A REVIEW ON TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE AND EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT ENGINEERED THERAPEUTIC ANTIBODIES
HTML Full TextA REVIEW ON TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE AND EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT ENGINEERED THERAPEUTIC ANTIBODIES
Camellia Roy and Tamalika Chakraborty *
Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 157/F, Nilgunj Road, Panihati, Kolkata - 700114, West Bengal, India.
ABSTRACT: From bench to bedside, clinical research had always played as a convenient tool in the field of cancer biology to inquire about the effectiveness of different anticancer drugs on different human-derived cancer cell lines. According to the American Cancer Society, nearly 4000 new cases and 1600 deaths predicted in 2019 in the United States. Besides, to these alarming statistics, rising cost and health-related complications associated with treatments had made the research of cell lines on the anticancer drug more relevant. This article providing a comprehensive review of cancer, advanced development of the anticancer drugs, and a brief inference on progression-free survival rate (PFS) of the following anticancer and engineered monoclonal antibody drugs are discussed.
Keywords: |
Anticancer agent, Cancer cell line, Progression-free survival (PFS), Hybridoma Technology
INTRODUCTION: In the epoch of being healthy cancer has been diagnosed in one out of 10 men and women. Nuclei of normal cells containing DNA made up of nucleotides gets damaged causing mutation. The mutations caused due to exposure of harmful UV radiations; decrease in exercises; increase in specific types of diets that cause quandaries in the cell cycle. According to numerous data collected from different programs; centers and registries exhibited that in spite of early detection and quality of treatment still, cancer remains a terminal health peril amongst people around the globe. Possible studies report about the incidence rate of cancer that is 20% more in men than in women.
Surveys conducted in the United States of America exhibited that breast, prostate; lung & bronchus are the most common types of cancer found in males and females. As cancer is not homogeneous it makes the treatment complicated because there may be three, four, five, or six different slight variations in the cancer cells as known cancer is the constellation of over two hundred diseases having similar characteristics but are different from each other in their mechanism. Common treatments directed to patients are surgery or radiation or chemotherapy. The regular treatment is known as chemotherapy, where various anticancer drugs alone or synergism of drugs are administered by IV.
The objective of this review is to assemble different cancer cell lines from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and MI Bioresearch with their histotype and morphology with effect on different anticancer drugs along with engineered monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) simultaneously including a comparative investigation on progression-free survival (PFS) to decline the rate of cancer in near future.
Role of Cancer Cell Lines: When cells were cultured in-vitro, it propagated into primary culture followed by sub-culture to produce cell lines and distinguished into two kinds of cultures:
(1) Monolayer (anchorage-dependent) culture: cells cultured from an organ or tissue such as epithelial cells and fibroblasts. (2) The suspension (anchorage-independent) culture: cells cultured from hematopoietic cells such as leukemia cells; multiple melanoma cells. Cancer cell lines procured from patients who underwent aggressive cancers. Advancement in cancer pathobiology shows the availability of different innovative models to review various kinds of diseases 1. Study of cancer relies on the use of primary tumors 2; paraffin-embedded samples2; cancer cell lines 2; xenografts 1, 3-4; tumor primary cell cultures and/or genetically engineered mice 5. Cell lines emerge as an expedient alternative to overcome different concerns; easily manipulate and can be molecularly characterized in the development of unique anticancer drugs.
Additionally, it also helps to discern the action mechanism of already used chemotherapeutic drugs. According to various experiments conducted at the laboratories and literature surveys exhibited, to examine the therapeutic efficacy of different FDA approved anticancer drugs on cell lines of Homo sapiens (human), Mus musculus (Mouse), Caviaporcellus (Guinea pig), Sarcophilus harrisii (Tasmanian devil) (Sarcophilus laniarius), Chlorocebus aethiops (Green monkey) were used 4.
