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A REVIEW ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS USED AGAINST COMMON NEURO-MUSCULO-SKELETAL DISORDERS IN KARNATAKA STATE, INDIA

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A REVIEW ON TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS USED AGAINST COMMON NEURO-MUSCULO-SKELETAL DISORDERS IN KARNATAKA STATE, INDIA

A Yogeesha and Krishna G. Kumar *

Department of Applied Botany, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Karnataka, India.

ABSTRACT: Karnataka is a southern state of India with richer diversity of plants and nearly 20% of its land area occupied by forest. Geographically Karnataka state is divided into three major zones, Western Ghats (Sahyadri), Coastal region and the Eastern plains which harbor a diversity of medicinal plants that have been used in traditional medicine by tribes and various ethnic groups for their primary health care systems. Effective herbal folk therapy is a challenge as it requires the knowledge of plants, method of collection, mode of preparation, dosage and many other aspects of treatment. Traditional uses of medicinal plants for neuro-musculo- skeletal disorders in Karnataka specifically have not been reviewed. This review presents the ethnomedicinal plants used for the treatment of common neuro-musculo-skeletal disorders such as arthritis, rheumatism, epilepsy, lumbago, paralysis, sprain, migraine, insomnia, depression, bone fracture, psychosis, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and neural disorders by various ethnic communities of Karnataka. A total 327 species of plants belonging to 93 families have been reviewed and compiled. 325 of them belong to Angiosperms, one Gymnosperm and one Pteridophyte.

Keywords: Ethnomedicine, Karnataka, Neuro-musculoskeletal disorders

INTRODUCTION: Plants have been used to cure variety of human ailments from ancient period. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that majority of the population in developing countries depend on folk medicines for their primary health care needs 1, 2, 3, 4. India is one of the 12 mega-diversity countries of the world due to its species richness. The various tribal and ethnic communities have developed the knowledge and technique of using plants for their basic needs including food and medicine 5, 6, 7, 8.

Traditional knowledge of using medicinal plants have passed on from elderly people to the ne from elders to the younger generation by oral tradition without any written documents 9, 10. Herbal traditional medicine is considered as a boon for rural and tribal people in order to maintain good health as it is most effective, reliable and have least side-effects 11, 12 and 13.

Global warming and anthropogenic activities could lead to severe threat to biodiversity of a region. Modern developmental activities and over exploitation of natural resources ultimately causes extinction of certain plant species from their natural habitats 14. There are re from older ports of intensive ethno-botanical documentation of medicinal plants conducted in different parts of India namely Tamil Nadu 15, 27, Himachal Pradesh 28, 29, Andhra Pradesh 30, Madhya Pradesh 31, 32, 33, 34, Haryana 35, Kerala 36, 43, Maharashtra 44, 45, 46, Arunachal Pradesh 47, 48, Punjab 49, Uttara Pradesh 50, Uttarakhand 51, 52, 53, Jharkhand 54, Gujarat 55, Manipur 56, Tripura 57, West Bengal 58. In recent years, the traditional medicinal knowledge is under serious threat due to lack of interest shown by younger generation mainly because of the easy availability of modern medical facilities even in the remote areas. Ethnic drugs have become the source for new formulations in modern medicinal systems. Documentation of medicinal plants is an urgent requirement to preserve the traditional knowledge and all other available information used by various tribes and ethnic communities for different purposes before it is completely lost 59, 60, 61, 61, 62, 63, 64. Review of literature has been carried out for specific disorders in different regions of India which have brought an assemblage of traditional knowledge and have often provided the platform for pharmacological validation 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71,  72. Traditonal medicine is practiced based on beliefs and experiences mainly by rural people in the maintainence of physical and mental wellness. The various neutraceuticals present in plants develop natural immunity against diseases if taken in certain drug formulation 73. This review will focus on ethno-medicinal plants used against neuro-Musculo-skeletal disorders such as rheumatism, joint pain, arthritis, sprain, muscular cramps, epilepsy, paralysis, lumbago, bone fracture, migraine, anxiety, neuralgia, depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, psychosis and neural disorders. This is an attempt to bring together the plants used for neuro-musculo-skeletal disorders in Karnataka State and analyzing them statistically there by provide a platform for further research and novel drug discovery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: This review of traditional medicinal plants used by various ethnic communities of Karnataka state for neuro-musculo-skeletal disorders  are compiled from published research articles, thesis, reports and the literature available in different electronic databases (Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar). The plant species are arranged alphabetically with their family name, parts used and their ethno-medicinal uses against neuro-musculo-skeletal disorders and is presented in Table 1. The scientific names of ethno medicinal plants have been updated using recent literature sources 74, 75, 76. Complied data is then analyzed as per established standards of ethno-botanical studies 77, 78, 79 and 80.

