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A REVIEW ON HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

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A REVIEW ON HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

C. Hari Kumar*1, A. Ramesh2, J. N. Suresh Kumar1, and B. Mohammed ishaq3

Deccan School of Pharmacy 1, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

Sitha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

SSJ College of Pharmacy 3, Gandipet, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT

A phytotherapeutic approach to modern drug development can provide many invaluable drugs from traditional medicinal plants. Search for pure phytochemicals as drugs is time consuming and expensive. Numerous plants and polyherbal formulations are used for the treatment of liver diseases. However, in most of the severe cases, the treatments are not satisfactory. Although experimental evaluations were carried out on a good number of these plants and formulations, the studies were mostly incomplete and insufficient. The therapeutic values were tested against a few chemicals-induced subclinical levels of liver damages in rodents. Even common dietary antioxidants can provide such protection from liver damage caused by oxidative mechanisms of toxic chemicals. However, experiments have clearly shown that plants such as Picrorrhiza kurroa, Andrographis paniculata, Eclipta alba, Silibum marianum, Phyllanthus maderaspatensis and Trichopus zeylanicus are sufficiently active against, at least, certain hepatotoxins. Screening plants for antihepatitis activities remains in its infancy. P.kurroa, E. alba, Glycyrrhiza glabra, A. paniculata and P. amarus are likely to be active against Hepatitis B virus. In the case of severe liver damage, most of the liver cells die or turn into fibrotic state. In this case, the treatment should include in addition to the therapeutic agents, agents which can stimulate liver cell proliferation. For developing satisfactory herbal combinations to treat severe liver diseases, plants have to be evaluated systematically for properties such as antiviral activity (Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, etc), antihepatotoxicity (antioxidants and others), stimulation of liver regeneration and choleretic activity. The plants with remarkable activities for each of the above properties have to be identified. Single plant may not have all the desired activities. A combination of different herbal extracts/'fractions is likely to provide desired activities to cure severe liver diseases. Development of such medicines with standards of safety and efficacy can revitalise treatment of liver disorders and hepatoprotective activity.

Keywords:Phytomedicines,Liver diseases,Hepatitis,Hepatoprotection,

Herbal drugs

INTRODUCTION: Medicinal plants play a key role in the human health care. About 80% of the world population rely on the use of traditional medicine which is predominantly based on plant materials 1. The traditional medicine refers to a broad range of ancient natural health care practices including folk/tribal practices as well as Ayurveda, Siddha, Amchi and Unani. These medical practices originated from time immemorial and developed gradually, to a large extent, by relying or based on practical experiences without significant references to modern scientific principles.

These practices incorporated ancient beliefs and were passed on from one generation to another by oral tradition and/or guarded literature. Although herbal medicines are effective in the treatment of various ailments very often these drugs are unscientifically exploited and/or improperly used. Therefore, these plant drugs deserve detailed studies in the light of modern science.

It is estimated that about 7,500 plants are used in local health traditions in, mostly, rural and tribal villages of India. Out of these, the real medicinal value of over 4,000 plants is either little known or hitherto unknown to the mainstream population. The classical systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Amchi, Unani and Tibetan use about 1,200 plants 2. A detailed investigation and documentation of plants used in local health traditions and pharmacological evaluation of these plants and their taxonomical relatives can lead to the development of invaluable plant drugs for many dreaded diseases. Random screening of plants has not proved economically effective 3.

Liver diseases and medicinal plants: Liver has a pivotal role in regulation of physiological processes. It is involved in several vital functions such as metabolism, secretion and storage. Furthermore, detoxification of a variety of drugs and xenobiotics occurs in liver. The bile secreted by the liver has, among other things, an important role in digestion. Liver diseases are among the most serious ailment. They may be classified as acute or chronic hepatitis (inflammatory liver diseases), hepatosis (non inflammatory diseases) and cirrhosis (degenerative disorder resulting in fibrosis of the liver). Liver diseases are mainly caused by toxic chemicals (certain antibiotics, chemotherapeutics, peroxidised oil, aflatoxin, carbon-tetrachloride, chlorinated hydrocarbons, etc.), excess consumption of alcohol, infections and autoimmune/disorder.