TABLE 1: DIFFERENT TYPES OF HISTOTYPES AND MORPHOLOGY OF CELL LINES DERIVED FROM HUMANS (HOMO SAPIENS) FOR TREATING DIFFERENT CANCERS 4, 6-7
Histotype | Cell Lines | Morphology | Disease | Species |
Adrenal | NCI-H295R | Epithelial | Carcinoma 6 | Homo sapiens |
Bladder | 5637
HT-1376 J82 SW 780 T24 T24-Luc-Neo T24P |
Epithelial
|
Grade II carcinoma
Grade III carcinoma Transitional cell carcinoma6 |
Homo sapiens |
Bone | MG-63
Saos-2 SJSA-1 |
Fibroblast
Epithelial Fibroblast6 |
Osteosarcoma
Multipotential sarcoma4 |
Homo sapiens |
Brain | BT142
D54-Luc DBTRG (tumor) DBTRG-05MG Gli36-DsRed-R-Luc (rescued) LN-18 LN-229 LN-827(pMMP-LucNeo) M059K SF-295 SF-539 SF-767 SNB-19 U-87 MG U-87 MG-luc U251 U251-Luc-mCh-Puro: Human Glioblastoma8 |
Neurosphere
Not specified Fibroblast Not specified Epithelial Fibroblast Not specified Fibroblast Epithelial Pleomorphic Astrocytoid6
|
Oligoastrocytoma Grade III
Glioblastoma Grade IV, glioma glioblastoma Malignant glioblastoma Astrocytoma, glioma Astrocytoma Likely glioblastoma Glioblastoma Cancer 6 |
Homo sapiens |
Cervical | Ca Ski
HeLa KB |
Epithelial | Epidermoid carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma Papilloma, carcinoma6 |
Homo sapiens |
Colon | C2BBe1
Caco-2 Colo-205-Luc #2 Colo-205 DLD-1 |
Epithelial
Epithelial-like |
Colorectal adenocarcinoma
Dukes' type D Dukes' type C6 |
Homo sapiens |
Epidermoid | A431 | Epithelial | Epidermoid carcinoma6 | Homo sapiens |
Epithelial | HEKn (Human Epithelial Keratinocytes) | Cobblestone appearance | skin cancer | Homo sapiens |
Erythroleukemia | HEL
HEL 92.1.7 HEL 92.1.7-Luc-Neo HEL-Luc-Neo TF-1a TF-1a-Luc-Neo |
Lymphoblast | Erythroleukemia6 | Homo sapiens |
Esophageal | OE33 | Epithelial like | Barrett adenocarcinoma4 | Homo sapiens |
Ewig's Sarcoma-Bone | A4573 | Not specified | Ewing sarcoma4 | Homo sapiens |
Fibroblast | Hs 895.T
TE 353.Sk TE 354.T |
Fibroblast | Melanoma | Homo sapiens |
Fibrosarcoma | HT-1080 | Epithelial | Fibrosarcoma | Homo sapiens |
Gastric | GIST-T1
NCI-N87 NUGC-4
SNU-5 |
Submucosal
Epithelial Spherical with free-floating cells Epithelial |
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
Signet ring cell gastric adenocarcinoma Gastric carcinoma |
Homo sapiens |
Head and Neck (squamous cell carcinoma) | CAL 27
FaDu
|
Epithelial | squamous cell carcinoma6 | Homo sapiens |
Leukemia (Acute Promyelocytic) | HL-60 | myeloblastic | acute promyelocytic leukemia | Homo sapiens |
Leukemia (AML) | EOL-1
Kasumi-1 Kasumi-3 MOLM-13 MV-4-11 NOMO-1 THP-1
|
Lymphoblast
Myeloblast most cells are round growing in suspension lymphoblast single round cells monocyte |
Cancer
acute myeloblastic leukemia Adult acute myeloid leukemia biphenotypic B myelomonocytic leukemia hematopoietic neoplasm acute monocytic leukemia6 |
Homo sapiens
|
Leukemia (B-ALL) | NALM6
Reh RS4;11 |
Lymphocyte-like
lymphoblast |
acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
acute lymphocytic leukemia (non-T; non-B)6 |
Homo sapiens |
Leukemia (CML) | K-562
K-562-Luc2 |
lymphoblast | chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
BCR-ABL1 positive6 |
Homo sapiens
|
Leukemia
(Plasma Cell) |
ARH-77 | Lymphoblast | plasma cell leukemia6 | Homo sapiens
|
Leukemia (T-ALL) | CCRF-CEM
DND-41-Luc-mCh-Puro MOLT-4 Jurkat Jurkat-Clone E6-1 MOLT-4 |