TABLE 1: LIST OF ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF NEURO-MUSCULO-SKELETAL DISORDERS IN KARNATAKA

S. no. Scientific Name Family Parts Used Ethnomedicinal uses
1 Abrus precatorius L. Fabaceae Moench, Malvaceae Seed Nervous debility 80, Rheumatism 81
2 Abrus precatorius L., Fabaceae Leaf, Root, Seed Paralysis 82, 83, Bone Fracture 84, Joint Pain 83, Mental stress 85
3 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet. Malvaceae Whole Plant, Leaf, Root Bone Fracture 86, Lumbago 80, Sprain 87
4 Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd.Fabaceae Bark, Leaf, Gum Musculo-Skeletal disorders 88
5 Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd. Fabaceae Bark Arthritis 89
6 Acanthus ilicifolius L. Acanthaceae Leaf Rheumatism 90
7 Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae Whole plant, Leaf Bone Fracture 86, Arthritis91, 92
8 Acmella paniculata (Wall.ex DC.) Asteraceae Flower, Root Paralysis 89
9 Acorus calamus L. Acoraceae Whole plant, Rhizome Epilepsy 93 , Mental problems 93, Psychosis93, Dissociative disorder85
10 Actinodaphne hookeri Meisner. Lauraceae Leaf Arthitis 92
11 Aegle marmelos (L.) CorreaRutaceae Fruit Mental health 86
12 Albizia adianthifolia (Schum.) W. WightFabaceae Root Alzheimer's disease 94
13 Allium sativum L. Amaryllidaceae Leaf (Bulb), Stem Rheumatism 81, Migraine 95, Paralysis 96
14 Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. Sapindaceae Leaf Rheumatism 80
15 Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Xanthorrhoeaceae Leaf Bone Fracture 81, Insomnia 80, Memory 97, Sprain 98
16 Alpinia galanga (L.)  Willd. Zingiberaceae Rhizome Rheumatism 80
17 Alpinia malaccensis (Burm f.) Roscoe. Zingiberaceae Rhizome Arthritis 89
18 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Apocyanaceae Latex Rheumatism 89
19 Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R. Br. ex Dc. Amaranthaceae Whole plant Migraine 99, Mental health 93
20 Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Blume.raceae Stem (Corm) Neuralgia 80, Bone Fracture 80
21 Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson. Araceae Stem (Corm) Bone Fracture84
22 Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex NeesAcanthaceae Whole plant, Leaf Joint pain 98, Lumbago 100
23 Anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br.ex Sims. Lamiaceae Leaf Arthritis 95
24 Annona reticulata L. Annonaceae Fruit Schizophrenia 85
25 Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae Fruit Depression 85
26 Antidesma acidum Retz. Phyllanthaceae Bark Bone Fracture 84, Arthritis 92
27 Antidesma montanum Blume. Phyllanthaceae Leaf Bone Fracture 80, 81
28 Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) R. Parker Meliaceae Seed Rheumatism and Muscular pain 80
29 Areca catechu L. Arecaceae Fruit Neural disorders 93
30 Argyreia cuneata (Willd.) Ker. Convolvulaceae Leaf Rheumatism 101
31 Aristolochia indica L. Aristolochiaceae Leaf, Root Epilepsy 102, Migraine 87, Lumbago100
32 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae Leaf Rheumatism 80
33 Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Moraceae Bark, Seed Arthritis 92, 99
34 Asclepias curassavica L. Apocyanaceae Whole plant Epilepsy and Mental problems 89
35 Asparagus racemosus Willd. Asparagaceae Whole plant, Root (Tuber), Ste m Epilepsy 93, Rheumatism 81,  83, Bone Fracture 84, Paralysis 103,  104
36 Asystasia gangetica (L.)  T. Anders. Acanthaceae Whole plant Rheumatism 80, 89
37 Atalantia monophylla DC. Rutaceae Fruit Paralysis & Rheumatism 80
38 Averrhoa carambola L. Oxalidaceae Fruit Rheumatism 80
39 Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. Acanthaceae Leaf Rheumatism and Joint pain 90
40 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae Bark, Seed, Leaf Bone Fracture82, 105, Rheumatism 81, Joint Pain 106, Paralysis 107
41 Baccharoides anthelmintica (L.) Moench. Asteraceae Fruit Arthritis 99
42 Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Plantaginaceae Whole plant, Leaf Epilepsy 82, 93, Schizophrenia and Dissociative disorder 85
43 Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.) Suresh. Euphorbiaceae Root Bone fracture 84
44 Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. Lecythidaceae Fruit Insomnia 100
45 Basella alba L. Basellaceae Leaf Anxiety 85, Insomnia 80
46 Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Cucurbitaceae Fruit, Seed Bipolar disorder 85
47 Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. Oxalidaceae Whole Plant, Leaf, Root Epilepsy 82, 89, Muscular cramps 89, Bone Fracture 108
48 Bixa orellana L. Bixaceae Flower Vata 89
49 Blepharis integrifolia (L.f.) E.Mey. & Drege ex Schinz. Acanthaceae Whole plant, Leaf Bone fracture 84, 109
50 Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) B.Heyne ex Roth. Acanthaceae Whole plant, Leaf, Seed Nervous disorders 89, Bone Fracture 86, 106, 108
51 Blumea lanceolaria (Roxb.) Druce Asteraceae Leaf Arthritis 92
52 Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Stem Rheumatism 81
53 Brassica nigra (L.) K.Koch. Brassicaceae Seed Paralysis 106
54 Brassica oleracea L. Brassicaceae Leaf Insomnia 85
55 Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston Phyllanthaceae Bark Nervous disorders 89
56 Bridelia retusa A. Juss Phyllanthaceae Fruit, Leaf, Stem Arthritis 92
57 Bridelia stipularis (L.) Blume. Phyllanthaceae Bark Bone Fracture 84
58 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Fabaceae Bark, Flower Bone Fracture 81, 108, Arthritis 80, 92, Sprain 110
59 Cadaba fruiticosa (L.) Druce. Capparaceae Bark, Leaf Bone Fracture 86, 105
60 Caesalpinia mimosoides Lam. Fabaceae Bark, Root Arthritis 99, Rheumatism 81
61 Cajanus sericeus (Baker) Maesen. Fabaceae Seed Mental disorders 102
62 Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) L. Lamiaceae Flower Neural disorders 93
63 Calophyllum apetalum Willd. Calophyllaceae Seed Rheumatism 80
64 Calophyllum inophyllum L. Calophyllaceae Seed Rheumatism 80, 81
65 Calotropis gigantea (L.)  Dryand. Apocyanaceae Flower, Leaf, Root, Stem, Latex Rheumatism 80, 81, Lumbago 80, Arthritis 92, Paralysis 106,

