A REVIEW ON HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
HTML Full TextA REVIEW ON HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
C. Hari Kumar*1, A. Ramesh2, J. N. Suresh Kumar1, and B. Mohammed ishaq3
Deccan School of Pharmacy 1, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
Sitha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
SSJ College of Pharmacy 3, Gandipet, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
A phytotherapeutic approach to modern drug development can provide many invaluable drugs from traditional medicinal plants. Search for pure phytochemicals as drugs is time consuming and expensive. Numerous plants and polyherbal formulations are used for the treatment of liver diseases. However, in most of the severe cases, the treatments are not satisfactory. Although experimental evaluations were carried out on a good number of these plants and formulations, the studies were mostly incomplete and insufficient. The therapeutic values were tested against a few chemicals-induced subclinical levels of liver damages in rodents. Even common dietary antioxidants can provide such protection from liver damage caused by oxidative mechanisms of toxic chemicals. However, experiments have clearly shown that plants such as Picrorrhiza kurroa, Andrographis paniculata, Eclipta alba, Silibum marianum, Phyllanthus maderaspatensis and Trichopus zeylanicus are sufficiently active against, at least, certain hepatotoxins. Screening plants for antihepatitis activities remains in its infancy. P.kurroa, E. alba, Glycyrrhiza glabra, A. paniculata and P. amarus are likely to be active against Hepatitis B virus. In the case of severe liver damage, most of the liver cells die or turn into fibrotic state. In this case, the treatment should include in addition to the therapeutic agents, agents which can stimulate liver cell proliferation. For developing satisfactory herbal combinations to treat severe liver diseases, plants have to be evaluated systematically for properties such as antiviral activity (Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, etc), antihepatotoxicity (antioxidants and others), stimulation of liver regeneration and choleretic activity. The plants with remarkable activities for each of the above properties have to be identified. Single plant may not have all the desired activities. A combination of different herbal extracts/'fractions is likely to provide desired activities to cure severe liver diseases. Development of such medicines with standards of safety and efficacy can revitalise treatment of liver disorders and hepatoprotective activity.
Keywords:Phytomedicines,Liver diseases,Hepatitis,Hepatoprotection,
Herbal drugs |
INTRODUCTION: Medicinal plants play a key role in the human health care. About 80% of the world population rely on the use of traditional medicine which is predominantly based on plant materials 1. The traditional medicine refers to a broad range of ancient natural health care practices including folk/tribal practices as well as Ayurveda, Siddha, Amchi and Unani. These medical practices originated from time immemorial and developed gradually, to a large extent, by relying or based on practical experiences without significant references to modern scientific principles.
These practices incorporated ancient beliefs and were passed on from one generation to another by oral tradition and/or guarded literature. Although herbal medicines are effective in the treatment of various ailments very often these drugs are unscientifically exploited and/or improperly used. Therefore, these plant drugs deserve detailed studies in the light of modern science.
It is estimated that about 7,500 plants are used in local health traditions in, mostly, rural and tribal villages of India. Out of these, the real medicinal value of over 4,000 plants is either little known or hitherto unknown to the mainstream population. The classical systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Amchi, Unani and Tibetan use about 1,200 plants 2. A detailed investigation and documentation of plants used in local health traditions and pharmacological evaluation of these plants and their taxonomical relatives can lead to the development of invaluable plant drugs for many dreaded diseases. Random screening of plants has not proved economically effective 3.
Liver diseases and medicinal plants: Liver has a pivotal role in regulation of physiological processes. It is involved in several vital functions such as metabolism, secretion and storage. Furthermore, detoxification of a variety of drugs and xenobiotics occurs in liver. The bile secreted by the liver has, among other things, an important role in digestion. Liver diseases are among the most serious ailment. They may be classified as acute or chronic hepatitis (inflammatory liver diseases), hepatosis (non inflammatory diseases) and cirrhosis (degenerative disorder resulting in fibrosis of the liver). Liver diseases are mainly caused by toxic chemicals (certain antibiotics, chemotherapeutics, peroxidised oil, aflatoxin, carbon-tetrachloride, chlorinated hydrocarbons, etc.), excess consumption of alcohol, infections and autoimmune/disorder.
Most of the hepatotoxic chemicals damage liver cells mainly by inducing lipid peroxidation and other oxidative damages in liver. Enhanced lipid peroxidation produced during the liver microsomal metabolism of ethanol may result in hepatitis and cirrhosis 4. It has been estimated that about 90% of the acute hepatitis is due to viruses. The major viral agents involved are Hepatitis B, A, C, D (delta agents), E and G. Of these, Hepatitis B infection often results in chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis of liver. Primary liver cancer has also been shown to be produced by these viruses.
