescence displayed by dry powdered leaves, stems and roots of Pisonia grandis when treated with chemical reagents Fig. 5 shows the presence of secondary metabolites in the plant.
FIG. 5: FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS
Chemical Standardization of Extracts:
Qualitative Analysis: Qualitative color test results are presented in Table 8.
TABLE 8: QUALITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL TESTS
Class of Compound | PGLP | DPGLE | PGLW | PGSP | DPGSE | PGSW | PGRP | DPGRE | PGRW |
Alkaloids | - | - | - | - | + | + | - | + | + |
Flavonoids | - | - | + | - | + | + | - | + | + |
Phenols | - | + | + | - | + | + | - | + | - |
Steroids | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | - | - |
Triterpenoids | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - |
Tanins | - | + | + | - | + | + | - | + | - |
Carbohydrate | - | + | + | - | + | + | - | + | + |
Saponins | - | + | + | - | + | + | + | - | + |
Spectral Finger Printing of Extracts of Pisonia Grandis: Spectral fingerprinting of medicinal plant extracts serves as a valuable authentication tool and is a recent trend adopted in plant standardization.
UV-Visible Spectral Fingerprinting: UV-Visible fingerprints of the ethanol extract of leaf, stem, and roots of Pisonia grandis were recorded in a double beam UV spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, 1601) as represented in Fig. 6.
All the fingerprints indicate the presence of polar secondary metabolites in the extracts.
FIG. 6: OVERLAY OF UV VISIBLE FINGERPRINTS OF PGLE, PGSE AND PGRE
FT-IR Spectral Fingerprinting: The FT-IR spectral fingerprints were recorded in FTIR spectrometer Shimadzu, IR Affinity 1. The fingerprints Fig. 7, 8 and 9 may be considered specific for the respective parts of this plant. While the IR spectrum of the leaf extract indicates a moderate absorption, the stem and root extracts reveal intense absorptions due to glycosides. All three fingerprints indicate comparably similar absorptions in the range 3400 to 2800 cm-1.
FIG. 7: IR FINGERPRINT OF PGLE
FIG. 8: IR FINGERPRINT OF PGSE
FIG. 9: IR FINGERPRINT OF PGRE
NMR Spectral Fingerprinting: 1H NMR spectral fingerprints of pet-ether and ethanol extracts of leaves, stems and roots of Pisonia grandis were recorded in Bruker Avance III 500 MHz spectrometer with DMSO/CDCl3 solvent as the case may be. The 1H NMR spectral fingerprints of the pet-ether, ethanol and water extract of leaves, stems and roots, of Pisonia grandis are represented in Fig. 10 to 15. The 1H NMR spectral fingerprints of the polar ethanol extracts indicate peaks characteristic of the biomarker allantoin (expected at 5.24 ppm as doublet, 5.83ppm as singlet, 6.96 ppm as doublet, 8.06ppm as singlet 4, 5 and of biomarker pinitol in the range 3.0-4.0 ppm 4, 5.
FIG. 10: 1H NMR FINGERPRINT OF PGLP
FIG. 11: 1H NMR FINGERPRINT OF PGLE
FIG. 12: 1H NMR FINGERPRINT OF PGSP
FIG. 13: 1H NMR FINGERPRINT OF PGSE
FIG. 14: 1H NMR FINGERPRINT OF PGRP
FIG. 15: 1H NMR FINGERPRINT PGRE
13CNMR Finger Printing: 13 C NMR spectral finger prints of the pet-ether and ethanol extract of leaves, stems and roots of Pisonia grandis were recorded in Bruker Avance III 500 MHz spectrometer. The respective 13C NMR spectral finger prints are represented by Fig. 16 to 21.
