A REVIEW ON ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS OF ASSAM (INDIA) USED IN THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS

A REVIEW ON ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS OF ASSAM (INDIA) USED IN THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS

Suman Kumar ^{* 1}, Dhritimoni Devi ¹, Susankar Kushari ¹, Sameeran Gam ² and Himangshu Sarma ³

Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science ¹, Guwahati - 781017, Assam, India.

NETES Institute of Pharmaceutical Science ², Mirza - 781125, Assam, India.

Life Sciences Division ³, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati - 781035, Assam, India.

ABSTRACT: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent metabolic disorders and has been a leading cause of death in the last few decades. Oral hypoglycaemic agents are mostly used in the treatment of diabetes, but the main drawback of these agents is that they have some unavoidable side effects. Nowadays, researchers are mainly focusing on unexposed medicinal plant species as an alternative source for the treatment of diabetic mellitus. This review article aims to compile all the reported antidiabetic plants used by ethnic people of Assam as a folk remedy to cure diabetes mellitus and help the researcher investigate unexposed antidiabetic medicinal plants. In this concern, an extensive literature survey was carried out through different books and electronic search engines to understand the cause of diabetes mellitus and their traditional herbal remedy. Here listed 92 plant species belong to 45 families that claim ethnomedical indication to treat various diabetes mellitus. The roots, rhizomes, stems, leaves, barks, bulbs, flowers, and even the whole plant are utilized as folk remedies to cure diabetes mellitus in the form of crushed juice, infusion, and decoction. The wide variety of plants that are being utilized to cure diabetes mellitus in this area supports the traditional value in their primary health care system of the various rural communities of Assam. The information will help the researcher find unexplored medicinal plants to develop a new therapeutic approach to develop new chemical entities, which are safe, effective, and inexpensive for isolation and identification of novel bioactive compounds.

Diabetes mellitus, Ethnomedicine, Assam, Traditional knowledge

INTRODUCTION: The history of ethnomedicine is as old as human civilization. It is a component of ethnobotany, which refers to the use of plants by humans as medicine to treat various ailments of humans and animals. India is known for its traditional practices of medicine since the era of vedic.

Medicinal plants based on traditional systems of medicines are playing a vital function in providing health care to a large section of population ¹. This indigenous system of medicine has been an integral part of Indian culture and constructed a bridge between herbal biodiversity and cultural bio-diversity. It is exciting that 25% of all prescription drugs are derived from plant sources ².

People's belief in ethnomedicine has been due to its cost-effectiveness, minimal side effects, and easy accessibility ³. So, investigation of indigenous knowledge on natural resources is essential to resilience activity on various diseases or disorders and conserve our traditional knowledge, which could be a source for the scientists in new drug discovery.

Natural products have been used since ancient times in the traditional medicine system for the treatment, cure, or prevention of various diseases or disorders, including diabetes and inflammatory diseases. Several experimental studies have validated the traditional use of antidiabetic medicinal plants by investigating the biologically active compound in the extracts, which is being able to reduce postprandial blood sugar levels ^{4, 5}. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia that results in a defect in secretion and insulin action. It is the most widespread endocrine disease all over the globe. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the global diabetes prevalence in 2014 is 422 million compared to 108 million in 1980 ⁶. Without interventions, the number of people with diabetes is expected to rise to 629 million by 2045 ⁷. It is recognized as a global epidemic by the WHO. For the last few decades, researchers are searching for an antidiabetic drug to tackle this overgrowing disease in combination with proper eating habits and physical exercises ⁸. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has been rising more rapidly in middle and low-income countries like India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Pakistan, etc. According to the National Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy, the prevalence of diabetes in India has remained at 11.8% in 2019. In India, there are reported 77.2 million people with prediabetes. However, it affects people both in urban and rural, but the impact on the urban population is much higher than the rural one ⁹.