Nervous disorders 89, Migraine 111, Epilepsy 89
66 Calotropis procera (Aiton.) Dryand. Latex, Leaf Bone Fracture 84, Rheumatism 110, Muscle Pain 108, Joint Pain 98
67 Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC. Fabaceae Root Rheumatism 112
68 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sapindaceae Whole plant, Root Neural disorders 80, 93, Rheumatism80, 81
69 Careya arborea Roxb. Lecythidaceae Bark, Root Arthritis 92, Vata 113
70 Carica papaya L. Caricaceae Fruit Bone Fracture 84
71 Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold Apocyanaceae Bark Insomnia 85
72 Casearia tomentosa Roxb. Salicaceae Leaf Bone Fracture 84, 100, Lumbago 100
73 Cassia fistula L. Fabaceae Bark, Root, Seed Bone Fracture 84, Paralysis 83, Rheumatism 83, Joint Pain 106
74 Casuarina equisetifolia L. Casuarinaceae Whole plant Bone Fracture 114
75 Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Apocyanaceae Flower, Leaf, Root Rheumatism 115, Bipolar disorder 85
76 Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng.Rubiaceae Fruit Rheumatism 80
77 Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Apiaceae Whole plant, Leaf, Stem Psychosis 93, Epilepsy and Insomnia 88, Mental disorders 93. 116, Memory 98, 117
78 Ceropegia candelabrum L. Apocyanaceae Stem Mental disorders 89
79 Chassalia chartacea Craib. Rubiaceae Root Rheumatism 113
80 Chloroxylon swietenia DC. Rutaceae Leaf Rheumatism 89
81 Chrozophora plicata (Vahl.) A.Juss. ex Spreng. Euphorbiaceae Leaf Joint Pain 86
82 Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty Poaceae Insomnia 110, Joint pain 110, Muscle pain 110,

Nervous disorders 110
83 Cinnamomum wightii Meisn. Lauraceae Bark Bone Fracture 84, 118
84 Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J.Presl Lauraceae Resin Joint pain 106
85 Cinnamomum sulphuratum Nees Lauraceae Bark Arthritis 95
86 Cissampelos pareira L. Menispermaceae Whole plant Arthritis and Muscle Cramp 91
87 Cissus adnata Roxb. Vitaceae Root (Tuber) Bone Fracture 89
88 Cissus quadrangularis L. Vitaceae Leaf, Stem Bone Fracture 81, 84,  88, 93, 106, 116, 117 Rheumatism 81, Lumbago 80, Joint pain 88
89 Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle Rutaceae Fruit Migraine and Insomnia 99
90 Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck. Rutaceae Fruit Bone Fracture 84, Paralysis 96, Migraine 119
91 Citrus medica L. Rutaceae Leaf Muscular and Joint Pain 116
92 Cleome gynandra L. Cleomaceae Leaf Rheumatism 95, Epilepsy 117
93 Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f. Lamiaceae Bark Paralysis 106
94 Clitoria ternatea L. Fabaceae Root Mental disorders 93, 97, 120
95 Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt. Cucurbitaceae Fruit, Leaf, Stem Nervous tension and Insomnia 80, Rheumatism 88
96 Cocos nucifera L. Arecaceae Fruit, Seed Rheumatism 80, 81, 110, Lumbago 110, Bipolar disorder 85, Joint Pain 99, 116, Sprain 112, Bone Fracture 100, 121
97 Codariocalyx motorius (Houtt.)  H. OhashiFabaceae Leaf Rheumatism 80
98 Commelina benghalensis L. Commelinaceae Root Epilepsy 122
99 Couroupita guianensis Aubl. Lecythidaceae Bark Paralysis 123
100 Crateva religiosa G.Forst. Capparaceae Bark, Leaf Neuromuscular cramps 80
101 Croton persimilis Mull. Arg. Euphorbiaceae Leaf, Stem Neurosis 81, Arthritis 92
102 Croton tiglium L. Euphorbiaceae Seed Rheumatism 81
103 Cuminum cyminum L. Apiaceae Seed Rheumatism 80, Joint pain 99
104 Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Hypoxidaceae Leaf, Root Lumbago and Neuralgia 80, Dislocation of bones 104
105 Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Rhizome Arthritis 88, Bone Fracture 100
106 Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Convolvulaceae Whole plant Epilepsy 82
107 Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook.f. &Th. Menispermaceae Whole plant, Leaf Sprain 82, Insomnia 80
108 Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. Poaceae Whole plant, Root Arthritis 93, Rheumatism 81
109 Cynarospermum asperrimum (Nees.) Vollesen. Acanthaceae Whole plant Bone Fracture 80, 82
110 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae Whole plant Bone Fracture 84, Insomnia 80, Rheumatism 81
111 Cyperus rotundus L. Cyperaceae Root Mental disorders 86
112 Dalbergia malabarica Prain. Fabaceae Stem Arthritis 92
113 Dalbergia volubilis Roxb. Fabaceae Seed Rheumatism 81
114 Datura metel L. Solanaceae Leaf, Seed Rheumatism 80, 81, 117
115 Datura stramonium L. Solanaceae Leaf Parkinson's disease 115
116 Decaschistia trilobata Wight. Malvaceae Root Joint Pain and Muscular Pain 80
117 Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Fabaceae Leaf Arthritis 89
118 Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh. Loranthaceae Leaf Migraine 82, Arthritis 99
119 Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. Fabaceae Whole plant, Leaf Epilepsy 89, Nervous debility 80
120 Dicliptera paniculata (Frossk.) I. Acanthaceae Darbysh Leaf Bone Fracture 84
121 Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Dilleniaceae Bark Joint pain 123
122 Diospyros candolleana Wight. Ebenaceae Fruit Sprain 80
123 Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. Ebenaceae Bark Bone Fracture 111
124 Diospyros montana Roxb. Ebenaceae Leaf Bone Fracture 84
125 Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd. Dipterocarpaceae Stem Rheumatism 80
126 Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. Sapindaceae Bark, Leaf Bone Fracture 117, Rheumatism 89
127 Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. Elaeagnaceae Stem Arthritis 92
128 Elaeocarpus serratus L. Elaeocarpaceae Bark, Fruit, Leaf Nervous disorders 88
129 Elephantopus scaber L. Asteraceae Root Migraine 124
130 Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton. Zingiberaceae Seed Migraine 106, 107
131 Embelia ribes Burm.f. Primulaceae Leaf Paralysis 103, 104
132 Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. & Schult.) A.DC. Primulaceae Leaf, Root Arthritis 92
133 Entada rheedei Spreng. Fabaceae Seed Lumbago and Joint pain 80
134 Erythrina suberosa Roxb. Fabaceae Root, Seed Dissociative disorder 85
135 Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk.) Merr. Fabaceae Bark, Flower Epilepsy and Rheumatism 89
136 Erythrina variegata L. Fabaceae Bark Rheumatism 80, 81, Arthritis 80, 93
137 Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae Leaf Migraine 125, Rheumatism 103, 104
138 Euphorbia antiquorum L. Euphorbiaceae Latex Rheumatism 81
139 Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham. Euphorbiaceae Latex Rheumatism 81
140 Euphorbia tirucalli L. Euphorbiaceae Latex Migraine 125, Neuralgia 89
141 Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Convolvulaceae Whole plant Epilepsy 89, Nervous disorders 80, Psychosis 89, Schizophrenia 85
142 Excoecaria agallocha L. Euphorbiaceae Latex Paralysis 90
143 Ficus benghalensis L. Moraceae Bark, Leaf, Latex, Root Bone Fracture 84, 88, Rheumatism 83, Lumbago 83, Arthritis 92
144 Ficus microcarpa L.f. Moraceae Bark Rheumatism 80, 81
145 Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae Bark Bone Fracture 88
146 Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham.ex Sm. Moraceae Root Rheumatism 81
147 Flueggea leucopyrus Willd. Phyllanthaceae Root Rheumatism 81
148 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Apiaceae Seed Joint pain 106
149 Gardenia gummifera L.f. Rubiaceae Resin Nervous disorders 93
150 Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Fabaceae Bone Fracture 110, Rheumatism 110
151 Glochidion heyneanum (Wight &Arn.) Wight. Phyllanthaceae Stem Bone Fracture 84
152 Gloriosa superba L. Colchicaceae Root (Tuber) Rheumatism 89, 97, Neuralgia 89
153 Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC.  