FIG. 16: 13 C NMR FINGERPRINT OF PGLP
FIG. 17: 13 C NMR FINGERPRINT OF PGLE
FIG. 18: 13 C NMR FINGERPRINT OF PGSP
FIG. 19: 13 C NMR FINGERPRINT OF PGSE
FIG. 20: 13 C NMR FINGERPRINT OF PGRP
FIG. 21: 13 C NMR FINGERPRINT OF PGRE
The 13 C NMR spectral fingerprints of the polar ethanol extract of leaves clearly indicate peaks characteristic of the biomarkers allantoin (at 63.5 and 158.9 ppm) and pinitol (at 60.0 ppm due to the lone methoxyl carbon and at 84.3 ppm due to the ipso carbon to which the methoxyl group is attached in pinitol 4, 5. The stem and root ethanol extracts additionally indicate the presence of glycosides.
Chromatographic Finger Printing:
Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis: The optimized solvent systems for TLC analysis of pet-ether, dew axed ethanol, aqueous extracts of Pisonia grandis are listed in Table 9. Thin layer chromatograms for the standard and isolated bioactive are represented in Fig. 22 and 23. The relative factor of pinitol is 0.5 and that of allantoin is 0.62 in the respective developing solvents indicated below.
TABLE 9: OPTIMIZED SOLVENT SYSTEMS FOR TLC
Sample | Solvent System (V/V) |
Pet-ether extracts | Pet-ether-ethyl acetate mixture (9:1) |
Dewaxed ethanol extracts | Chloroform- methanol mixture (7:3) |
Aqueous extracts | n-Butanol-acetic acid-water (5:0.5:4.5) |
Pinitol | Chloroform-methanol-water (6:3.5:0.5) |
Allantoin | Chloroform-methanol-water (6:4:3drops) |
FIG. 22: TLC CHROMATOGRAM OF ISOLATED ISOLATED ALLANTOIN WITH STANDARD
FIG. 23: TLC CHROMATOGRAM OF PINITOL WITH STANDARD
HPTLC Fingerprinting: HPTLC analysis was performed in Camag HPTLC system (Camag Linomat V semi automatic spotting device and WinCATS 4 software version 4.05).
The protocols adopted for HPTLC analysis are given below. HPTLC densitograms of the ethanol extracts of leaves, stems and roots of Pisonia grandis and the respective dewaxed extracts are represented in Fig. 24 to 29.
HPTLC Protocol for Pinitol | HPTLC Protocol for Allantoin |
Stationary Phase: Pre-coated silica gel 60 F254 for TLC
Mobile phase: Chloroform: Methanol: Water (6:3.8:0.2) Developing Agent: Iodine Detection Wavelength : Visible, UV 254nm and 366 nm |
Stationary Phase: Pre-coated silica gel 60 F254 for TLC
Mobile phase: Chloroform: Methanol: Water (6:3.5:0.5) Developing Agent: Ammoniacal Silver Nitrate Detection Wavelength: UV 254nm and 366 nm |
FIG. 24: HPTLC DENSITOGRAM OF PGLE
FIG. 25: HPTLC DENSITOGRAM OF PGSE
FIG. 26: HPTLC DENSITOGRAM OF PGRE
FIG. 27: HPTLC DENSITOGRAM OF DPGLE
FIG. 28: HPTLC DENSITOGRAM OF DPGSE
FIG. 29: HPTLC DENSITOGRAM OF DPGRE
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Fingerprinting: High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) analysis was done to assess the phytochemical profile of the plant Pisonis grandis (Schimadzu Class VP V6.14SP2 HPLC instrument). Overlay of HPLC Chromato-grams of ethanol extracts of Pisonia grandis (PGLE, PGSE and PGRE) with standard markers pinitol and allantoin are presented in Fig. 30 and 31. The HPLC protocols adopted are presented below:
HPLC Protocol for Pinitol | HPLC Protocol for Allantoin |
Colum: Amine Column
Mobile phase: Acetonitrile: Water (70:30) Detector: RI Standard: Pinitol Concentration of Standard: 10mg in 1ml of water Injected volume: 20µl. |
Colum: C 18 Column-Reverse Phase
Mobile phase: Acetonitrile:Buffer (20:80) Detector: PDA (Photo diode array detector) Standard: Allantoin Concentration of Standard: 1mg in 2ml of H2O Injected volume: 20µl |
FIG. 30: OVERLAY OF HPLC CHROMATO-GRAMS OF PGLE, PGSE AND PGRE AND STANDARD MARKER PINITOL
FIG. 31: OVERLAY OF HPLC CHROMATOGRAMS OF PGLE, PGSE AND PGRE ANDSTANDARD MARKER ALLANTOIN
GC-MS Fingerprinting: GC-MS fingerprints of the extracts were recorded in Hewlett–Packard 6890 gas chromatograph (Agilent Technologies, CA) coupled to an HP5973 mass selective detector. The protocol adopted is given below.
