A REVIEW ON ANTIULCER ACTIVITY

A REVIEW ON ANTIULCER ACTIVITY

Pradip Kumar Maury*, S.K. Jain, Nand Lal and Shashi Alok

Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT

Over the past decades, herbal medicine has become a thing of global significance with medicinal and economic implications. Wide spread use of herbs throughout the globe has raised serious concerns over its quality, safety, and efficacy. Our investigation showed that these investigated medicinal plants could prevent ulcer in a dose-dependent manner. Histological studies revealed that these medicinal plants did not show any acute toxicity. Preliminary photochemical screening of this medicinal plant identified the presence of important secondary metabolites like flavonoids and tannins. A peptic ulcer in the stomach is called a gastric ulcer. One that is in the duodenum is called a duodenal ulcer. Peptic ulcers happen when the acids that help you digest food damage the walls of the stomach or duodenum. The most common cause is infection with a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori. Another cause is the long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen. Stress and spicy foods do not cause ulcers, but can make them worse. As many as 70-90% of ulcers are associated with Helicobacter pylori, a spiral-shaped bacterium that lives in the acidic environment of the stomach. Ulcers can also be caused or worsened by drugs such as aspirin and other NSAIDs. There has been considerable pharmacological investigation in to the antiulcer activity of some compounds. In this work, we have reviewed the literature on different medicinal plants for anti-ulcer activity, this article reviews the anti-peptic, gastro protective of the most commonly employed herbal medicines and their identified overall active constituents has been reported.

Uses

INTRODUCTION:Ulcer is a common disorder of the gastrointestinal system, which causes much discomfort to patients, disrupting their daily routines and causes mental agony. It is genrrally more common in those who keep themselves in hurry, become worry and consume curry ¹. Peptic ulcer disease can be characterized by inflamed lesions or excavations of the mucosa and tissue that protect the gastrointestinal tract. Damage of mucus membrane which normally protects the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum from gastric acid and pepsin causes peptic ulcer ² .

Natural products from plants are a rich resource used for centuries to cure various ailments. The use of natural medicine in the treatment of various diseases like peptic ulcer is an absolute requirement of our time ³.

Therefore, alternative approach in recent days is the research of medicaments from traditional medicine. The use of phytoconstituents as drug therapy to treat major ailments has proved to be clinically effective and relatively less toxic than the existing drugs.

Diverse chemical compounds have been isolated from medicinal plants with antiulcer activity (Lewis and Hanson, 1991). This is an important reason to investigate antiulcer effects in medicinal plants with traditional use in gastric diseases ⁴.

Achyranthes aspera

• Family: Amaranthaseae
• Common name: Prickly Chaff Flower, Devil's Horsewhip
• Part used: Whole plant, root, seeds
• Extract: Ethanolic
• Chemical constituent: Seeds contains saponins A and B. They are glycosides of oleanolic acid. The carbohydrate components are the sugars D-glucose, L-rhamnose, Dglucuronic acid (= Saponin A). Saponin B is the fl-D-galactopyranosyl ester of Saponin A.  In the unripe seeds saponines, oleanolic acid, amino acids and hentriacontane, a long chained carbohydrate ⁵.
• Roots: Ecdysterone and oleanolic acid have been isolated.
• Shoots: An aliphatic dihydroxyketone 36, 37-dihydroxy henpentacontan-4-on and triacontanol could be found (4). Two long chain compounds, isolated from the shoots, have been characterized as 27-cyclohexylheptacosan-7-ol and 16-hydroxyñ 26-methyl heptacosan-2-on by chemical and spectral investigations ⁶.
• Use: Obstetrics and gynaecology, antiulcer.  For snake bites, the ground root is given with water until the patient vomits andregains consciousness, Crushed leaves rubbed on aching back to cure strained back ⁷.