Rutaceae

 Whole plant, Bark, Leaf,

Root

 Migraine 95, Rheumatism 80, Arthritis 92
154 Gmelina arborea Roxb. Lamiaceae Bark, Leaf, Root Bone Fracture 84, 121,  Rheumatism and Nervous debility 80
155 Gnetum ula Brongn. Gnetaceae Fruit, Seed Rheumatism 80, 81, 89
156 Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg. Thymelaeaceae Thymelaeacea Leaf, Root Arthritis 92
157 Gomphandra tetrandra (Wall.) Sleumer. Stemonuraceae Leaf Arthritis 92
158 Gossypium barbadense L. Malvaceae Seed Rheumatism 80
159 Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schult. Apocyanaceae Leaf Bone Fracture 108
160 Hedychium coronarium J.Koenig. Zingiberaceae Rhizome Rheumatism 89
161 Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. ex Schult. Apocyanaceae Leaf Lumbago 100
162 Hibiscus hispidissimus Griff. Malvaceae Root Rheumatism 81
163 Holarrhena pubescensWall.ex G. Don Apocyanaceae Bark, Leaf Bone Fracture 105, 126
164 Holigarna grahamii (Wight.) Kurz. Anacardiaceae Bark Bone Fracture 84, 100
165 Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Ulmaceae Bark Migraine 96
166 Hoya ovalifolia Wight & Arn. Apocyanaceae Leaf Arthritis 99
167 Hugonia mystax L. Linaceae Leaf Insomnia 80
168 Humboldtia brunonis Wall. Fabaceae Bark, Leaf Arthritis 94
169 Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. Araliaceae Leaf Nervousness 89
170 Hydrocotyle rotundifolia Roxb. Araliaceae Whole plant Nervous and Muscular disorders 80
171 Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine Acanthaceae Root Rheumatism 80, Migraine 125
172 Impatiens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae Flower Lumbago 89
173 Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth. Convolvulaceae Leaf Sprain 101
174 Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R.Br . Convolvulaceae Leaf Psychosis and Neural disorders 80
175 Ixora Coccinea L. Rubiaceae Flower Insomnia 80
176 Jatropha curcas L. Euphorbiaceae Latex, Leaf, Root, Seed Paralysis 89, 113, Rheumatism 89, 110, Joint Pain and Neuralgia 80
177 Jatropha gossypiifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Seed Rheumatism 117
178 Justica adhatoda L. Acanthaceae Leaf, Root Arthritis 92
179 Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. Acanthaceae Leaf, Stem Rheumatism 80, 81
180 Justicia japonica Thunb. Acanthaceae Whole plant Bone Fracture 80, 81
181 Kaempferia galanga L. Zingiberaceae Rhizome Insomnia and Anxiety 80
182 Kingiodendron pinnatum (DC.) Harms. Fabaceae Stem Rheumatism 80
183 Knema attenuata Warb. Myristicaceae Bark Rheumatism 80
184 Lagenandra toxicaria Dalz. Araceae Rhizome Arthritis 99
185 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Cucurbitaceae Whole Plant Insomnia 99
186 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Leaf Rheumatism 101
187 Laportea aestuans (L.) Chew. Urticaceae Fruit Mental depression 127
188 Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale Vitaceae Whole plant Bone Fracture 128
189 Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Vitaceae Root, Stem Rheumatism 80, Arthritis 92
190 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link. Lamiaceae Whole plant, Flower, Leaf, Root Joint pain 87, Migraine 115,126, Rheumatism 81, Musculo-Skeletal disorders 88
191 Leucas lavandulifolia Sm. Lamiaceae Flower, Leaf Arthritis 82, Rheumatism 80
192 Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob. Lauraceae Bark Bone Fracture 81
193 Lobelia nicotianifolia Roth ex Schult. Campanulaceae Leaf Arthritis 92
194 Ludwigia perennis L. Onagraceae Leaf Rheumatism 81
195 Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw Lygodiaceae Whole plant Arthritis 92
196 Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc. Fabaceae Seed Rheumatism 80
197 Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig ex L.) J.F.Macbr. Sapotaceae Bark, Seed Bone Fracture 84, Rheumatism 93
198 Madhuca neriifolia (Moon.) H. J.Lam. Sapotaceae Stem (Heart wood) Rheumatism 80
199 Maesa indica (Roxb.) A. DC. Primulaceae Root Joint pain 113
200 Magnolia champaca (L.)  Baill. ex Pierre. Magnoliaceae Seed Rheumatism 81
201 Mammea suriga (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Kosterm.