GC MS Protocol:
Column used: Agilent Ultra 2 fused silica capillary column (12 m length, 0.2 mm internal diameter).
Carrier Gas: Helium.
Flow Rate: 1 ml/min.
Sample Injection: Splitless mode.
Initial Temperature: 100°C.
Final Temperature: 400 °C.
Concentration of the Sample: 1 ppm.
Run Time: 36 min.
The total ion chromatograms Fig. 32 to 37 indicate that the non-polar extracts possess major constituents with retention time ranging from 22 to 26 minutes. The polar extracts express a broad peak in common and other major peaks beyond 30 minutes retention time. As predicted by the NIST database, the major phyto-constituents in the non-polar extracts have been reported as n-hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid), 6-octadecenoic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid and 9-octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester 45.
FIG. 32: GC FINGERPRINT OF PGLP
FIG. 33: GC FINGERPRINT OF PGLE
FIG. 34: GC FINGERPRINT OF PGSP
FIG. 35: GC FINGERPRINT OF PGSE
FIG. 36: GC FINGERPRINT OF PGRP
FIG. 37: GC FINGERPRINT OF PGRE
Quantitative Analysis:
Quantification of Phytochemicals: The phenolic and flavonoid content of the leaves and stem bark was estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride colorimetric assay, respectively. The phytochemical content reported for crude extracts of Pisonia grandis is presented in Table 10.
TABLE 10: QUANTIFICATION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS
Plant Part Analysed | Extract | Phytochemical Content mg/g | |||
Phenolic content | Flavonoid content | Tannin content | Literature | ||
Leaves
|
Pet ether | 74.45 | 83.22 | 71.47 | 47 |
Methanol | 58.84 | 54.14 | 117.04 | ||
Ethyl acetate | 89.82 | 84.05 | 65.72 | ||
Stem bark | Hexane | 0.2926±0.0003 | 0.0359±0.0001 | - | |
Ethyl acetate | 0.6061±0.1817 | 0.0665±0.0002 | - | 15 | |
Ethanol | 0.1919±0.0003 | 0.0215±2.9463 | - |
*For leaf extract phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents are expressed as catechol, quercetin, and catechin equivalents per gram extract. Stem bark extracts are expressed as gallic acid and quercetin equivalents for phenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively as Mean±S.D (n=3).
Quantification of Nutritive Content: The fiber, protein and soluble carbohydrate (g/100g) content of leaves was determined by acid-base digestion, Kjeldahl method and difference method respectively 16. The leaves are a source of fiber also.
TABLE 11: NUTRITIVE CONTENT OF PISONIA GRANDIS 16
Plant Part | Nutritive Content (%) | |||
Fat | Fibre | Protein | Carbohydrate | |
Leaves | 4.09±0.32 | 10.87±0.23 | 1.67±0.04 | 2.57±0.06 |
Quantification of Biomarkers: The biomarkers allantoin and pinitol present in the leaves of this plant were quantified by HPLC (Shimadzu Class VP V6.14SP2) 46. The protocols adopted are presented below, and the quantification details are tabulated in Table 12. The respective chromatograms are represented in Fig. 38 and 39. These biomarkers were first reported from leaves of this plant 4, 5.
