A REVIEW ON CARBON DOTS PRODUCED FROM BIOMASS WASTE-ITS DEVELOPMENT AND BIO-APPLICATIONS

Carbon nanomaterials belong to the carbonaceous family of less than 10 nm in size called Carbon dots (C-dots); the latest class of engineered nanoparticles has recently gained popularity for their unique characteristic features, such due to their low toxicity and miniature size, it can penetrate cells easily, thus becoming highly biocompatible. The advancement of science and its collaboration with multidisciplinary fields for developing C-dots, their characterization, and application into the faster, cheaper, and more reliable products in various scientific areas. C-dots synthesis uses biomass wastes because of their abundance, wider availability, low cost in terms of higher production rate, non-toxic and eco-friendly. Here biomass has been used as a carbon source from renewable raw materials, such as plant and animal derivatives, agricultural wastes, etc. This review aims to summarize the upgrading and recycling of biomass waste to produce C-dots, sources of biomass wastes, characterization of structure and composition, regulation of fluorescence, heteroatom doping, and its unique photoluminescence and chemiluminescence characteristics that make the C-dots most promising nanomaterial used for biological labelling, biological sensing, drug delivery, gene delivery, bioimaging, environmental monitoring, ion detections, biological labelling, biological sensing, drug delivery, gene delivery, and in agriculture also.