Most of the hepatotoxic chemicals damage liver cells mainly by inducing lipid peroxidation and other oxidative damages in liver. Enhanced lipid peroxidation produced during the liver microsomal metabolism of ethanol may result in hepatitis and cirrhosis 4. It has been estimated that about 90% of the acute hepatitis is due to viruses. The major viral agents involved are Hepatitis B, A, C, D (delta agents), E and G. Of these, Hepatitis B infection often results in chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis of liver. Primary liver cancer has also been shown to be produced by these viruses.

It has been estimated that approximately 14- 16 million people are infected with this virus in South East Asia region and about 6% of the total population in the region are carriers of this virus. A vaccine has become available for immunization against Hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis C and Hepatitis E infections are also common in countries of South East Asia region 5.

In the present work, authors had reviewed the articles of hepatoprotective activity of the medicinal plants and has arranged them in the systemic order as shown in table 1.

TABLE 1: HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF THE MEDICINAL PLANTS

Name of the Plant Source or Family Plant parts used Hepatotoxicity inducing agents Extracts studied Biochemical and Histopathological  Parameters studied
Orthosiphon stamineus 6 Lamiaceae Leaves Acetaminophen Methanol extract AST, ALT and ALP
Baliospermum montanum 7 Euphorbiaceae Roots Paracetamol Alcohol , chloroform  extract SGPT, SGOT and alkaline phosphate, Histopathological changes in liver.
Tridax procumbens 8 Asteraceae Leaves Carbon tetrachloride Ethanolic extract Glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. 9 Fabaceae Root powder Carbon tetrachloride Root powder mixed with animal feed TBARS,CD,SOD,CAT,GST,GSH-Px, GSH, LIPID PEROXIDATION
Phyllanthus niruri 10 Euphorbiaceae Leaves and fruits Carbon tetrachloride Methanolicand aqueous glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), DPPH radical scavenging
CochlospermumPlanchoni 11 Coclospermaceae Rhizomes Carbon tetrachloride Aqueous Total bilirubin Alkaline phosphatase Alanine aminotransferase
Saururus chinensis 12 Saururaceae Whole plant Carbon tetrachloride Ethanol alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hyaluronic acid (HA), hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), total lipoprotein (TP), albumin (ALB), hydroxypropyline (HYP), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), laminin (LN), type III collagen terminal peptide (PC-IIINP), and type IV collagen (IV-C), as well as with Histopathological changes of liver.
'Teng-Khia-U' 13 derived from the entire plants of Elephantopus scaber L., E. mollis H.B.K. and Pseudoelephantopus spicatus (Juss.) Rohr Asteraceae Whole plant D-galactosamine (d-gain)- and acetaminophen (apap) Aqueous serum glutamate-oxalate-transaminase (sGOT) and the serum glutamate pyruvate- transaminase (sGPT)
FructusSchisandrae chinensis (LFS) with Astragalus polysaccharides(APS) 14 Magnoliaceae Dried fructus Carbon tetrachloride Ethanol Alanine aminotransferase(ALT), asparate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) andcatalase (CAT), superoxidedismutase (SOD)
Cordia macleodii 15 Boraginaceae Leaves Carbon tetrachloride Ethanolic Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin
Arachniodes exilis 16 Dryopteridaceae Rhizomes Carbon tetrachloride Ethanol Lipid peroxide, DPPH, ABTS, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, malondialdehyde and superoxidedismutase
Momordica dioica 17 Cucurbitaceae Leaves Carbon tetrachloride Ethanolic and aqueous serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (AST), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (ALT), serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP) and total bilirubin, Histopathological examination of rat liver sections
Swertiamarin isolated from Enicostemma Axillare 18 Gentianaceae Whole plant D-galactosamine Ethyl acetate ASAT (IU/l) ALAT (IU/l) ALP (IU/l) Triglycerides (mg/dl) Total cholesterol (mg/dl) Total bilirubin (mg/dl) Total protein (g/dl) Creatinine (mg/dl) Albumin (g/dl)
Asparagus racemosus 19 Liliaceae Whole plant Γ-radiation Crude extract and a purified aqueous fraction Lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation
CGX,-  a modified traditional Chinese herbal drug 20 -- -- Carbon tetrachloride Aqueous alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum, and the malondialdehyde concentrations in liver tissue