India is one of the seventeen mega biodiversity hotspots globally and accounts for 7-8% of the recorded species ^{10, 11}. Northeast India is a part of both the Himalayas and Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot ¹². Assam is the second largest state of Northeast India, situated in the extreme of the Himalayan, resulting in an abundant source of medicinal plants ^{13, 14}. The people of Assam inhabit a multi-ethnic, multi-linguistic, and multi-religious society along with several tribes with their own traditions and culture. From a very early age, these ethnic people of Assam are dependent on traditional medicine for their primary healthcare problem. According to a survey of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Assam has rapidly increased, and it was revealed that 5.5% of the total population is suffering from diabetes mellitus. The inhabitant of this region uses different plant parts along with available formulations for the treatment of this disease. Nowadays, it is imperative to conserve this precious knowledge of traditional medicine, which has been gradually descending through generation by generation because of the negligence of the younger generation and lack of proper documentation. So, documentation and conservation of such valuable information are essential, which could help the researcher identify, isolate bioactive constituents, and formulated new cost-effective dosage forms.

FIG. 1: GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF ASSAM

Geographical Description: Assam is one of the eight states of northeast India situated between 24º2^⸍-28ºN latitude & 89º8^⸍-96ºE longitude, covering 78,438 sq. km ^{15, 16}. The state shares an international border with Bangladesh in the west and Bhutan in the north. The national border with Arunachal Pradesh in the north and east, West-Bengal, Meghalaya in the west, and Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, Tripura in the south Fig. 1. The state has 33 districts that are distributed in Brahma-putra valley, Barak valley, and the mountainous ranges. The capital of Assam is Dispur. It possesses a unique geomorphic environment with broad plains and hills. The state climate is subtropical with heavy rainfall and humidity, which supports various habitats and the wetland ecosystem ¹⁷. As far as the climate is concerned, the state has pleasant weather. During summer, the temperature goes around 35-38 °C, and in winter, the temperature reaches a minimum of 6-8 °C. The climate is characterized by heavy monsoon downpours reducing summer temperatures and foggy nights and mornings during winters ¹⁸. Approximately 35.48% of the total area is covered with forest. This area is mainly comprised of five national parks, twenty wildlife sanctuaries, and twenty-three protected areas, respectively ^{19, 20}. The climatic condition and wide varieties of physical features witnessed in Assam have resulted in a diversity of ecological habitats which harbor and sustain a wide range of species. Furthermore, the prevalence of mild and highly humid weather coupled with heterogenic physiography make possible dense growth of several plant species in this part of the country and, therefore, phyto-geographically, imparting Assam a distinct identity in the world.

Ethnic People of Assam: The Assamese is a mixture of Mongolian-Tibetan, Aryan, and Barman ethnic origin. The people of Assam mostly speak Assamese, which is commonly known as ‘Asomiya’. The language is an Indo-Aryan language with Sanskrit roots. The people of Barak Valley speak the Bengali language. The primary official languages of Assam are Assamese, Bangali, and Bodo. Other languages often said in the state include Nepali, Karbi, Mising, Dimasa, etc. ¹⁸ The ethnic people of Assam can be divided into two groups, viz. tribal and non-tribal. Most of the tribal communities have their languages ²¹.

These tribes include Rabha, Bodo, Karbi, Tiwa, Mishing, Dimasa, Garo, Sonowal Kacharis, Deori, Hojai, Mech, etc. All these communities are an integral part of Assam. According to the 2011 census data, the total population is 31,169,272, out of which males comprise 15,954,927 and females comprise 15,954,927. It comprises people from various religions like Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Buddhists, Jain, and Sikhs. Most of the community lives in rural areas. The total literate population of the state is 73.18%, where the female literacy rate is lower (67.27%) as compared to males (78.81%) ²¹.

A Brief Description of Diabetes Mellitus: Diabetes mellitus can be classified into two major types, i.e., Type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) ²². T2DM is very common and accounts for 90-95% of all diabetic cases, so it is regarded as the most critical health concern worldwide ²³. The distinction between the two types has historically been based on age onset, degree of loss of β cell function, degree of insulin resistance, presence of diabetes-associated auto-antibodies etc. The significant symptoms of diabetes mellitus are thirst, polyuria, polyphagia, blurring vision, and weight loss. The most severe clinical manifestation is ketoacidosis or a non-ketotic hyperosmolar state that may lead to dehydration, coma, and death in the absence of effective treatment ⁷. The long-term specific effects of diabetes mellitus include mainly retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. People with diabetes are also at high risk of other diseases, including heart, cerebrovascular disease, obesity, cataracts, erectile dysfunction, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ⁷.