It has been estimated that approximately 14- 16 million people are infected with this virus in South East Asia region and about 6% of the total population in the region are carriers of this virus. A vaccine has become available for immunization against Hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis C and Hepatitis E infections are also common in countries of South East Asia region 5.
In the present work, authors had reviewed the articles of hepatoprotective activity of the medicinal plants and has arranged them in the systemic order as shown in table 1.
TABLE 1: HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF THE MEDICINAL PLANTS
Name of the Plant | Source or Family | Plant parts used | Hepatotoxicity inducing agents | Extracts studied | Biochemical and Histopathological Parameters studied |
Orthosiphon stamineus 6 | Lamiaceae | Leaves | Acetaminophen | Methanol extract | AST, ALT and ALP |
Baliospermum montanum 7 | Euphorbiaceae | Roots | Paracetamol | Alcohol , chloroform extract | SGPT, SGOT and alkaline phosphate, Histopathological changes in liver. |
Tridax procumbens 8 | Asteraceae | Leaves | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethanolic extract | Glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase |
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. 9 | Fabaceae | Root powder | Carbon tetrachloride | Root powder mixed with animal feed | TBARS,CD,SOD,CAT,GST,GSH-Px, GSH, LIPID PEROXIDATION |
Phyllanthus niruri 10 | Euphorbiaceae | Leaves and fruits | Carbon tetrachloride | Methanolicand aqueous | glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), DPPH radical scavenging |
CochlospermumPlanchoni 11 | Coclospermaceae | Rhizomes | Carbon tetrachloride | Aqueous | Total bilirubin Alkaline phosphatase Alanine aminotransferase |
Saururus chinensis 12 | Saururaceae | Whole plant | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethanol | alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hyaluronic acid (HA), hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), total lipoprotein (TP), albumin (ALB), hydroxypropyline (HYP), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), laminin (LN), type III collagen terminal peptide (PC-IIINP), and type IV collagen (IV-C), as well as with Histopathological changes of liver. |
'Teng-Khia-U' 13 derived from the entire plants of Elephantopus scaber L., E. mollis H.B.K. and Pseudoelephantopus spicatus (Juss.) Rohr | Asteraceae | Whole plant | D-galactosamine (d-gain)- and acetaminophen (apap) | Aqueous | serum glutamate-oxalate-transaminase (sGOT) and the serum glutamate pyruvate- transaminase (sGPT) |
FructusSchisandrae chinensis (LFS) with Astragalus polysaccharides(APS) 14 | Magnoliaceae | Dried fructus | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethanol | Alanine aminotransferase(ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) andcatalase (CAT), superoxidedismutase (SOD) |
Cordia macleodii 15 | Boraginaceae | Leaves | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethanolic | Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin |
Arachniodes exilis 16 | Dryopteridaceae | Rhizomes | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethanol | Lipid peroxide, DPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, malondialdehyde and superoxidedismutase |
Momordica dioica 17 | Cucurbitaceae | Leaves | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethanolic and aqueous | serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (AST), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (ALT), serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP) and total bilirubin, Histopathological examination of rat liver sections |
Swertiamarin isolated from Enicostemma Axillare 18 | Gentianaceae | Whole plant | D-galactosamine | Ethyl acetate | ASAT (IU/l) ALAT (IU/l) ALP (IU/l) Triglycerides (mg/dl) Total cholesterol (mg/dl) Total bilirubin (mg/dl) Total protein (g/dl) Creatinine (mg/dl) Albumin (g/dl) |
Asparagus racemosus 19 | Liliaceae | Whole plant | Γ-radiation | Crude extract and a purified aqueous fraction | Lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation |
CGX,- a modified traditional Chinese herbal drug 20 | -- | -- | Carbon tetrachloride | Aqueous | alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum, and the malondialdehyde concentrations in liver tissue |
Propolis- is a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from various plant sources 21 | -- | -- | D-galactosamine (d-galn):tumor necrosis factor-a (tnf-a) | Meoh and water extracts | 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, cytotoxicity and hepatoprotective activity |
Tephrosia purpurea L. and Tecomella undulate 22 | FabaceaeBignoniaceae | Aerial parts of tephrosia purpurea and stemBark of tecomella undulata | Thioacetamide | Aqueous–ethanolic extract | serum aspartate aminotransaminase, alanine aminotransaminase, gamma glutamyl, alkaline phosphatise, total bilirubin, liver glutathione |
