A REVIEW ON THE POTENTIAL USE OF BLACK GINGER FROM EASTERN INDIA
HTML Full TextA REVIEW ON THE POTENTIAL USE OF BLACK GINGER FROM EASTERN INDIA
Rajashree Panigrahi and Reena Parida *
Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Lab, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
ABSTRACT: Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker is commonly known as ‘black ginger’ which belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. These are mostly found in the subtropical and tropical areas of Asia. It bears various pharmacological properties such as anticancerous, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial. Upon the reports we reviewed the plant aromatic rhizomes contained important phytochemicals as terpenoids and flavonoids. Silica gel column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography analysis has identified methoxyflavonoids in its rhizome extract which can be used in cosmetics as natural anti-aging agent. These extracts have shown anticancer activities against cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric ulcer, ovarian cancer etc. There are several reports on the cytotoxic activities of rhizome extracts against different cancer cells which are an alternative way for cancer therapy. Also these plants are depleting in forests for which major steps must be taken for its conservation thereby improving its drug yielding potential which would help in various medicinal ways. Thus, the present report deals with numerous pharmacological activities of this plant which has to be improved further to retain its quality for pharmaceutical uses.
Keywords: Kaempferia parviflora, Rhizome, Phytochemicals, Pharmacological, medicinal
INTRODUCTION: Kaempferia parviflora of Zingiberaceae family is an important ginger plant which is also known as Thai ginseng or krachai-dum. It is widely distributed in India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Burma 1. In India it is distributed in the northeast regions of Assam, Manipur and Nagaland. It is also commonly called as ‘black ginger’ due to the colour of its rhizome having enormous medicinal values. K. parviflora is an herbaceous perennial plant having small fleshy black rhizomes with tuberous roots, erect leaves, and white small flowers with a purple outline at the margin.
It can grow in moist soil and humid conditions temperature ranging from 30-35 degree celcius up to 90 cm in height 2. Among the local people of Thailand, the herb is used for health promoting to treat colic disorders, peptic and duodenal ulcer 2. Number of researches has been done in K. parviflora for its valuable medicinal properties in treatment of many diseases. So, this paper deals with the review of K. parviflora pharmacological properties, in-vitro culture, antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory and phytochemical study.
Phytochemicals of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker: In some study, silica gel column chromatography and HPLC analysis were done to identify twelve methoxyflavonoids from extracts of ethanol and chloroform in K. parviflora rhizomes. It included tectochrysin, 5, 7- dimethoxyflavone , 7, 4′- dimethylapigenin, trimethylapigenin, 5-hydroxy-3, 7-dimethoxyflavone, 3, 5, 7-trimethoxyflavone, 3, 7, 4′-trimethylkaempferol, tetramethylluteolin, 3, 5, 7, 4’- tetramethyl kaempferol, retusine, ayanin and penta-methylquercetin 3. Quercetin 3, 5, 7, 3', 4'-pentamethyl ether (KPMF-8), found in K. parviflora, directly activates SIRT1 more effectively than resveratrol, enhancing its deacetylase activity for potential health benefits 4.
Pharmacological Properties of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker: There are few pharmacological studies done on the benefits and effectiveness of methoxyflavones, cellular metabolism, anticancer, vascular relaxation, cardioprotective, sexual enhancing, neuroprotective antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti osteoarthritis and antimicroorganism activity. These could be due to increase in its mitochondrial function and activated cGMP-NO signaling pathways 5.
Anticancer Activity: K. parviflora extracts possess anticancer compounds which is active against many cancer cells like cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric ulcer, ovarian ulcer. Studies of in-vitro K. parviflora Wall ethanolic extract has been done which showed apoptotic effects on HL-60 cells. These extracts suppressed HL-60 cell growth and viability. Apoptosis of HL-60 cell line involved activation of caspase-3 resulting in apoptosis 6. Antiproliferative activity with superficial CO2 fluid and ethanol against human gastric adenocarcinoma and cervical cancer cells was investigated. K. parviflora revealed potent antiproliferative activities in supercritical CO2 fluid extracts (SFEs) than ethanol extracts against both the cell lines due to the presence of high concentration of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) in SFEs than ethanol extracts respectively. Further it showed that 5, 7-dimethoxyflavone could be a potent anticancer PMF in K. parviflora 7. K. parviflora extract also inhibited PANC-1 cancer cell colony formation 8. K. parviflora suppresses EGF-induced IL-6 and disrupts IL-6/STAT3 signaling crucial for cervical cancer progression, making it a potential alternative anti-cancer agent 9. In the study of Thaklaewphan et al., K. parviflora extract showed suppression of inflammatory cytokine and chemokine for tumor inhibition associated with macrophages. It showed that the K. parviflora rhizomes can be used against ovarian cell carcinoma 10. This species of Kaempferia rhizome essential oil shows cytotoxic behaviour against C33A cell line 11. The extract of K. parviflora was cytotoxic to ovarian cancer cell line when there was increase in its concentration. K. parviflora was active against cell proliferation, migration and invasion. K. parviflora might have the ability to inhibit MMP-2 (Matrix metalloproteinase 2) and MMP-9 (Matrix metalloproteinase 9) activity assayed by gelatin zymography. Also, cells treated with K. parviflora extract with nuclear labelling showed DNA fragmentation. The caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-9 induction shows K. parviflora to be responsible for cell death through intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Thus the antitumor activities of K. parviflora regulated through PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways shows reduction in phosphorylation of AKT and ERK 12.