Antidiabetic Drugs and their Side Effects: There are several oral hypoglycemic classes of drugs that show antidiabetic effects by different cellular mechanisms. Among those sulfonylureas, biguanides, α-glucosidase inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides, SGLT-2 inhibitors are most commonly used. Oral sulphonylureas reduce the blood sugar level by elevating insulin release from islets of Langerhans. Similarly, biguanides reduce hepatic gluconeogenesis and replenish peripheral tissues' sensitivity to insulin. The α-glucosidase inhibitors such as acarbose, voglibose are responsible for the break-down of carbohydrates. Another essential class thiazolidinedione such as pioglitazone, rosiglitazone primarily improves the muscle and adipose tissue sensitivity to insulin. Although synthetic oral hypoglycemic drugs mainly control diabetes, these drugs often come with prominent side effects ^{24, 25}. The different antidiabetic medicines and their side effects and mechanism of action are summarized in Table 1.

TABLE 1: SUMMARY OF SOME COMMONLY USED ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS, THEIR MECHANISM OF ACTION AND SIDE EFFECTS ^24–26

DPP-4: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide 1; PPARɤ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; SGLT2: Sodium dependent glucose co-transporter 2

Ethnomedicinal Approaches: Diabetes mellitus is a lifestyle-dependent metabolic disorder in which dieting and controlling the blood sugar level is essential. In the last 40 years, the prevalence of diabetes in India has increased significantly. A large investment is requiring in the development of effective and safe antidiabetic drugs. Researchers are working day and night to fulfill the high demand for new antidiabetic drugs with minimum side effects. In the classical system of medicine, especially in Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani employed many medicinal plants to treat diabetes. Moreover, several natural products have been reported to possess good antidiabetic activity in the ethnomedicinal survey. In this review article, we have collected such information from various ethnomedicinal surveys of Assam and tried to find out the most cited plant species and family and their parts used. All traditional antidiabetic plants used by ethnic people of Assam along with their families are listed in Table 2. All the plants collected were growing either in the homesteads or in the vicinity of the homestead. These are available throughout the year. Table 2 also gives the ethnobotanical information of plant parts utilized and the preparation method of the dosage forms. In the review, 92 plant species belonging to 45 families were recognized for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Among these plant species Adhatoda vasica Nees., Aegle marmelos Correa ex Roxb., Aloe veratourn ex Linn., Allium sativum Linn., Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken, Centella asiatica (L.) Urb., Coptisteeta Wall., Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel, Ocimum sanctum Linn, etc., are frequently utilized folk remedies among the rural communities Fig. 2.

TABLE 2: LIST OF THE ANTIDIABETIC TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS SPECIES ALONG WITH THEIR LOCAL NAME, FAMILY, PARTS OF PLANT AND METHOD OF USES BY VARIOUS RURAL COMMUNITIES ASSAM

FIG. 2: SOME FREQUENTLY UTILIZED MEDICINAL PLANTS BY RURAL COMMUNITIES OF ASSAM

CONCLUSION: Current scenarios of the management of diabetics, for the most part, focus on the potentiation of the of β-cell function, minimize insulin resistance. Phytoconstituents extracted from plants have been utilized to treat human sicknesses since the beginning of medication. The plant drugs and herbal formulations are considered less toxic and free from side effects compared with synthetic medications. In the last few years, researchers are mainly focusing on unexposed medicinal plants that are used by traditional healers in the treatment of diabetes. The indigenous population still relies greatly on traditional medicinal plants to meet their healthcare needs because of the perceived effectiveness, presumed safety with minimal side effects, and affordability.

However, such ethnobotanical information and local plant traditional knowledge need to be substantiated by pharmacological experiments for scientific validation.

In this way, Ayurveda's information upheld by present-day science is essential to separate, portray, and institutionalize the active constituents from natural sources for antidiabetic activity. Combining traditional folk remedies and modern health care therapy can create better medications to prevent and treat people with diabetes with fewer post diabetic complications. Thus, pharmacologists need to take progressively dynamic enthusiasm for assessing traditional folk medications for potential antidiabetic movement and institutionalizing such natural medications as clinically successful and universally focused.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We would like to acknowledge the Department of Science & Technology (DST), Government of India, New Delhi, India (No.-DST/IF190138) for providing the necessary support.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: We declare that we have no conflict of interest.

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    How to cite this article:

    Kumar S, Devi D, Kushari S, Gam S and Sarma H: A review on ethnomedicinal plants of Assam (India) used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2021; 12(6): 3042-50. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.12(6).3042-50.

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