Cassia fistula 23 | Leguminosae | Leaf | Carbon tetrachloride | Methanol | Serum levels of transaminases (SGOT and SGPT), bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). |
Amalkadi Ghrita 24 (AG), a polyherbal formulation composed of Emblica officinalis (10 g), Glycyrrhiza glabra (10 g), and cow’s ghee | -- | -- | Carbon tetrachloride | Crude drug | Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and acid phosphatase (ACP). The serum levels of total proteins, bilirubin and histological studies. |
Gentiana olivieri 25 | Gentianaceae | Aerial parts | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethanol | Plasma and hepatic tissue malondialdehyde formation, and liver tissue glutathione level, as well as plasma transaminase enzyme levels (aspartate transferase and alanine transferase). |
Zhi-Zi-Da-Huang 26 is a classical traditional Chinese formula comprising four crude drugs: Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Rheum officinale Baill, Citrus aurantium L. and Semen Sojae Preparatum with a ratio of 3:1:4:8 in weight. | -- | -- | Alcohol | Diethyl ether and water | Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The biochemical observations were supplemented by Histopathological examination. |
Amaranthus spinosus 27 | Amaranthaceae | Whole plant | Carbon tetrachloride | Petroleum ether | serum enzymatic levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (AST), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (ALT), serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP) and total bilirubin Histopathological examination |
Apium graveolens andHygrophila Auriculata 28 | ApiaceaeAcanthaceae | Seeds | Paracetamol and thioacetamide | Petroleum ether and methanol | serum transaminases (SGOT and SGPT), alkaline phosphatase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase and bilirubin in serum, Histopathological |
Boerhaavia diffusa 29 | Nyctaginaceae | Roots | Thioacetamide | Aqueous | GOT, GPT, ACP and ALP, but not GLDH and bilirubin |
Clerodendrum inerme 30 | Verbenaceae | Leaves | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethanol | alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphates (ALP), triglycerides (TGL), total cholesterol (TC) |
Zanthoxylum armatum 31 | Rutaceae | Bark | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethanolic | serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin and antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione |
Gundelia tourenfortii 32 | Asteraceae | Fresh edible stalk | Carbon tetrachloride | Aqueous ethanol | Histopathological studies, ALT, AST and ALP, and bilirubin |
Cassia occidentalis 33 | Caesalpiniaceae | Leaves | Paracetamol and ethyl alcohol | Aqueous-ethanolic extract | Serum transaminase (aspartate amino transferase and serum alanine amino transferase), alkaline phosphatase, serum cholesterol, serum total lipids and Histopathological alterations. |
Kalanchoe pinnata Pers.34 | Crassulaceae | Leaves | Carbon tetrachloride | Juice of the fresh leaves and ethanolic extract | Serum glutamyl oxalacetic acid transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamyl pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), serum bilirubin (SBLN), Histopathological studies. |
Luffa echinata 35 | Cucurbitaceae | Fruits | Carbon tetrachloride | Petroleum ether, acetone and methanolic extracts | Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), total protein (TP) and total albumin (TA). |
Phyllanthus amarus Schum. et. Thonn. 36 | Euphorbiaceae | Aerial part | Ethanol | Aqueous | Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo included serum transaminases (AST and ALT), serum triglyceride (STG), hepatic triglyceride (HTG), tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, together with Histopathological examination. |
Schouwia thebica 37 | Arecaceae | Aerial parts | Carbon tetrachloride | Diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol | ALT, AST, and GGT, and levels of glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol in serum |
Thunbergia laurifolia Linn. 38 | Acanthaceae | Leaves | Ethanol | Aqueous extract | Serum glutamyl oxalacetic acid transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamyl pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), serum bilirubin (SBLN), Histopathological studies. |
Thymoquinone, the active constituent of Nigella sativa 39 | Ranunculaceae | Seeds | Tert-butyl hydroperoxide | Aqueous-ethanolic extract | ALT and AST |
Apium gra_eolens Linn. Croton oblongifolius 40 | Apiaceae.Euphorbiaceae | SeedsAerial parts | Carbon tetrachloride | Petroleum ether, acetone and methanol | Serum transaminases (SGOT and SGPT), alkaline phosphatase, total protein and albumin |
Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz 41 | Lythraceae | Flowers | Carbon tetrachloride | Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl alcohol and aqueous | Serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and triglycerides |
Piper chaba 42 | Piperaceae | Fruit | D-galactosamine (d-galn)/lipopolysaccharides | Aqueous acetone | Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), total protein (TP) and total albumin (TA). |
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn 43 | Nelumbonaceae | Leaves | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethanolic | ALT and AST |
Bupleurum kaoi 44 | Umbelliferae | Dried roots | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethanolic | Serum glutamyl oxalacetic acid transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamyl pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), serum bilirubin (SBLN), Histopathological studies. |
Cuscuta chinensis 45 | Convolvulaceae | Seeds | Acetaminophen | Aqueous and ethanolic | superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) |
Hygrophila auriculata 46 | Acanthaceae | Root | Carbon tetrachloride | Aqueous extract | Alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein and total bilirubin. Hepatic tissues were subjected to Histopathological studies |
Halenia elliptica 47 | Gentianaceae | Whole plant | Carbon tetrachloride | Methanolic | Showed a significant decrease in ALT, AST, ALP, and total bilirubin, Histopathological studies |
Laggera pterodonta 48 | Asteraceae | Whole herb | Ccl4, carbon tetrachloride; d-galn, d-galactosamine; dpph, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical | Ethyl alcohol and aqueous | Alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein and total bilirubin. |
Equisetum arvense 49 | Equisetaceae | Aerial parts | Carbon tetrachloride | Methanolic | alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and Histopathological studies |
Byrsocarpus coccineus Schum 50 | Connaraceae | Leaf | Carbon tetrachloride | Aqueous | ALT and AST and total protein |
Euphorbia fusiformis 51 | Euphorbiaceae | Tubers | Rifampicin | Ethanol | Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and total protein |
Phyllanthus amarus Schum. 52 | Euphorbiacae | WholePlant except root | Aflatoxin b1-induced liver damage | Ethanolic | Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and enhancing the reduced glutathione level and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). |
Hypericum japonicum 53 | Clusiaceae | WholePlant | Carbon tetrachloride and α-naphthyl-isothiocyanate (anit)- | Aqueous, petroleum ether and chloroform | AST, ALT and T-BIL levels in serum |
Decalepis hamiltonii 54 | Asclepiadaceae | Roots | Carbon tetrachloride | Aqueous extract | Lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, and restoring the levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, and GST) and glutathione, Histopathological observations |
Trichosanthes cucumerina 55 | cucurbitaceae | Whole plant | Carbon tetrachloride | Methanolic | Alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) levels were estimated in serum as well as the glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) Histopathological changes |
Vitis vinifera 56 | Vitaceae | Leaves | Carbon tetrachloride | Chcl3, etoac, n-buoh, and water | (plasma and liver tissue MDA [malondialdehyde], transaminase enzyme levels in plasma [AST-aspartate transaminase, ALT-alanine transferase] and liver GSH [glutathione] levels) Histopathological studies |
Mallotus japonicas 57 | Euphorbiaceae | Cortex | Carbon tetrachloride | Water | serum enzymatic activities of alanine: aspartate aminotransferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and g-glutamyltransferase |
Ganoderma lucidum 58 | Polyporaceaes | Winter mushrooms | D-galactosamine | Aqueous juice | (AST, ALT) in serum and MDA, GSH, Histological examination |
Pittosporum neelgherrense 59 | Pittosporaceae | Stem bark | Carbon tetrachloride (ccl4)-, d-galactosamine (d-galn)- and acetaminophen (apap)- | Methanolic | serum enzymes, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) |
Rubia cordifolia Linn. 60 | Rubiaceae | Roots | Carbon tetrachloride | Aqueous etoh extract | Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP) and γ- glutamyltransferase |
Aloe barbadensis Mill 61 | Liliaceae | Dried aerial parts | Carbon tetrachloride | Petroleum ether , chloroform and methanol | Serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and triglycerides. lipid peroxidation, glutathione, glucose-6-phosphatase and microsomal aniline hydroxylase and amidopyrine N-demethylase |
Fumaria indica 62 | PAPAVERACEAE | Whole plant | D-galactosamine | Butanol | Histological studies, serum enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, ALP) and metabolites bilirubin, reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation |
Cochlospermum vitifolium 63 | COCHLOSPERMACEAE | Bark | Carbon tetrachloride | Hexane, dichloromethane, methanol | Serum glutamic–pyruvic transaminaseand alkaline phosphatase |
Picrorrhiza rhizome 64 | Scrophulariaceae | Dried underground stem | Poloxamer (px)-407 | Water | Body weight and gains, liver weight, serum aspartate transferase (AST) and alanine transferase (ALT) levels were monitored with serum low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. slight increase of liver weight, serum AST and ALT |
Artemisia absinthium 65 | Asteraceae | Powdered aerial parts | Carbon tetrachloride and by injection of endotoxin (lps, 10μg, i.v.) In bcg-primed mice | Aqueous | The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanineaminotransferase (ALT), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-α) andinterleukin-1(IL-1)in mouse sera, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathioneperoxidase (GPx) and malondialdehyde (MDA) |
Lactuca indica 66 | Compositae | Aerial parts | Carbon tetrachloride | Methanolic | serum glutamic–pyruvic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase |
Cassia tora 67 | Caesalpiniaceae | Leaves | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethyl acetate | Glutathione enzyme activities. |
Carum copticum 68 | Apiaceae | Seed | ParacetamolAnd ccl4 | Water | Serum glutamic–pyruvic transaminaseand alkaline phosphatase serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aminotransferases (AST and ALT). |
Azadirachta indica 69 | Meliaceae | Leaf | Paracetamol | 70% ethanol | (Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) |
Mamoridca subangulataNaragamia alata 70 | CucurbitaceaeMeliaceae | Leaf, wholePlant | Paracetamol | 10% aqueous suspension was prepared in 2% (w/v) gum acacia | Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) |
Phyllanthus Niruri 71 | Euphorbiacea | Leaves | Paracetamol | Petroleum ether and 50% ethanol | Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP) and γ- glutmyltransferase and Histopathological studies. |
Orthosiphon stamineus 72 | Lamiacea | Leaves | Paracetamol | Methanol | SGOT, SGPT, ALP and lipid peroxides |
Silybum marianum Cichorium intybus 73 | Asteraceae | Leaves | Thioacetamide | Chloroform | SGOT, SGPT, aminotransferase, alkaline phosphate and bilirubin |
Sarcostemma brevistigma 74 | Asclepiadaceae | Stem | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethyl acetate | Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and gamma glutamate transpeptidase (GGTP) |
Cassia fistula 75 | Leguminosae | Seeds | Paracetamol | Methanolic | SGOT, SGPT, ALP and Billirubin |
Piper longum 76 | Piperaceae | Fruits and roots powder | Carbon tetrachloride | Milk extract | SGOT, SGPT, ALP and Billirubin |
Chamomile capitula 77 | Asteraceae | Fresh natural mature capitula | Paracetamol | Aqueous Ethanolic | Liver glutathione, Na+ K+- ATPase activity, serum marker enzymes, serum bilirubin, glycogen and thiobarbutiric acid |
Calotropis procera 78 | Apocynaceae | Flowers | Paracetamol | 70% EtOH | SGPT, SGOT, ALP, bilirubin, cholesterol, HDL and tissue GSH |
Aerva lanata Linn 79 | Amaranthaceae | Coarse powder plant material | Paracetamol | Hydroalcoholic | Serum enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin. |
Acacia confuse 80 | Leguminosae | Bark | Carbon tetrachloride | Hydroalcoholic | Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma, and cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) protein superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase(CAT) in erythrocytes |
Kigelia africana, Calotropis procera, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Alchornea cordifolia 81 | BignoniaceaeApocynaceaeMalvaceaeEuphorbiaceae | LeavesLeavesCalycesLeaves | Paracetamol | Distilled water | Lipid peroxidation product thiobarbituric reacting substances (tbars) superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), gluthathione peroxidase (gpx), and d-aminolevulinate dehydratase (d-ala-d) activities |
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. 82 | Papilionaceae | Stem bark | Carbon tetrachloride | Methanol and aqueous | Total bilirubin, serum protein, alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase, and alkaline phosphatase activities) and Histopathological studies of the liver. |
Alocasia indica Linn. 83 | Araceae | Leaves | Paracetamol | Hydroalcoholic | Total bilirubin, serum protein, alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase, and alkaline hosphatase |
Capparis spinosa 84 | Capparidaceae | Root bark | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethanolic | Alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase activities |
Spondias pinnata 85 | Anacardiaceae | Stem heart wood | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethyl acetate and methanolic | SGPT, SGOT, ALP, Total bilirubin (TB). |