Calophyllaceae

 Bark, Leaf Arthritis 92, Rheumatism 81
202 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Leaf Migraine 106
203 Memecylon umbellatum Burm.f. Melastomataceae Leaf Bone Fracture 103
204 Mentha arvensis L. Lamiaceae Whole plant Paralysis 125
205 Merremia emarginata (Burm.f.) Hallier f. Whole plant Neuralgia 89
206 Mimosa pudica L. Fabaceae Whole plant, Root Arthritis 92, Migraine 103, 104
207 Mollugo pentaphylla L. Molluginaceae Whole plant Rheumatism 89
208 Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Bark, Fruit, Gum, Leaf, Root,

Seed

 Bone Fracture 84, 100, Paralysis 93, 107, Rheumatism 83, 93, Arthritis 92,

Migraine 125
209 Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Fabaceae Leaf, Root, Seed, Stem Nervous disorders 89, Parkinson's disease 94, 112, Amnesia 85
210 Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Rutaceae Leaf Lumbago 107
211 Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. Rutaceae Leaf Rheumatism 89
212 Musa x paradisiaca L. Musaceae Fruit, Stem Dissociative disorder and Depression 85
213 Mussaenda frondosa L. Rubiaceae Leaf Insomnia 80
214 Myristica fragrans Houtt. Myristicaceae Fruit Sprain111, Insomnia, Schizophrenia and Amnesia 85
215 Myristica malabarica Lam. Myristicaceae Seed Joint pain 80
216 Naravelia zeylanica (L.) DC. Ranunculaceae Whole plant Migraine 128
217 Naregamia alata Wight & Arn. Meliaceae Whole plant Rheumatism 80
218 Nerium oleander L. Apocyanaceae Latex Muscular pain 101
219 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Oleaceae Root Bone Fracture 84
220 Ocimum americanum L. Lamiaceae Leaf Rheumatism80, Arthritis 110
221 Ocimum basilicum L. Lamiaceae Leaf Bone Fracture 84, Migraine 88, Joint Pain106
222 Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Lamiaceae Leaf, Root Arthritis 99, Mental disorders 93, Epilepsy 88, Joint Pain 106,

Migraine 107, Insomnia 110
223 Olea dioica Roxb. Oleaceae Leaf, Stem Arthritis 92
224 Olea europaea L. Oleaceae Seed Epilepsy 119
225 Origanum majorana L. Lamiaceae Leaf Bipolar disorder 85
226 Oroxylum indicum (L) Kurz. Bignoniaceae Bark, Root, Stem Epilepsy 82, Rheumatism 81, Joint Pain 99
227 Oryza sativa L. Poaceae Seed Insomnia 80
228 Pandanus fascicularis odorifer (Forssk.) Kuntze. Pandanaceae Leaf, Root, Stem Muscular cramps 80, Rheumatism 80,  89
229 Pavonia zeylanica (L.) Cav. Malvaceae Leaf Bone Fracture 107
230 Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. Apocyanaceae Whole plant, Latex, Leaf, Stem Rheumatism 89, Epilepsy 89, Bone Fracture 108, Paralysis 117, Mental Disorders 89
231 Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm. Lauraceae Bark, Stem Bone Fracture84, 118,  Rheumatism80
232 Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Arecaceae Stem Mental Stress 85
233 Phyllanthus emblica L. Phyllanthaceae Fruit Insomnia 80
234 Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Phyllanthaceae Bark, Fruit Rheumatism 89
235 Phyllorchis nilgherensis (Wight.) Kuntze. Orchidaceae Stem (Pseudobulb) Arthritis 124
236 Physalis minima L. Solanaceae Leaf Rheumatism 81, Bone Fracture 86
237 Piper longum L. Piperaceae Fruit Muscular pain 93, 120
238 Piper nigrum L. Piperaceae Fruit, Leaf, Seed Arthritis 80, 99, Rheumatism 81, Sprain 99, 111, 112,  Migraine 95, Bone Fracture 108, Epilepsy 102
239 Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Lamiaceae Leaf Epilepsy 82, Migraine 129
240 Plumaria rubra L. Apocyanaceae Bark, Latex, Leaf,  Seed Rheumatism 89, Joint pain 101
241 Plumbago indica L. Plumbaginaceae Root Rheumatism 80
242 Plumbago zeylanica L. Plumbaginaceae Whole plant, Bark, Leaf, Root Rheumatism 81, 117, Bone Fracture 107, Dissociative disorder 85,