Propolis-  is a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from various plant sources 21 -- -- D-galactosamine (d-galn):tumor necrosis factor-a (tnf-a) Meoh and water extracts 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, cytotoxicity and hepatoprotective activity
Tephrosia purpurea L. and Tecomella undulate 22 FabaceaeBignoniaceae Aerial parts of tephrosia purpurea and stemBark of tecomella undulata Thioacetamide Aqueous–ethanolic extract serum aspartate aminotransaminase, alanine aminotransaminase, gamma glutamyl, alkaline phosphatise, total bilirubin, liver glutathione
Cassia fistula 23 Leguminosae Leaf Carbon tetrachloride Methanol Serum levels of transaminases (SGOT and SGPT), bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).
Amalkadi Ghrita 24 (AG), a polyherbal formulation composed of Emblica officinalis (10 g), Glycyrrhiza glabra (10 g), and cow’s ghee -- -- Carbon tetrachloride Crude drug Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and acid phosphatase (ACP). The serum levels of total proteins, bilirubin and histological studies.
Gentiana olivieri 25 Gentianaceae Aerial parts Carbon tetrachloride Ethanol Plasma and hepatic tissue malondialdehyde formation, and liver tissue glutathione level, as well as plasma transaminase enzyme levels (aspartate transferase and alanine transferase).
Zhi-Zi-Da-Huang 26 is a classical traditional Chinese formula comprising four crude drugs: Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Rheum officinale Baill, Citrus aurantium L. and Semen Sojae Preparatum with a ratio of 3:1:4:8 in weight. -- -- Alcohol Diethyl ether  and water Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The biochemical observations were supplemented by Histopathological examination.
Amaranthus spinosus 27 Amaranthaceae Whole plant Carbon tetrachloride Petroleum ether serum enzymatic levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (AST), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (ALT), serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP) and total bilirubin Histopathological examination
Apium graveolens andHygrophila Auriculata 28 ApiaceaeAcanthaceae Seeds Paracetamol and thioacetamide Petroleum ether and methanol serum transaminases (SGOT and SGPT), alkaline phosphatase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase and bilirubin in serum, Histopathological
Boerhaavia diffusa 29 Nyctaginaceae Roots Thioacetamide Aqueous GOT, GPT, ACP and ALP, but not GLDH and bilirubin
Clerodendrum inerme 30 Verbenaceae Leaves Carbon tetrachloride Ethanol alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphates (ALP), triglycerides (TGL), total cholesterol (TC)
Zanthoxylum armatum 31 Rutaceae Bark Carbon tetrachloride Ethanolic serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin and antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione
Gundelia tourenfortii 32 Asteraceae Fresh edible stalk Carbon tetrachloride Aqueous ethanol Histopathological studies, ALT, AST and ALP, and bilirubin
Cassia occidentalis 33 Caesalpiniaceae Leaves Paracetamol and ethyl alcohol Aqueous-ethanolic extract Serum transaminase (aspartate amino transferase and serum alanine amino transferase), alkaline phosphatase, serum cholesterol, serum total lipids and Histopathological alterations.
Kalanchoe pinnata Pers.34 Crassulaceae Leaves Carbon tetrachloride Juice of the fresh leaves and ethanolic extract Serum glutamyl oxalacetic acid transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamyl pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), serum bilirubin (SBLN), Histopathological studies.
Luffa echinata 35 Cucurbitaceae Fruits Carbon tetrachloride Petroleum ether, acetone and methanolic extracts Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), total protein (TP) and total albumin (TA).
Phyllanthus amarus Schum. et. Thonn. 36 Euphorbiaceae Aerial part Ethanol Aqueous Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo included serum transaminases (AST and ALT), serum triglyceride (STG), hepatic triglyceride (HTG), tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 beta, together with Histopathological examination.
Schouwia thebica 37 Arecaceae Aerial parts Carbon tetrachloride Diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol ALT, AST, and GGT, and levels of glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol in serum
Thunbergia laurifolia Linn. 38 Acanthaceae Leaves Ethanol Aqueous extract Serum glutamyl oxalacetic acid transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamyl pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), serum bilirubin (SBLN), Histopathological studies.
Thymoquinone, the active constituent of Nigella sativa 39 Ranunculaceae Seeds Tert-butyl hydroperoxide Aqueous-ethanolic extract ALT and AST