Lymphoblast | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Acute T-cell leukemia6 |
Homo sapiens
|
Liposarcoma | SW 872 | Fibroblast | Liposarcoma | Homo sapiens |
Liver | Hep 3B2.1-7
Hep G2 |
Epithelial | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Homo sapiens
|
Lung (Adenosquamous) | NCI-H596 | Epithelial
|
Adenosquamous carcinoma6 | Homo sapiens
|
Lung (Anaplastic Carcinoma) | Calu-6 | Epithelial | Anaplastic carcinoma6
|
Homo sapiens
|
Lung(Bronchioalveolar) | NCI-H322M | Epithelial | squamous cell carcinoma
mesotheliom6 |
Homo sapiens
|
Lung (NSCLC) | A549
Calu-1 Calu-3 HCC827 HCC4006 NCI-H125 NCI-H1299 NCI-H23 NCI-H1975 NCI-H1703 NCI-H1299-p53-V138 NCI-H1650 NCI-H2110 NCI-H292 NCI-H3122 NCI-H441 NCI-H460 NCI-H522 PC-9 |
Epithelial like
Epithelial Epithelial Epithelial-like Epithelial |
Carcinoma
Grade III, Epidermoidcarcinoma Adenocarcinoma Non-small cell lung cancer Stage 3B, bronchoalveolar carcinoma Mucoepidermoid pulmonary carcinoma Papillary adenocarcinoma Large cell lung cancer Stage 2 adenocarcinoma Adenocarcinoma6 |
Homo sapiens
|
Lung (SCLC) | DMS 114
NCI-H446 NCI-H69 NCI-H82 SHP-77 |
Epithelial
Floating aggregates Epithelial |
Carcinoma,
small cell lung cancer carcinoma, small cell lung cancer6 |
Homo sapiens
|
Lung (Squamous) | EBC-1
SK-MES-1 |
Metastatic site:skin(epithelial)
Epithelial |
Squamous cell lung carcinoma6 | Homo sapiens
|
Lymphoma (B-Cell) | DB | Lymphoblast | Large cell lymphoma6 | Homo sapiens |
Lymphoma (B-NHL) | Farage
GRANTA-519 SU-DHL-6
|
Lymphoblast
Lymphoblast-like |
Non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphoma
Mantle cell lymphoma Large cell lymphoma; diffuse mixed histiocytic and lymphocytic lymphoma; follicular B cell lymphoma6 |
Homo sapiens
|
Lymphoma (Burkitt's) | Daudi
NAMALWA Raji Ramos |
Lymphoblast | Burkitt's lymphoma
Burkitt's lymphoma (American)6 |
Homo sapiens
|
Lymphoma (Cutaneous T Cell - Sezary Syndrome) | HuT 78 | Lymphoblast | Sezary Syndrome and Mycosis fungoides6 | Homo sapiens
|
Lymphoma (Diffuse Mixed) | HT
SU-DHL-6 |
Lymphoblast | diffuse mixed lymphoma6 | Homo sapiens
|
Lymphoma (DLBCL) | OCI-Ly1 LN
OCI-Ly19-Luc-Neo OCI-Ly3-Luc-mCh-Puro SU-DHL-10 SU-DHL-10-LN-High SU-DHL-16 SU-DHL-4-Luc-mCh-Puro SU-DHL-8 TMD8 Toledo-Luc-Neo WSU-DLCL2 |
Bone marrow
Lymphoblast-like Bone marrow Lymphoblast
|
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Large Cell Lymphoma B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma Large cell lymphoma Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma diffuse large cell lymphoma; non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphoma Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma6 |
Homo sapiens
|
Lymphoma (Malignant NHL) | NK-92MI | Lymphoblast | malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma6 | Homo sapiens
|
Lymphoma (T-NHL) | KARPAS 299 | Peripheral blood | Anaplastic large cell lymphoma6 | Homo sapiens
|
Mammary/Breast | BT-20
BT-474 HCC1395 HCC70 Hs 578Bst Hs 578T MCF-7 MCF10A MDA-MB-231 MDA-MB-361 MDA-MB-453 MDA-MB-468 SK-BR-3 MX-1 T47D UISO-BCA1 ZR-75-1 |
Epithelial
Fibroblast Epithelial Epithelial Epithelial Epithelial Epithelial Epithelial Epithelial Epithelial Epithelial |
Invasive ductal carcinoma