Arthritis124
243 Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites. Annonaceae Bark Rheumatism 93
244 Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam. Caryophyllaceae Whole plant Neuromuscular tremor 80
245 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Fabaceae Bark, Fruit, Leaf, Seed Rheumatism 80, 81,103, 104, 110, Bone Fracture 84, Migraine 117,

Musculo-Skeletal 88,  Arthritis 100
246 Portulaca oleracea L. Portulacaceae Whole plant Depression and Schizophrenia 85
247 Pothos scandens L. e Aracea Whole plant Bone fracture 84, Sprain 128
248 Premna serratifolia L. Lamiaceae Leaf, Root Arthritis 92, 99, Rheumatism81
249 Priva cordifolia (L.f.) Druce Verbenaceae Leaf Bone Fracture 86
250 Pseudarthria viscida (L.) Wight &Arn. Fabaceae Whole plant Rheumatism 80
251 Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Fruit Rheumatism 100
252 Psydrax umbellata (Wight) Bridson Rubiaceae Bark Bone Fracture 89
253 Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Fabaceae Gum, Latex, Leaf Musculo-Skeletal disorders 88
254 Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Putranjivaceae Leaf Rheumatism 110
255 Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth.ex Kurz. Apocyanaceae Root Mental disorders 80, 93, Rheumatism 81, Arthritis 92,

Psychosis 93, Insomnia 80
256 Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. Apocyanaceae Leaf, Root Insomnia and Anxiety 85
257 Ricinus communis L. Euphorbiaceae Leaf, Root, Seed Rheumatism 81, Sprain and Lumbago 80, Joint Pain 106, 130, Bone Fracture 84
258 Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb. Lamiaceae Fruit, Leaf Epilepsy 82, Migraine 106
259 Rubia cordifolia L. Rubiaceae Fruit, Leaf, Root, Stem Rheumatism 91, Arthritis 88, 92, Dislocation of bones 121
260 Ruta chalepensis L. Rutaceae Whole plant, Leaf Epilepsy 93, 110
261 Ruta graveolens L.Rutaceae Rutaceae Leaf Epilepsy 115
262 Salix tetrasperma Roxb. Salicaceae Bark, Leaf Rheumatism 89
263 Sansevieria roxburghiana Schult. & Schult.f. Asparagaceae Root Arthritis 92
264 Sapindus trifoliatus L. Sapindaceae Fruit Epilepsy 80
265 Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. Fabaceae Bark, Leaf Arthritis 88
266 Sarcostemma acidum (Roxb.)Voigt. Apocyanaceae Stem Mental disorders 93
267 Sarcostemma intermedium Decne. Apocyanaceae Bark, Fruit Rheumatism 89
268 Schefflera venulosa (Wight & Arn.) HarmsAraliaceae Leaf Joint pain 106
269 Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. Sapindaceae Seed Joint pain 89
270 Semecarpus anacardium L.f. Anacardiaceae Flower (Thalamus) Muscular pain 124, 128
271 Senna alexandrina Mill. Fabaceae Whole plant Rheumatism 117
272 Senna auriculata (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae Flower, Leaf, Root, Seed, Stem Rheumatism 88, Muscular cramps 107
273 Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Fabaceae Leaf Nervous disorders 103, 104
274 Senna sophera (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae Leaf Rheumatism 103
275 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Fabaceae Leaf Bone fracture 84, 100
276 Sesamum indicum L. Pedaliaceae Seed Paralysis106 , Rheumatism 80, 81, 103, 104,  Joint Pain99, 106, Lumbago 107, Bone Fracture84, Insomnia 99
277 Sesbania grandiflora L. Pers. Fabaceae Bark, Flower, Leaf,  Root, Seed Rheumatism 88, Epilepsy 88, Arthritis 110, Mental retardation 85
278 Sida acuta Burm.f. Malvaceae Root Nervous disorders 80, Rheumatism81, Arthritis 92
279 Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss. Waalk. Malvaceae Root Rheumatism81, Arthritis92
280 Sida cordifolia L. Malvaceae Whole Plant, Root Nervous disorders 80, 93, 120, Schizophrenia85, Rheumatism80
281 Sida rhombifolia L. Malvaceae Leaf, Root Rheumatism80,  89, 113, 128, Muscular pain and Lumbago 80,