HPLC Protocol for Allantoin:
Column: C18 column
Mobile Phase: acetonitrile: phosphate buffer (20:80)
Detector: Photo Diode Array detector (PDA)
Standard: Allantoin Sigma brand
Concentration of Standard: 10mg in 1ml of water
Injected Volume: 20µl
HPLC Protocol for Pinitol:
Column: Amine column
Mobile Phase: acetonitrile: water (70:30)
Detector: Refractive Index detector (RI)
Standard: Pinitol Sigma brand
Concentration of Standard: 10mg in 1ml of water
Injected Volume: 20µl
FIG. 38: HPLC OF ALLANTOIN
FIG. 39: HPLC OF PINITOL
TABLE 12: QUANTIFICATION OF BIOMARKERS
Extract | Biomarker Quantity (µg/100 µg extract) | |
Pinitol | Allantoin | |
PGSE | 16 | 18 |
PGLE | 14 | 16 |
PGRE | 10 | 6 |
Biological Standardization: The plant is known for its anti-diabetic, anti-arthritic and wound healing potential and there are numerous reports on the medicinal potential of leaves in particular. The bioactive molecules allantoin and pinitol have been isolated and reported from this plant and since then there is a surge of scientific reports on the medicinal potential of Pisonia grandis. Available reports on the biological potential of the plant have been reviewed in this section and the results of the studies compared and presented in Tables 13-15. The references are duly cited.
Antidiabetic Activity: The first report on in-vivo anti-diabetic effect of the ethanol extract of the plant, revealed the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in a dose dependant manner and the IC50 value was 416.7 µg/ml 13. The other reports are in-vitro studies on the anti-diabetic efficacy of the leaf ethanol extract revealing high inhibition of α-amylase 17. The stem bark hexane extract of the plant was also found to exhibit potent α-amylase inhibitory activity 15.
Antioxidant Activity: The first report of antioxidant activity of the plant was reported by Subhasree et al. in 2009. The methanol extract of leaves was evaluated for its capacity to scavenge free radicals by in-vitro method at concentrations ranging from 50 to 250µg/ml. The IC50 values of the methanol extract in DPPH radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical cation-scavenging assay, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation assay was 175µg/ml, 80µg/ml and 505µg/ml, respectively. This study highlights the plant's tremendous nutritional potential and its importance in the prevention of diseases caused by free radicals 18. A similar report of the antioxidant activity of the leaf methanol extract (maceration with methanol for 15 minutes) was reported by Jagadeesan et al.,19. The crude ethyl acetate extract of stem bark exhibits strong antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 148.2µg/ml 15. A biherbal extract containing Pisonia grandis and Cardiospermum helicacabum also showed high antioxidant activity 20. Antiquorum sensing effect of the methanol extract of leaves was also assessed and the extract shows 88.25±0.82 % biofilm inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa 21. The electrochemical response of the extracts of Pisonia grandis by cyclic voltammetry was reported by Shubashini et al., 22. Table 13 gives the results of antioxidant assays on various parts of Pisonia grandis carried out in our laboratory 45. Table 14 provides data on antioxidant activity for the free radical-scavenging assays reported earlier.
TABLE 13: IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY (BY DPPH RADICAL SCAVENGING)
Percentage Inhibition of DPPH radical by Extracts of Pisonia grandis | ||||||
Concentration (µg/mL) | PGLE | PGSE | PGRE | PGLP | PGSP | PGRP |
10 | 1.46 | 3.14 | 1.24 | 2.18 | 4.02 | 3.14 |
30 | 9.42 | 7.46 | 4.68 | 7.46 | 16.01 | 12.43 |
50 | 19.19 | 17.43 | 7.02 | 10.43 | 24.01 | 26.38 |
70 | 25.92 | 24.23 | 10.23 | 15.42 | 32.98 | 42.32 |
90 | 34.89 | 31.96 | 15.42 | 21.09 | 42.67 | 61.27 |
TABLE 14: FREE RADICAL-SCAVENGING ASSAY
Plant Part | Extract Analysed | MIC (µg/ml) | ||||
DPPH
Radicals Scavenging |
ABTS Cation Radicals | Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation | Nitric Oxide Assay | References | ||
Leaves | Ethyl acetate | 50 | - | - | 76.40 | 23 |
Ethanol | 45.5 | - | - | 52.3 | 23 | |
Methanol | 175 | 80 | 505 | 110 | 18,23 | |
Aqueous | 137.11 | 67.24 | 24 | |||
Stem bark | Hexane | 138.3 | 15 | |||
Ethyl acetate | 148.2 | |||||
Ethanol | 55.27 |
Antimicrobial Activity: There are five reports till date on antimicrobial potential of the leaves of this plant and one report on antimicrobial potential of the stembark of the plant. The antimicrobial potential of the extracts of Pisonia grandis as reported till date is documented in Table 15.