Alchornea castaneaefolia

• Common name: Iporuru, Iporoni, Iporuro, Ipururo, Ipurosa, Macochihua, Niando, Pajaro
• Family: Euphorbiaceae
• Extract: ethenolic, hydroethanolic ⁸
• Useful part: Leaves, bark , root
• Chemical constituents: Alchorneine, Alchorneinone, Alkaloids, Anthranilic acid, Gentisinic acid Yohimbine , flavonoids, glycosides.
• Use: Antioxidant, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiulcer ⁹

 Anogeissus latifolia

• Family: Combretacea
• Common name: Dhawa, Ghatti, Gum Ghatti, Indian Gum Tree, Indian Sumac
• Useful part: Roots, bark, leaves, fruits.
• Extract: Methanolic
• Chemical   constituents: The leaves, bark and heartwood yield quinic and shikmik acids; leaves contain gallotannin (90–95% of the tannins). The young leaves and shoots contain 50% tannins (dry basis). The bark contains 12–18% tannins. Heartwood contains gallic acid, ellagic acid, its derivatives, quercetin and myricetin. The gum is mainly the calcium salt of a complex, high molecular weight polysaccharic acid (ghattic acid). The gum is a substitute for Gum Arabic ¹⁰.
• Use: Wounds and ulcers, inflammations, diabetes, haemorrhages, haemoptysis, diarrhoea, dysentery, haemorrhoids, skin diseases, liver diseases, and general debility.

Bauhinia variegata 

• Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
• Common name: Orchid-tree, poor-man's orchid, mountain-ebony
• Extract: Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous ¹¹
• Useful part: Root, bark, leaves
• Chemical constituents: carbohydrates, glycosides, furanoids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, proteins, gums and mucilages, flavonol glycoside, 5, 7, 3′, 4′-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxy-7-O-alpha-L rhamno pyranosyl(1→3)-O-betagalactopyranoside ¹²
• Use: Antibacterial, antifungal, antiulcer, hepato-protective, antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, bronchitis, leprosy, tumors ¹³.

Ficus religiosa

• Family: Moraceae
• Common name: Peepal
• Extract: Ethanolic , methanolic
• Useful part: Stem, bark, Leaves, Tender Shoots, Latex, Seeds, Fruits
• Chemical constituent: Triterpenoids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Steroids, Tannins and Phenolic compounds, Carbohydrate, Protein ¹⁴
• Use:  antidiabetic, cognitive enhancer, wound healing, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antiviral, hypolipidemic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antiasthmatic, parasympathetic modulatory, esterogenic, antitumor, antiulcer, antianxiety, antihelmintic, endotheilin receptor antagonistic, apoptosis inducer and hypotensive ¹⁵.

Jasminum grandiflorum

• Family: Oleaceae
• Common name: Chameli
• Extract: Hydro-alcoholic, methanolic, ethanolic, aqueous
• Useful part: Leaves, flower
• Chemical constituents: Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Steroids, Fatty acids, Flavonoids methyl  anthranilate, indole, benzyl  alcohol, benzyl   acetate and   the  terpenes  linalool and linalyl  acetate ¹⁶.
• Use: Ulcerative stomatitis, skin diseases, ulcers, wounds healing, antibacterial, antioxidant ^{17, 18}

Lagenaria siceraria

• Family: Cucurbitaceae
• Common name: Bottle gourd
• Extract: Methanolic
• Part used: Fruit
• Chemical constituent: Flavonoid, steroids, polyphenol, saponins, carbohydrate proteins ¹⁹
• Use: Antioxidant, antihyperlipedemic, antihyper- glycemic, cardiotonic, hepatoprotective, immuno- modulatory ²⁰

Musa paradisiacal

• Family:Musaceae
• Common name: Banana
• Extract: Aqueous extract, methanolic
• Useful part: Root, leaves, trunk
• Chemical constituent: Carbohydrates, Catechol-amines such as norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine tryptophan, indole compounds. Several flavonoids and related compounds (Leucocyanidin, quercetin and its 3-Ogalactoside, 3-O-glucoside, and 3-O-rhamnosyl glucoside   Serotonin, nor-epinephrine, tryptophan, indole compounds, tannin, starch, iron, crystallisable and non-crystallisable sugars, vitamin C, B-vitamins, albuminoids, fats ²¹.
• Use: Haemostatic, Coccidiostat, Diuretic effect, diarrhoea, dysentery, intestinal lesions in ulcerative colitis, diabetes, sprue, uremia, nephritis, gout, hypertension and cardiac  disease ^{22, 23, 24}.