Apium gra_eolens Linn. Croton oblongifolius 40 Apiaceae.Euphorbiaceae SeedsAerial parts Carbon tetrachloride Petroleum ether, acetone and methanol Serum transaminases (SGOT and SGPT), alkaline phosphatase, total protein and albumin
Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz 41 Lythraceae Flowers Carbon tetrachloride Petroleum ether, chloroform,  ethyl alcohol and aqueous Serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and triglycerides
Piper chaba 42 Piperaceae Fruit D-galactosamine (d-galn)/lipopolysaccharides Aqueous acetone Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), total protein (TP) and total albumin (TA).
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn 43 Nelumbonaceae Leaves Carbon tetrachloride Ethanolic ALT and AST
Bupleurum kaoi 44 Umbelliferae Dried roots Carbon tetrachloride Ethanolic Serum glutamyl oxalacetic acid transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamyl pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), serum bilirubin (SBLN), Histopathological studies.
Cuscuta chinensis 45 Convolvulaceae Seeds Acetaminophen Aqueous and ethanolic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA)
Hygrophila auriculata 46 Acanthaceae Root Carbon tetrachloride Aqueous extract Alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein and total bilirubin. Hepatic tissues were subjected to Histopathological studies
Halenia elliptica 47 Gentianaceae Whole plant Carbon tetrachloride Methanolic Showed a significant decrease in ALT, AST, ALP, and total bilirubin, Histopathological studies
Laggera pterodonta 48 Asteraceae Whole herb Ccl4, carbon tetrachloride; d-galn, d-galactosamine; dpph, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical Ethyl alcohol and aqueous Alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein and total bilirubin.
Equisetum arvense 49 Equisetaceae Aerial parts Carbon tetrachloride Methanolic alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and Histopathological studies
Byrsocarpus coccineus Schum 50 Connaraceae Leaf Carbon tetrachloride Aqueous ALT and AST and total protein
Euphorbia fusiformis 51 Euphorbiaceae Tubers Rifampicin Ethanol Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and total protein
Phyllanthus amarus Schum. 52 Euphorbiacae WholePlant except root Aflatoxin b1-induced liver damage Ethanolic Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and enhancing the reduced glutathione level and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT).
Hypericum japonicum 53 Clusiaceae WholePlant Carbon tetrachloride and α-naphthyl-isothiocyanate (anit)- Aqueous,  petroleum ether and  chloroform AST, ALT and T-BIL levels in serum
Decalepis hamiltonii 54 Asclepiadaceae Roots Carbon tetrachloride Aqueous extract Lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation, and restoring the levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, and GST) and glutathione, Histopathological observations
Trichosanthes cucumerina 55 cucurbitaceae Whole plant Carbon tetrachloride Methanolic Alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), total protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) levels were estimated in serum as well as the glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) Histopathological changes
Vitis vinifera 56 Vitaceae Leaves Carbon tetrachloride Chcl3, etoac, n-buoh, and water (plasma and liver tissue MDA [malondialdehyde], transaminase enzyme levels in plasma [AST-aspartate transaminase, ALT-alanine transferase] and liver GSH [glutathione] levels) Histopathological studies
Mallotus japonicas 57 Euphorbiaceae Cortex Carbon tetrachloride Water serum enzymatic activities of alanine: aspartate aminotransferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase and g-glutamyltransferase
Ganoderma lucidum 58 Polyporaceaes Winter mushrooms D-galactosamine Aqueous juice (AST, ALT) in serum and MDA, GSH, Histological examination
Pittosporum neelgherrense 59 Pittosporaceae Stem bark Carbon tetrachloride (ccl4)-, d-galactosamine (d-galn)- and acetaminophen (apap)- Methanolic serum enzymes, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT)
Rubia cordifolia Linn. 60 Rubiaceae Roots Carbon tetrachloride Aqueous etoh extract Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP) and γ- glutamyltransferase
Aloe barbadensis Mill 61 Liliaceae Dried aerial parts Carbon tetrachloride Petroleum ether , chloroform and methanol Serum transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin and triglycerides. lipid peroxidation, glutathione, glucose-6-phosphatase and microsomal aniline hydroxylase and amidopyrine N-demethylase