TABLE 15: ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF PISONIA GRANDIS
Extract | Strain | Leaf | Stem bark | Reference |
Disc Diffusion Assay | MIC Method | |||
Zone of Inhibition(mm) | MIC | |||
Hexane Extract | S. aureus | - | 70 | 15 |
B. subtilis | 60 | |||
E. coli | 75 | |||
K. pneumonia | 65 | |||
Ethyl acetate Extract | S. aureus | 17 | 69 | 26,15 |
B. subtilis | 54 | 15 | ||
E. coli | 15 | 67 | 26,15 | |
K. pneumonia | 13 | 72 | 26,15 | |
C. albicans | 14 | 26 | ||
Ethanol Extract | S. aureus | 10 | 72 | 27,15 |
B. subtilis | 8.6 | 83 | 27,15 | |
E. coli | 8.6 | 94 | 27,15 | |
K. pneumonia | 7.3 | 63 | 27,15 | |
C. albicans | 8 | - | 27 | |
S. paratyphi | 9 | - | 27 | |
Monascus purpureus | 25 | - | 25 | |
A. niger | 7.3 | - | 27 | |
M. luteus | 8 | - | 27 |
Anti-Inflammatory Activity: Leaves have been well investigated for their acute and chronic anti-inflammatory potential. Anti-inflammatory activity was first reported in 2002 for the chloroform extract of leaves of the plant. The study revealed that the chloroform extract exhibited chronic anti-inflammatory activity at a dosage of 500mg/kg, equivalent to diclofenac at 50mg/kg 28. A similar report wherein the leaf ethanol and aqueous extracts of Pisonia grandis (cold maceration for 3-7 days) was tested against carrageenan-induced paw edema indicated that both extracts exhibited substantial anti-inflammatory effects against infusion of carrageenan injection 8. The methanolic extract and flavonoid rich ethyl acetate extract of leaves of Pisonia grandis were found to significantly decrease acute and chronic phase inflammation 23. Compared to aqueous and alcoholic extracts of roots of the plant, the alcoholic extract reduced paw edema significantly 29. A topical formulation prepared with chloroform extract of leaves showed a considerable reduction in carrageenan induced paw edema 30.
Anti-Arthritic Activity: Anti-arthritic activity of the plant was first reported in leaves by Elumalai et al., in 2012. The ethanol extract of leaves [Soxhlet extraction] was assessed by Freund’s adjuvant induced arthritis model 31. In-vitro assessment of anti-arthritic potential of pet-ether and ethanol extract of leaves, stems and root was carried out by Poongothai et al. 32 The study revealed that the pet-ether and ethanol extracts of leaves exhibited significant anti-arthiritic potential equivalent to that of palmitic acid at the same concentration. In yet another assay of a biherbal extract composed of ethanolic extract of Pisonia grandis and cardiospermum helicacabum, indicated a greater inhibition of protein denaturation compared to the individual extracts 33.
Wound Healing Potential: The leaf methanol extract (1% and 2% w/w concentration) in an ointment formulation, demonstrated considerable wound healing activity in incision and excision wound models 34. The potential of the plant to cure injuries has also been validated by chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) in-vitro assay by Poongothai et. al in 2019.
In addition to significant anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and wound healing potential, the plant has also been tested for its effectiveness as an analgesic 28, diuretic 28, anxiolytic 35, anti-ulcer 36 and hepatoprotective 29, 37 agent. A polyherbal formulation consisting of leaves of Pisonia grandis is reported with anti-pyretic activity comparable with the standard drug paracetamol at the dose levels of 150mg/kg and 300mg/kg 9. The hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory action of roots was reported by Majumdar et al., in 2012 29. An in-vitro anti-quorum sensing effect of the methanol extract of the leaves of the plant with 88.25 ± 0.82% inhibition has been reported recently 21. This report opens up avenues for the discovery of anti-quorum sensing agents from Pisonia grandis. The findings may be significant in the light of increased multi-drug resistance by pathogenic bacteria.