TNM stage I, grade 3, primary ductal carcinoma TNM stage IIIA, grade 3, primary ductal carcinoma Normal Invasive ductal carcinoma Fibrocystic disease Breast adenocarcinoma Metastatic carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Breast carcinoma Invasive ductal carcinoma Breast carcinoma Invasive ductal carcinoma6 |
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
|
Melanoma | A2058
A375 COLO-829 G-361 LOX IMVI M14 MDA-MB-435S OCM-1 SK-MEL-28 SK-MEL-5 UACC-62 WM-115 WM-266-4 |
Epithelial
Fibroblast Epithelial Axillary lymph node Subcutaneous Spindle-shaped Subcutaneous Polygonal Stellate Epithelial
|
Amelanotic melanoma
Cutaneous melanoma Malignant melanoma Amelanotic melanoma Amelanotic melanoma Amelanotic melanoma Cutaneous melanoma Malignant melanoma Melanoma6 |
Homo sapiens |
Myeloma | JJN-3-Luc
MM.1S (pMMP-Luc-Neo) NCI-H929 NCI-H929-Luc-mCh-Puro OPM-2 RPMI 8226 U266B1 |
Mononuclear
Lymphoblast round to polygonal cells Lymphoblast |
immunoglobulin A lambda myeloma
plasmacytoma; myeloma6
|
Homo sapiens
|
Neuroblastoma | SK-N-AS
SK-N-FI SK-N-SH |
Epithelial | Neuroblastoma6 | Homo sapiens
|
Neuroendocrine Skin | MKL-1 | Loosely packed floating aggregates with irregular outline and no central necrosis | Metastasis4 | Homo sapiens
|
Normal Fibroblast | Hs 895.Sk | Fibroblast | Normal | Homo sapiens |
Ovarian | A2780-Luc
A2780 IGROV-1 IGROV1-Luc-Mch-Puro NIH:OVCAR-3 OV-90 OVCAR-3 OVCAR-4 OVCAR-5 OVCAR-8-Luc-mCh-Puro OVCAR-8 SK-OV-3 SKOV-3-luc-D311 |
Epithelial | Cancer
Ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma Adenocarcinoma grade 3, stage IIIC, malignant papillary High grade ovarian serous adenocarcinoma Adenocarcinoma6 |
Homo sapiens
|
Pancreatic | Bx-PC-3
BxPC-3-Luc2 Capan-1 Capan-2 KP4 MI PaCa-2-Luc MiaPaCa-2 PANC-1 PANC-1-Luc-mCh-Puro SU-86.86 |
Epithelial
Polygonal Epithelial
|
Adenocarcinoma
Carcinoma Epithelioidcarcinoma Ductal carcinoma |
Homo sapiens
|
Placental Choriocarcinoma | BeWo | Epithelial | Choriocarcinoma | Homo sapiens
|
Prostate | 22Rv1
CWR-22-R DU 145-Luc DU-145 LnCap LnCap FGC PC-3-Luc PC-3 PC-3M-Luc-C6 VCaP10 |
Epithelial
|
Carcinoma
Grade IV adenocarcinoma Cancer
|
Homo sapiens
|
Renal | 769-P
786-O 786-O-Luc-Neo (rescued) A-498 ACHN Caki-1 HEK 293 TK-10 |
Epithelial | Renal cell adenocarcinoma
Carcinoma Renal cell adenocarcinoma Clear cell carcinoma Neurological disease Cancer, carcinoma 4,6
|
Homo sapiens
|
Vulva | SK-LMS-1 | Fibroblast | Leiomyosarcoma | Homo sapiens |
Antibody engineering, where various antibody domains are combined to generate customized antibodies showing specialized binding properties and desirable effector functions 9. This hybridoma technology was developed by Köhler and Milstein and now to improve the therapeutic efficacy to treat cancer, antibodies are engineered to make mutant proteins of higher affinity or small molecular variants or changed functional properties of the original antibody. Lately, this technology has led to the approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of 21 antibodies for cancer immunotherapy 10. Therefore, different FDA approved anticancer drugs with their mode of action (MoA), pharmacology and cell lines worked on are shown:
Muromonab-cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3) (Orthoclone OKT3®) was the very first approved monoclonal antibody by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 11.