Fumaria indica 62 PAPAVERACEAE Whole plant D-galactosamine Butanol Histological studies, serum enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, ALP) and metabolites bilirubin, reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation
Cochlospermum vitifolium 63 COCHLOSPERMACEAE Bark Carbon tetrachloride Hexane, dichloromethane, methanol Serum glutamic–pyruvic transaminaseand alkaline phosphatase
Picrorrhiza rhizome 64 Scrophulariaceae Dried underground stem Poloxamer (px)-407 Water Body weight and gains, liver weight, serum aspartate transferase (AST) and alanine transferase (ALT) levels were monitored with serum low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. slight increase of liver weight, serum AST and ALT
Artemisia absinthium 65 Asteraceae Powdered aerial parts Carbon tetrachloride and by injection of endotoxin (lps, 10μg, i.v.) In bcg-primed mice Aqueous The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanineaminotransferase (ALT), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-α) andinterleukin-1(IL-1)in mouse sera, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathioneperoxidase (GPx) and malondialdehyde (MDA)
Lactuca indica 66 Compositae Aerial parts Carbon tetrachloride Methanolic serum glutamic–pyruvic transaminase  and alkaline phosphatase
Cassia tora 67 Caesalpiniaceae Leaves Carbon tetrachloride Ethyl acetate Glutathione enzyme activities.
Carum copticum 68 Apiaceae Seed ParacetamolAnd ccl4 Water Serum glutamic–pyruvic transaminaseand alkaline phosphatase serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aminotransferases (AST and ALT).
Azadirachta indica 69 Meliaceae Leaf Paracetamol 70% ethanol (Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)
Mamoridca subangulataNaragamia alata 70  CucurbitaceaeMeliaceae Leaf, wholePlant Paracetamol 10% aqueous suspension was prepared in 2% (w/v) gum acacia Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP)
Phyllanthus Niruri 71 Euphorbiacea Leaves Paracetamol Petroleum ether and 50% ethanol Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP) and γ- glutmyltransferase and Histopathological studies.
Orthosiphon stamineus 72 Lamiacea Leaves Paracetamol Methanol SGOT, SGPT, ALP and lipid peroxides
Silybum marianum Cichorium intybus 73 Asteraceae Leaves Thioacetamide Chloroform SGOT, SGPT, aminotransferase, alkaline phosphate and bilirubin
Sarcostemma brevistigma 74 Asclepiadaceae Stem Carbon tetrachloride Ethyl acetate Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and gamma glutamate transpeptidase (GGTP)
Cassia fistula 75 Leguminosae Seeds Paracetamol Methanolic SGOT, SGPT, ALP and Billirubin
Piper longum 76 Piperaceae Fruits and roots powder Carbon tetrachloride Milk extract SGOT, SGPT, ALP and Billirubin
Chamomile capitula 77 Asteraceae Fresh natural mature capitula Paracetamol Aqueous Ethanolic Liver glutathione, Na+ K+- ATPase activity, serum marker enzymes, serum bilirubin, glycogen and thiobarbutiric acid
Calotropis procera 78 Apocynaceae Flowers Paracetamol 70% EtOH SGPT, SGOT, ALP, bilirubin, cholesterol, HDL and tissue GSH
Aerva lanata Linn 79 Amaranthaceae Coarse powder plant material Paracetamol Hydroalcoholic Serum enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bilirubin.
Acacia confuse 80 Leguminosae Bark Carbon tetrachloride Hydroalcoholic Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma, and cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) protein superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase(CAT) in erythrocytes
Kigelia africana, Calotropis procera, Hibiscus sabdariffa and Alchornea cordifolia 81 BignoniaceaeApocynaceaeMalvaceaeEuphorbiaceae LeavesLeavesCalycesLeaves Paracetamol Distilled water Lipid peroxidation product thiobarbituric reacting substances (tbars) superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), gluthathione peroxidase (gpx), and d-aminolevulinate dehydratase (d-ala-d) activities
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. 82 Papilionaceae Stem bark Carbon tetrachloride Methanol and aqueous Total bilirubin, serum protein, alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase, and alkaline phosphatase activities) and Histopathological studies of the liver.
Alocasia indica Linn. 83 Araceae Leaves Paracetamol Hydroalcoholic Total bilirubin, serum protein, alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase, and alkaline hosphatase
Capparis spinosa 84 Capparidaceae Root bark Carbon tetrachloride Ethanolic Alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase activities
Spondias pinnata 85 Anacardiaceae Stem heart wood Carbon tetrachloride Ethyl acetate and methanolic SGPT, SGOT, ALP, Total bilirubin (TB).