Similarly K. parviflora extract of oil, methanol, ethyl acetate and hexane were used for antiinternalization of Helicobacter pylori in HEp-2 cells and antibacterial activity. All others except oil exhibited antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration. Above all ethyl acetate extract was most active that exhibited anti-internalization activity by inhibiting both virulent and non-virulent H. pylori strains in HEp-2 cells. Thus, it can be used as a potential herb for prevention in H. pylori 13.
Anti-inflammatory Activity: The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed few compounds present in K. parviflora like 5, 7-dimethoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-3, 7, 3′, 4′- tetramethoxyflavone, 3, 5, 7-tri-methoxyflavone, 5-hydroxy-7, 4′-dimethoxyflavone, 3, 5, 7, 4′-tetramethoxyflavone having antiinflammatory activity when tested in basophilic leukemia cells of rats. It was found that DMF and TMF were more potent inhibiting antigen induced degranulation 14. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using K. parviflora plant extracts is eco-friendly and cost-effective, offering anti-inflammatory properties15.
Anti-allergy Activity: K. parviflora extract obtained polymethoxyflavones which inhibited RBL-2H3 cell degranulation. Those polymethoxy-flavones suppressed the antigen which induced cell degranulation. Further 5-Hydroxy-3, 7, 4′, -trimethoxyflavone and 5, 3′- dihydroxy-3, 7, 4′,-trimethoxyflavone showed inhibiton by suppression of calcium as 2, 5-ditert-butylhydroquinone, promoting calcium from outside cells and endoplasmic reticulum 16. There are reports on bioassay fractionation which led to methoxyflavone isolation from K. parviflora extracts using spectroscopic methods. Above all 5-hydroxy-3, 7, 3’, 4’-tetramethoxyflavone bears good antiallergic activity against antigen induced hexosaminidase release as a marker of degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells with an decrease IC50 value followed by 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone and 5-hydroxy-7,4 -dimethoxyflavone, where others showed moderate activities. Other compounds were determined for ionomycin induced hexosaminidase release mechanism. Thus results the mechanism of some compounds on inhibition of cell degranulation mainly involved inhibition of Ca2+ influx to the cells 17.
Antioxidant Activity: K. parviflora is a herbal medicine having beneficial properties for humans. They studied the anti-inflammatory properties of K. parviflora extracts. They studied the U.V light response when induced in mouse skin tissue for COX-2(Cyclooxygenase) expression. Thereby the activity was seen in in-vitro models caused by the antioxidative effect MAPK pathways activated by UV rays and repressed in K. parviflora treatment. Further, the role of oxidative stress in UV induced COX2 expression. Out of all polyphenols identified, gallic acid followed by apigenin and tangeretin were identified as major polyphenols respectively 18.
The lipophilic metabolites as fatty acids, carotenoids, phytosterols, tocopherols and vitamin K1 and are useful antioxidants in food, nutraceutical industries and cosmetics. Similarly the leaves of Kaempferia have been reported for containing several bioactive metabolites. Their study revealed the lipophilic antioxidant profile of K. parviflora leaves grown in-vitro and ex-vitro condition. Those compounds were tocopherols, phytosterols vitamins and carotenoids quantified by LC–MRM–MS(liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry) method. The fatty acid in leaves was identified by GC–FID/MS (Gas chromatography-flame-ionization detection/mass spectrometry) methods. The leaves of ex vitro had high levels of α-carotene, β-carotene, α-tocopherol, α-linolenic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, neoxanthin, lutein, violaxanthin as compared to the in-vitro leaves. Their result indicated the ex-vitro leaves can be used as natural valuable source for extracting lipophilic antioxidants 19.
Cytotoxic activity: Mala et al., studied K. parviflora roots ethanolic extract on S. mutans KPSK2 biofilm formation by crystal violet assay. The cytotoxicity on human gingival fibroblast was studied by MTT(3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. It showed inhibition in biofilm formation at different concentrations. Hence it is potential and useful anti-biofilm agent against bacteria 20.