Nerium indicum

• Family: Apocynaceae
• Common name: Kaner
• Extract: Methanolic
• Useful part: Root, leaves, whole plant ²⁵
• Chemical constituent: Alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, tannins, phenolic compounds and flavonoids ²⁶
• Use: Cardiotonic, diaphoretic, diuretic (promotes excretion), emetic ²⁷. Decoction of leaves has been applied externally in the treatment of scabies and to reduce swellings ²⁸. The oil prepared from the root bark is used in the treatment of leprosy and skin diseases of scaly, nature ²⁹. The whole plant is believed to have anti-cancer properties ^30-31.

Oxystelma esculentum

• Family: Asclepiadaceae
• Common name: Dudhia Lata
• Extract: Petroleum Ether, Methanol, Chloroform, Water
• Useful part: Leaves, petiole, stem, root and rhizome ³²
• Chemical constituent: Tannins,   flavonoids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and alkaloids
• Use: The juice is used in gleet, gonorrhoea, pain in the muscles, cough and given to children as an astringent, antiseptic, depurative, galactagogue properties. The root is considered specific for jaundice and the milk sap is used as a wash for ulcers. In Ayurveda, the plant is a diuretic, aphrodisiac, antihelmintic and anti-bronchitis, is useful in leucoderma and the fruit is expectorant, antihelmintic. The fruit juice is used in gonorrhoea and pain in muscles ³³.

Polyalthia longifolia

• Family: Annonaceae
• Common name: False Ashoka tree
• Extract: Ethanolic, aqueous, methanol ³⁴
• Useful part: Whole plant
• Chemical constituent: Steroids, alkaloids, biterpenoids, carbohydrates, amino acids, essential oil, phenolics and flavonoids³⁵
• Use: Antiulcer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial ³⁶ oil used as emollient, moisturizer.

Prunus amygdalus

• Family: Rosaceae
• Common name: Almond
• Extract: Methanolic, Phenolic, Ethanolic and Water
• Useful part: Seed, fruit
• Chemical constituents: One sphingolipid, 1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(2S,3R,4E,8Z)-2-[(2R)-2-hydroxy hexadecanoylamino]-4, 8-octadecadiene-1, 3-diol, and four other constituents, beta-sitosterol, daucosterol, uridine, and adenosine ³⁷. Other chemical compounds in the almond include 3 major components: betulinic acids, oleanic, and ursolic ^{38, 39}. Other acids (corosolic and maslinic) have been identified as aldehydes. Antioxidant flavonoids quercetin, isorhamnetin, quercitrin, kaempferol, and morin have been isolated ^{40, 41}.
• Use: Antiulcer, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory and in vitro antiproliferative activities ^{38, 39} antidiabetic ⁴².

Psidium guajava

• Family: Myrtacea
• Common name: Common guava
• Extract: Methanol, acetone and N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) fractions ⁴³
• Useful part: Roots, bark and leave
• Chemical constituents: Guava is rich in tannins, phenols, triterpenes, flavonoids, essential oils, saponins, carotenoids, lectins, vitamins, fibre and fatty acids ⁴⁴.
• Use: Hepatoprotective ⁴⁴, anti-diarrheal, anti-hypertensive, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-microbial, hypoglycemic and antimutagenic activities ⁴⁵.

TABLE 1: ANTIULCER PLANTS AND THEIR ACTIVITY

 CONCLUSION: From this study, it is clear that the medicinal plants play a vital role against on various diseases. Various herbal plants and plants extracts have significant antiulcer activity in animal models. It has mucoprotective activity and gastric anti-secretary when compared with that of reference herbal drugs. The extract is non-toxic even at relatively high concentrations.

Our review results show that above-mentioned medicinal plants could prevent ulcer with the principle on dose-dependent. A variety of botanical products have been reported to possess antiulcer activity. Finally, it should be noted that substances such as flavonoids and tannins that possess antiulcer activity are of particular therapeutic importance. The results of this study indicate that extracts of leaves and plants extracts of some medicinal plant have good potentials for use in peptic ulcer disease.

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    How to cite this article:

    Maury PK, Jain SK, Lal N and Alok S: Current Status And Future Innovations In Transdermal Drug Delivery. Int J Pharm Sci Res, 2012; Vol. 3(8): 2487-2493.

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