Embelia ribes 86 Myrsinaceae Fruits Paracetamol Water SGPT, SGOT, ALP, Total bilirubin (TB) and Histopathological studies
Juncus subulatus 87   Juncaceae Powdered tubers Paracetamol 70% methanol Serum Liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP), total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, nitric oxide (NO), malondialdhyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)
Phyllanthus polyphullus 88 Euphorbiaceae Leaves Acetaminophen Methanolic Aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin, gamma glutamate transpeptidase (GGTP), lipid peroxidase (LPO) with a reduction of total protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST).
Tylophora indica 89 Asclepiadaceae Leaf powder Ethanol Aqueous Aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin,
Cleome viscose Linn. 90 Capparidaceae Leaf powder Carbon tetrachloride Ethanolic Aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and Histopathological studies.
Ricinus Communis 91 Euphorbiaceae Leaves Carbon tetrachloride Cold aqueous extract Aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and Histopathological studies
Picrorhiza Kurrooa 92 Scrophulariaceae Root and rhizomes Alcohol-carbon tetrachloride Ethanol Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase and bilirubin
Ocimum snctum 93 Lamiaceae Leaf Paracetamol Hydroalcoholic Aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and Histopathological studies
Acacia Catechu 94 Leguminosae Powdered pale catechu Carbon tetrachloride Ethyl acetate SGPT, SGOT, Serum alkaline phosphatise and Bilirubin content
Ginkgo Biloba 95 Ginkgoaceae Dried extract Carbon tetrachloride Ethanolic SGPT, SGOT, Serum alkaline phosphatise and Bilirubin content, Histopathological studies
Scoparia dulcis 96 Scrophulariaceae Whole plant Carbon tetrachloride Methanol, diethyl ether and petroleum ether aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin and Histopathological studies
Plantago Major L. 97 Plantaginaceae Seeds Carbon tetrachloride Ethanolic aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin
Ptrospermum acerifolium 98 Sterculiaceae Leaves Carbon tetrachloride Ethanol aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP),
Vitex trifolia 99 Verbenaceae Leaves Carbon tetrachloride Ethanol and water Total protein, Histopathological studies, aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP),
Hoslundia opposite 100 Lamiaceae Stem Carbon tetrachloride and paracetamol Methanol and ethyl acetate AST, ALT and Bilirubin
Trianthema decandra 101 Aizoaceae Leaves Carbon tetrachloride aqueous AST, ALT and Bilirubin. Histopathological studies
Hibiscus esculentus Linn. 102 Malvaceae Roots Carbon tetrachloride Water SGPT, SGOT, ALP, Total bilirubin (TB).
Aegle marmelos correa ex Roxb. 103 Rutaceae Pulp/seeds Carbon tetrachloride water AST, ALT and Bilirubin. Histopathological studies
Tylophora indica 104 Asclepidaceae Leaves Carbon tetrachloride Methanolic SGPT, SGOT, Serum alkaline phosphatise and Bilirubin content
Casuarina equisetifolia,Cajanus cajan,Glycosmis pentaphylla,Bixa orellana,Argemone mexicana,

Physalis minima,

Caesalpinia bonduc 105

 CasuarinaceaeFabaceaeRutaceaeBixaceaePapaveraceae

Solanaceae

Fabaceae

 Plant materials Carbon tetrachloride Methanolic extract SGPT, SGOT, AST, ALT AND Cholesterol.

CONCLUSION: The goal of ethnopharmacological studies on medicinal plants should not be restricted to find new prototype pure compounds as drugs. Active extracts, fractions or mixture of fractions/extracts may prove very effective drugs. Plant drugs (combinations or individual drug) for liver diseases should possess sufficient efficacy to cure severe liver diseases caused by toxic chemicals, viruses (Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, etc.), excess alcohol intake, etc. A single drug cannot be effective against all types of severe liver diseases. Effective formulations have to be developed using indigenous medicinal plants, with proper pharmacological experiments and clinical trials. The manufacture of plant products should be governed by standards of safety and efficacy.

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Article Information

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501-515

597

7884

193

English

Ijpsr

C. Hari Kumar*, A. Ramesh, J. N. Suresh Kumar, and B. Mohammed ishaq

Department of Pharmacology, Deccan School of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India

18 November, 2010

28 January, 2011

12 February, 2011

http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.2(3).501-15

01 March, 2011

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