Nervous debility 80, 89
282 Solanum surattense Burm.f. Solanaceae Flower, Leaf Arthritis 82
283 Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae Root Arthritis 93
284 Soymida febrifuga (Roxb.) A.Juss. Meliaceae Bark Bone Fracture 108
285 Sterculia foetida L. Malvaceae Bark Rheumatism81, Lumbago 80
286 Strobilanthes heyneanus Nees. Acanthaceae Whole plant Arthritis 113
287 Strychnos colubrina L. Loganiaceae Bark, Leaf, Root Rheumatism 80
288 Strychnos nux vomica L. Loganiaceae Bark, Leaf, Seed Migraine 91, Arthritis 80, Depression91, Epilepsy 93
289 Strychnos potatorum L.f. Loganiaceae Leaf Muscular Pain 108
290 Strychnos wallichiana Steud. ex.A.DC. Loganiaceae Root Rheumatism 113
291 Styrax benzoin Dryand. Styracaceae Flower, Leaf Epilepsy 119
292 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. Myrtaceae Fruit Joint pain 127
293 Tabernaemontana alternifolia L. Apocyanaceae Leaf Rheumatism 80
294 Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem& Schult. Apocyanaceae Latex Mental Stress and Depression 85
295 Tamarindus indica L. Fabaceae Fruit, Leaf, Root Sprain 112, Rheumatism 80, 81, Bone Fracture 84, Paralysis 106
296 Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. Combretaceae Bark Bone Fracture 81, 84
297 Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Combretaceae Bark, Seed Paralysis 96, Arthritis 92
298 Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae Fruit Schizophrenia and Mental retardation 85
299 Terminalia paniculata Roth. Combretaceae Bark, Leaf Arthritis 80
300 Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Menispermaceae Whole plant, Leaf, Stem Rheumatism 80, 81, Bone Fracture 84, Arthritis 88, 110
301 Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. Rutaceae Fruit, Leaf, Root Rheumatism 80, 93, Epilepsy 100
302 Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague. Apiaceae Seed Arthritis 99, Paralysis 125
303 Trema orientalis (L.) BlumeCannabaceae Whole plant Epilepsy 113
304 Trichosanthes cucumerina L. Cucurbitaceae Leaf Obsessive compulsive disorder 85
305 Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. Cucurbitaceae Leaf Arthritis 124
306 Tridax procumbens L. Asteraceae Leaf, Stem Arthritis 92
307 Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Fabaceae Seed Joint pain 106
308 Triumfetta rotundifolia Lam. Malvaceae Leaf Migraine 86
309 Tylophora indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Apocyanaceae Leaf Migraine 117
310 Typha latifolia L. Typhaceae Root Mental disorder 86
311 Urena lobata L. Malvaceae Whole plant Bone Fracture 84
312 Urena sinuata L. Malvaceae Leaf Rheumatism 124
313 Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G.Don Orchidaceae Leaf, Root Rheumatism 115, Nervous troubles 89, Arthritis 115
314 Vateria indica Linn. Dipterocarpaceae Seed Rheumatism 80, Arthritis 99
315 Vernonia travancorica Hook.f. Asteraceae Whole plant Rheumatism 124
316 Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper Fabaceae Seed Arthritis 92, Bone Fracture 103
317 Vitex altissima L.f. Lamiaceae Bark Arthritis and Nervous disorders 80
318 Vitex negundo L. Lamiaceae Whole plant, Leaf, Root Sprain 117, Rheumatism 80,  88,  91,  103, 104, 113, 117, 130,  Migraine 124, 128, Arthritis87, 99, 131, Dissociative disorder 85,Paralysis 98, 130, Bone Fracture 117, 132
319 Vitex trifolia L.Lamiaceae Rheumatism 127
320 Volkameria inermis L. Lamiaceae Root Rheumatism 80, 81, 97, 110
321 Withania somnifera (L.) DunalSolanaceae Leaf, Root, Stem Nervous disorders 97, Arthritis 92, Rheumatism 110,Amnesia 85,Insomnia 85, 97, Stress and Anxiety 85, Paralysis 103, 104
322 Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. Fabaceae Seed Rheumatism 80
323 Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. Rutaceae Seed Bone fracture 84
324 Zea mays L. Poaceae Seed Bipolar disorder 85
325 Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Zingiberaceae Rhizome Rheumatism 81, Migraine 124, 128, Muscularstrength 110
326 Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Rhamnaceae Leaf Obsessive compulsive disorder and Schizophrenia 85, Muscular strength 110
327 Zornia gibbosa Span. Fabaceae Whole Plant Stress 86

DISCUSSION:  This review reveals a total of 327 plant species belonging to 93 families used in traditional medicine against neuro-musculo-skeletal disorders in Karnataka State Table 1. Of these species 325 belongs to Angiosperms, one Gymnosperm and one Pteridophyte. Highest number of plant species belongs to the family Fabaceae (40 species) followed by Apocyanaceae (21 species), Lamiaceae (18 species), Malvaceae (14 species), Acanthaceae and Rutaceae (13 species each), Euphorbiaceae (11 species), Phyllanthaceae (9 species), Zingiberaceae and Rubiaceae (7 species each), Solanaceae, Convolvulaceae, Lauraceae, Asteraceae and Moraceae (6 species each), Sapindaceae, Cucurbitaceae and Poaceae (5 species each). Family Importance Value (FIV) observed in this review resembles to some extent with the earlier reports 133, 134, 135 and 136. Among the recorded species, 233 are wild and 94 cultivated Fig. 1. Most of the plant species used in the treatment belong to trees (118 species) followed by herbs (87 species), shrubs (65 species), climbers (52 species), epiphytes (3 species) and parasites (2 species) Fig. 2. Different plant parts such as leaves, stem, root, bark, seeds, fruits, whole plant, flower, latex, rhizome, corm, tuber, heart wood,, pseudo-bulb, mucilage, thalamus, resin and gum are being used for the treatment of different ailments Fig. 3, Table 1. Sometimes the healers collect these plant parts from wild without taking proper conservation strategies which would lead to scarcity and extinction of useful plant species. Hence encouragement for judicious and sustainable harvesting of medicinal plant species is necessary 70, 137. External mode of application is mostly preferred for the treatment of neuro-musculo-skeletal disorders in folk medicine Fig. 4. Maximum nuFmber of plant species were reported against rheumatism (126 species) followed by bone fracture (71 species), arthritis (70 species), migraine (30 species), joint pain and epilepsy (29 species each), insomnia and paralysis (24 species each), lumbago (17 species) and sprain (13 species). Reports revealed that more plants are documented against musculo-skeletal disorders than neurological disorders. Drug formulation varies between communities. Herbal paste, decoction, fresh juice, medicated oil, ointment, powder, medicated food, raw forms are the most popular modes in practice in the preparation of medicine. Among the recorded species, Vitex negundo are used to treat maximum number of disorders of neuro-musculo-skeletal category with highest number of citations. For joint disorders the most common drug formulation and method of usage includes the preparation of oil using poly herbal combinations and massaging over the affected parts for a prescribed period. Cissus quadrangular is is used for treating bone fracture and has shown maximum number of citations. Rhizome of Acorus calamus and whole plant of Centella asiatica are exclusively used to treat neurological disorders. Oil from the seeds of Sesamum indicum, Cocos nucifera or Ricinus communis is used as a medium for the preparation of mono-herbal or poly-herbal drug formulations used to treat joint disorders. This review also reveals that Calotropis gigantea, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Withania somnifera, Pongamia pinnata, Pergularia daemia, Piper nigrum, Moringa oleifera, Azadirachta indica and Leucas aspera are the notable plant species showing high use-value. Four plant species belonging to the family Malvaceae such as Sida acuta, Sida cordata, Sida cordifolia and Sida rhombifolia are found to be most effective to treat nervous and joint disorders. The root of Rauvolfia serpentina was found to be most effective against neurological and joint disorders. Traditional medicinal practices are often associated with religious faith and few informants are not ready to share their knowledge.