Embelia ribes 86 | Myrsinaceae | Fruits | Paracetamol | Water | SGPT, SGOT, ALP, Total bilirubin (TB) and Histopathological studies |
Juncus subulatus 87 | Juncaceae | Powdered tubers | Paracetamol | 70% methanol | Serum Liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP), total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, nitric oxide (NO), malondialdhyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) |
Phyllanthus polyphullus 88 | Euphorbiaceae | Leaves | Acetaminophen | Methanolic | Aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, gamma glutamate transpeptidase (GGTP), lipid peroxidase (LPO) with a reduction of total protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). |
Tylophora indica 89 | Asclepiadaceae | Leaf powder | Ethanol | Aqueous | Aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, |
Cleome viscose Linn. 90 | Capparidaceae | Leaf powder | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethanolic | Aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and Histopathological studies. |
Ricinus Communis 91 | Euphorbiaceae | Leaves | Carbon tetrachloride | Cold aqueous extract | Aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and Histopathological studies |
Picrorhiza Kurrooa 92 | Scrophulariaceae | Root and rhizomes | Alcohol-carbon tetrachloride | Ethanol | Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase and bilirubin |
Ocimum snctum 93 | Lamiaceae | Leaf | Paracetamol | Hydroalcoholic | Aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and Histopathological studies |
Acacia Catechu 94 | Leguminosae | Powdered pale catechu | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethyl acetate | SGPT, SGOT, Serum alkaline phosphatise and Bilirubin content |
Ginkgo Biloba 95 | Ginkgoaceae | Dried extract | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethanolic | SGPT, SGOT, Serum alkaline phosphatise and Bilirubin content, Histopathological studies |
Scoparia dulcis 96 | Scrophulariaceae | Whole plant | Carbon tetrachloride | Methanol, diethyl ether and petroleum ether | aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and Histopathological studies |
Plantago Major L. 97 | Plantaginaceae | Seeds | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethanolic | aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin |
Ptrospermum acerifolium 98 | Sterculiaceae | Leaves | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethanol | aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), |
Vitex trifolia 99 | Verbenaceae | Leaves | Carbon tetrachloride | Ethanol and water | Total protein, Histopathological studies, aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), |
Hoslundia opposite 100 | Lamiaceae | Stem | Carbon tetrachloride and paracetamol | Methanol and ethyl acetate | AST, ALT and Bilirubin |
Trianthema decandra 101 | Aizoaceae | Leaves | Carbon tetrachloride | aqueous | AST, ALT and Bilirubin. Histopathological studies |
Hibiscus esculentus Linn. 102 | Malvaceae | Roots | Carbon tetrachloride | Water | SGPT, SGOT, ALP, Total bilirubin (TB). |
Aegle marmelos correa ex Roxb. 103 | Rutaceae | Pulp/seeds | Carbon tetrachloride | water | AST, ALT and Bilirubin. Histopathological studies |
Tylophora indica 104 | Asclepidaceae | Leaves | Carbon tetrachloride | Methanolic | SGPT, SGOT, Serum alkaline phosphatise and Bilirubin content |
Casuarina equisetifolia,Cajanus cajan,Glycosmis pentaphylla,Bixa orellana,Argemone mexicana,
Physalis minima, Caesalpinia bonduc 105 |
CasuarinaceaeFabaceaeRutaceaeBixaceaePapaveraceae
Solanaceae Fabaceae |
Plant materials | Carbon tetrachloride | Methanolic extract | SGPT, SGOT, AST, ALT AND Cholesterol. |
CONCLUSION: The goal of ethnopharmacological studies on medicinal plants should not be restricted to find new prototype pure compounds as drugs. Active extracts, fractions or mixture of fractions/extracts may prove very effective drugs. Plant drugs (combinations or individual drug) for liver diseases should possess sufficient efficacy to cure severe liver diseases caused by toxic chemicals, viruses (Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, etc.), excess alcohol intake, etc. A single drug cannot be effective against all types of severe liver diseases. Effective formulations have to be developed using indigenous medicinal plants, with proper pharmacological experiments and clinical trials. The manufacture of plant products should be governed by standards of safety and efficacy.
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Article Information
4
501-515
597
7752
English
Ijpsr
C. Hari Kumar*, A. Ramesh, J. N. Suresh Kumar, and B. Mohammed ishaq
Department of Pharmacology, Deccan School of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
18 November, 2010
28 January, 2011
12 February, 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.2(3).501-15
01 March, 2011