Antimicrobial activity: K. parviflora ethanolic extract showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria, yeast, dermatophyte fungi and human pathogens by agar disc diffusion methods. It showed strong antifungal activity against dermatophytes at a concentration of 2 mg/disc but no activities against bacteria and yeasts. It showed strong antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton rubrum, with different MIC(Minimum inhibitory concentration) values respectively. So K. parviflora ethanol extract could be traditionally used for the treatment of dermatophyte infections 21.
Tissue Culture of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker: The K. parviflora in vitro plantlets produced were used for microrhizome development. About 60% plants produced microrhizomes in the liquid media supplemented with BA (1mg/l) + NAA (1mg/l) and sucrose (60g/l) producing highest as 265mg/plantlet. This protocol would be used in K. parviflora microrhizome production for commercialization 22. In the study of Prathanturarug et al., K. parviflora micropropagation protocol has been established using plant growth regulators. The rhizome buds were cultured on Murashige and Skoog basal media with 6-benzylaminopurine for eight weeks and then transferred to only MS media for four weeks. Then they obtained highest of 47.3 ± 3.4 shoots per explant followed by rooting and field transfer 23. Plant regeneration in-vitro from Kaempferia rhizome buds has been done for obtaining secondary metabolites with antioxidants. The silver oxide nanoparticles were used as disinfectant on rhizomes and plant hormones effect on shoot and root multiplication was noted. The surface sterilization using sodium hypochlorite was insufficient for which silver oxide nanoparticle was used without influence on its survival. The maximum number of shoot was found in 6-Benzyladenine and thidiazuron compared with others. The maximum number of roots and root length was observed in indole-3-butyric acid. After acclimitization 98% survivality was seen when plantlets were transferred to greenhouse. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry were used for chemical profiling in leaf extracts and showed the presence of flavonoids in both ex-vitro and in-vitro rhizomes. They found 40 in in-vitro and 36 compounds in ex-vitro grown leaf samples, respectively. Also high acetyl-cholinesterase inhibitory activity was seen in greenhouse leaves whereas high butyryl-cholinesterase inhibitory activity was found in in-vitro culture leaves. Hence the leaves could be an alternative for bioactive compounds extraction 24. Reports are available in successful establishment of K. parviflora suspension culture. The combination of 2, 4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (0.2 mg/L) and napthaleneacetic acid (0.2 mg/L) showed highest induction of callus. After callus transfer to 2, 4-D (1 mg/L) the proliferation rate was maximum. Also the embryogenic callus was found highest when suspended in liquid medium containing 2, 4 D (1 mg/L) 25.
Other Medicinal Properties of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker: K. parviflora cholinesterase inhibitory screening exhibited significant acetylcholinesterase and butyryl-cholinesterase inhibitory activities. There were atleast 13 known methoxyflavones isolated and structure analysis was done by NMR method. For the first time new compounds were present in this plant species. The highest inhibitors towards acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase were 5, 7, 4¢-trimethoxyflavone and 5, 7-dimethoxyflavone with range 43–85% inhibitory activity. The structure-activity relationship showed compounds bearing 5, 7-dimethoxy groups and a free substituent at C-3 had significant inhibitory effect but those bearing a 5-hydroxyl group reduced the inhibitory potency respectively. On the other side flavones bearing 3¢- or 5¢-methoxy group did n’t influence the inhibition. Hence this report would be helpful in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease 26. The toxicity and genotoxicity studies suggest that rhizome extracts of K. parviflora is safe or dietary use, as a functional food or supplement 27.
Other studies showed the UV-blocking and antioxidant properties of ethanolic extracts from K. parviflora 28. Some findings indicate that ethanol extracts of K. parviflora have the potential to serve as novel drugs for Plasmodium and Toxoplasma infections 29.
The maceration of Kaempferia rhizome with methanol, ethanol, hexane and chloroform were used for adaptogenic activities using swimming test in mice. The hexane extracts showed shorter mouse immobilisation than control and was separated using column chromatography method. Among all fractions, terpenoids rich resulted highest adaptogenic activity as compared to root powder used as control. Terpenes present in the fraction could be attributed in decreasing the mice swimming exhaustion. Also no effects in weight, liver, heart, adrenal glands and kidneys of mice. The major constituents were found by GC–MS and NMR analysis as a copaene, b-elemene, E-caryophyllene and germacene D respectively 30.