FIG. 1: REPRESENTATION OF HABITAT OF RECORDED ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS                   

FIG. 2: REPRESENTATION OF HABITS ETHNOMEDICINAL PLANTS

                                                 

FIG. 3: REPRESENTATION OF PLANT PARTS USED AGAINSTNEURO-MUSCULO-SKELETAL                          

FIG. 4: MODE OF APPLICATION

Pharmacological characterization of some important plant species for their stimulating properties to heal neurological and musculo-skeletal disorders has been carried out in Karnataka. The fruit of Aegle marmelos contains steroids and alkaloids which is safer and an effective drug against anxiolytic effects. Bioactive compounds extracted from Evolvulus alsinoides have shown antistress effect. Leaves of Acorus calamus exhibited antioxidant properties and neuro-protective effects. Dry extract of whole plant of Bacopa monnieri promote cognitive functions in elderly patients 138. Clinical study has revealed that herbal drug of Cissus quadrangular is promotes the development of collagen fibres, callus formation and earlier calcification, hence mainly used in treating bone fractures 139.

Withania somnifera is an important medicinal plant which contains with anolides, alkaloids, saponins, phenolics and sitoindisides. Hence it possesses anti- arthritic activity and is also used to treat nervous disorders as it improves the functional recovery of motor activity. Clinical trials proved that active chemical withaferin-A stimulates differentiation and growth of osteoblasts 140. Phytochemical analysis of leaf extract of Vitex negundo revealed saponins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids thereby showing anti-arthritic property, wound healing potential and CNS depressant activity 141. Traditional healers prescribed the special diet containing herbal drugs for strengthening bones by the development of synovial fluid and cartilage in the bone joints 142.

Semi-structured questionnaire and open-ended interviews with herbal healers were the main tools used in data collection. Proper documentation of information and collection of plant specimen is carried out during field trips. Collected data was analyzed following standard parameters of ethnobotanical study 77, 78. However this review has shown that in the past few years the researchers have resorted to analyzing the data based on quantitative techniques such as Use-Value (UV), Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC), Fidelity Level (FI) and Family Importance Value (FIV). Such standard quantitative techniques are essential to compare the uses and cultural importance of different plant taxa 79, 84. Siddis, Gowlis, Kunabi, Naika, Malekudiya, Koraga, Kuruba, Soligas, Yeravas, Hakki-pikkies, Lambani, Halakki, Valmiki, Brahmin, Saraswath, Vokkaliga, Besta, Idiga are the notable tribes and ethnic communities of Karnataka who have contributed to the available knowledge 80, 81, 82 . It is very unfortunate that a very large number of plant species lost every year due to forest fire. Necessary steps are to be taken for the conservation of medicinal plants which are in endangered category as per IUCN red list 143.

CONCLUSION: Traditional medicine is the backbone for modern medicine.

Pharmacological validation of documented ethno-medicinal plants will contribute to new drug discovery specifically in the areas of musculo-skeletal-neurological ailments. With the modern facilities and the allopathic medical facilities making inroads into remote areas, dependency on traditional medicine system is declining. Also, owing to change in life style, younger generation is less interested in this system. But the information available is rich, useful and developed after centuries of trial and error. There is an urgent need to document and preserve this knowledge which can be of use in evolving less expensive and relatively safer protocols for our healthcare system.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors are thankful to the Chairman, Department of Applied Botany, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Karnataka, India, for providing the facilities and access to online resources for this literature review.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Authors do not have any conflict of interest.

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    Yogeesha A and kumar KG: A review on traditional medicinal plants used against common neuro-musculo-skeletal disorders in karnataka state, india. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2022; 13(2): 493-09. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.13(2).493-09.

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A Yogeesha and Krishna G. Kumar *

Department of Applied Botany, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Karnataka, India.

kkgtaxo13@gmail.com

05 February 2021

04 July 2021

11 July 2021

10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.13(2).493-09

01 February 2022

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