In summary, with regard to the medicinal potential of Pisonia grandis, significant research has been done on the leaves, whereas roots and stem bark are found to be less investigated. Revelation on the presence of two potentially medicinal molecules allantoin and pinitol in the extracts of this plant provides the intellectual input to formulating wound healing ointments and anti-diabetic formulations. Both molecules have been thoroughly validated scientifically.
Toxicity Studies: Acute oral toxicity studies have been reported on leaf ethanol extract of Pisonia grandis. As reported 8, 12, 35, 36, no toxic symptoms were observed up to a dosage of 2000mg/kg body weight. Pisonia grandis leaf ethanol extract is considered safe for oral administration. This fact was reaffirmed by the toxicity study of a polyherbal formulation 9 of which Pisonia grandis constituted one-fifth of the concentration of the formulation that showed no mortality even at the dosage of 1000mg/kg body weight. Yet another biherbal formulation 33 containing Pisonia grandis ethanolic extract as one of its constituents revealed no toxic symptoms upto 2000mg/kg body weight. Still, a higher dose level of 5000mg/kg body weight brought adverse symptoms like dyspnea. Hence the recommended therapeutic dose level of leaf extract of Pisonia grandis is 2000mg/kg body weight. All studies on toxicity assessment are reported to have been carried out according to OECD 423 guidelines.
Pisonia Grandis Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from Pisonia grandis 38 exhibited significant antifungal activity 39 and found to be useful in biomedical imaging 40. The zinc oxide (ZnO) and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles from leaf extract of Pisonia grandis were found to exhibit high anti-bacterial activity against M. luteus and K. pneumonia and a higher anti-fungal activity against C. albicans strain. Thus, Pisonia grandis may find prospective applications in the biomedical field also.
Medicinal Products Formulated with Leaf Extract of Pisonia Grandis: Herbal food supplements in the form of tablets comprising of the Pisonia grandis leaf extract have been formulated to treat diabetes mellitus 41. The allantoin-rich leaf extract of the plant was incorporated in skin whitening, moisturizing creams, and sunscreen lotions 42, 43. Fabric coated with leaf extracts of Pisonia grandis has been validated as an anti-microbial herbal bandaging 44. A topical wound healing ointment with extracts of Pisonia grandis formulated in our laboratory has received a patent grant 48.
CONCLUSION: All available reports up to date on the plant Pisonia grandis are documented herein as a ready record, which will aid herbalists in preparing standardized formulations of the plant that will fetch global market value. Literature reports on the medicinal plant Pisonia grandis since the last two decades are a scientific validation of its medicinal potential, in particular its leaf extracts. Safe and efficacious medicinal preparations such as skin creams and wound healing ointments based on allantoin and pinitol containing leaf extracts of Pisonia grandis will be prospective for communities that largely rely on folkloric and traditional medicines. This comprehensive revelation of the medicinal potential of Pisonia grandis provides substantial ground for formulating safe and efficacious herbal products by the local people from fresh leaves of Pisonia grandis from their garden. Since the leaves are host to anti-diabetic, insulin-mimetic pinitol and wound-healing allantoin, the leaf extract may be potentially effective in curing diabetic foot ulcers. The validation of this efficacy will be taken up in our laboratory.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors thank Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, for providing facilities to carry out this work. The authors also duly acknowledge the contributing authors of research papers cited in this work for providing scientific data on the plant.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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How to cite this article:
Poongothai G, Sindhu S and Sripathi SK: A comprehensive revelation on Pisonia grandis R. BR.. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2023; 14(6): 2738-54. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.14(6).2738-54.
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IJPSR
G. Poongothai, S. Sindhu and S. K. Sripathi *
Department of Chemistry, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
adusks2@gmail.com
27 September 2022
23 November 2022
25 November 2022
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.14(6).2738-54
01 June 2023