TABLE 1: RESEARCH WORKS ON KAEMPFERIA PARVIFLORA
Medicinal activities of Kaempferia parviflora | Year | References |
Bioactive flavonoids from Kaempferia parviflora | 2004 | (2) |
Kaempferia parviflora Extract Inhibits STAT3 Activation and Interleukin-6 Production in HeLa Cervical Cancer Cells | 2019 | (9) |
Mass propagation of Kaempferia parviflora Wall.ex Baker by in vitro regeneration | 2007 | (23) |
Kaempferia parviflora and Its Methoxyflavones: Chemistry and Biological Activities | 2018 | (5) |
Ethanolic rhizome extract from Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex. Baker induces apoptosis in HL-60 Cells | 2008 | (6) |
Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Kaempferia parviflora rhizome extract and their characterization and application as an antimicrobial, antioxidant and catalytic degradation agent | 2021 | (15) |
Anti-allergic activity of compounds from Kaempferia parviflora | 2008 | (17) |
Antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract and compounds from the rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora | 2008 | (21) |
Anticholinesterase activity of 7-Methoxyflavones isolated from Kaempferia parviflora | 2009 | (26) |
The effects of Kaempferia parviflora on anti-internalization activity of Helicobacter pylori to Hep-2 cells | 2010 | (13) |
Quercetin 3, 5, 7, 3′, 4′-pentamethyl ether from Kaempferia parviflora directly and effectively activates human SIRT1 | 2021 | (4) |
Kaempferia sp. Extracts as UV protecting and antioxidant agents in sunscreen | 2020 | (28) |
Adaptogenic active components from Kaempferia parviflora rhizomes | 2012 | (30) |
Antiproliferative activity and polymethoxyflavone composition analysis of Kaempferia parviflora extracts | 2012 | (7) |
Toxicological evaluation of standardized Kaempferia parviflora extract: Sub-chronicand mutagenicity studies | 2019 | (27) |
Identification and evaluation of anti-inflammatory compounds from Kaempferia parviflora | 2014 | (14) |
Establishment and optimization growth of shoot buds derived callus and suspension cell cultures of Kaempferia parviflora | 2014 | (25) |
Ethanol Extracts from Thai Plants have Anti-Plasmodium and Anti-Toxoplasma Activities In Vitro | 2019 | (29) |
Anti-allergenic activity of polymethoxyflavones from Kaempferia parviflora | 2015 | (16) |
In vitro microrhizome formation in Kaempferia parviflora | 2015 | (22) |
Recent Advances in Kaempferia Phytochemistry and Biological Activity: A Comprehensive Review | 2019 | (11) |
Anti-cancer effects of Kaempferia parviflora on ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells | 2018 | (12) |
Effect of Kaempferia parviflora on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation and its cytotoxicity | 2018 | (20) |
Suppressive effects of methoxyflavonoids isolated from Kaempferia parviflora on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in RAW 264.7 cells | 2011 | (3) |
Antiskin inflammatory activity of black ginger( Kaempferia parviflora) through antioxidative activity | 2018 | (18) |
Anti-austerity activity of Thai medicinal plants: Chemical constituents and anti-pancreatic cancer activities of Kaempferia parviflora | 2021 | (8) |
Analysis of lipophilic antioxidants in the leaves of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker using LC-MRM-MS and GC-FID/MS | 2021 | (19) |
Kaempferia parviflora extract inhibits TNF-α-induced release of MCP-1 in ovarian cancer cells through the suppression of NF-κB signaling | 2021 | (10) |
A review on the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of plant species belonging to Kaempferia L. genus (Zingiberaceae), | 2021 | (1) |
Establishment of a rapid micropropagation system for
Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker: Phytochemical analysis of leaf extracts and evaluation of biological activities |
2021 | (24) |
FIG. 1: REPRESENTING KAEMPFERIA PARVIFLORA WALL. EX BAKER PLANT, RHIZOMES, LEAVES AND FLOWER
CONCLUSION: There are various medicinal plants having traditional uses even in the developing countries. Due to the depletion of these plant species in forests, necessary steps for documentation of rhizome quality and germplasm conservation must be taken. Based on the present review, leaves, rhizomes and its roots have been widely used for its medicinal properties due to richness in terpenoids, flavonoids and other phytochemicals. As the plant is beneficial in various ways, we should conserve it by tissue culture method for future development.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors are grateful to Prof (Dr.) M.R. Nayak, President and Prof (Dr.) S.C. Si, Dean, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University for providing facilities and encouraging throughout.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The authors have no conflicts of interest regarding this investigation.
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How to cite this article:
Panigrahi R and Parida R: A review on the potential use of black ginger from Eastern India. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2024; 15(3): 656-62. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.15(3).656-62.
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IJPSR
Rajashree Panigrahi and Reena Parida *
Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Lab, Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
ms.reenas@gmail.com
09 June 2023
17 October 2023
23 November 2023
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.15(3).656-62
01 March 2024