Using the hybridoma technology IgG2a antibody developed that blocked CD3-mediated activation of T cells and was instrumental in the prevention of organ rejection after transplantation.
Later, it was witnessed that patients with Orthoclone OKT3® developed a significant percentage of anti-drug antibodies known as a “human anti-mouse antibody” (HAMA) response leading to the inactivation and removal of the murine antibody and prevents the use of multiple administrations of the antibody required for cancer therapy.
An antibody made by combining genetic material from a nonhuman source (mouse) with genetic material from a human being to increase efficacy and decreasing immunogenicity is called chimerization and used in treatments.
An antibody made by combining genetic material from a nonhuman source (mouse) with genetic material from a human being to increase efficacy and decreasing immunogenicity is called chimerization and used in treatments.
Approved oncology therapeutic antibodies are human IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4.
Rituximab was the first chimeric therapeutic antibody to treat cancer.
Newly engineered antibodies are:
Cyramza (Ramucirumab): A recombinant human IgG1 monoclonal antibody to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 12-14.
Herceptin Hylecta: (Combination of trastuzumab with hyaluronidase enzyme) is a humanized antibody to treat HER2-overexpressing breast cancer 16.
Polivy (Polatuzumabvedotin-piiq): Supposed to be a chimeric therapeutic antibody as it is indicated for use in combination with bendamustine plus Rituxan (rituximab) (BR) to treat large B-cell lymphoma 18, 48-49.
Tecentriq (Atezolizumab): Humanized mono-clonal antibody specified to treat extensive-stage small cell lung cancer and triple-negative breast cancer 50, 61.
Gazyva (Obinutuzumab): It is a humanized antibody used to treat previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) 51.
Panitumumab (Vectibix®): It is the first fully humanized IgG2 approved drug 52.
Trastuzumab: It is the humanized IgG1 therapeutic antibodies to treat cancer, such as metastatic breast cancer 53.
Avelumab (Bavencio): It is an FDA approved humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed to PD-L1 that blocks the binding between PD-1 and PD-L1 without affecting PD-1/ PD-L2 interactions to treat Merkel cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma. The mode of action demonstrates the potential to utilize both adaptive and innate immune mechanisms to destroy cancer cells 45.
Pharmacology: It is treating metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) of adults and pediatric patients around 12 years or above, urothelial carcinoma 11.
Mode of Action: Being a PD-L1 blocking antibody where it binds through the FG loops 7 and blocks the interaction between PD-L1 and its receptors PD-1 and B7.1. In this manner, the interaction releases the inhibitory effects of PD-L1 on the immune response resulting in the restoration of immune responses, including anti-tumor immune responses. The mode of action demonstrates the potential to utilize both adaptive and innate immune mechanisms to destroy cancer cells 22, 33.
Cell Lines Effect: Worked against a panel of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells.
Panobinostat: A histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor is an FDA approved new agent for multiple myeloma. According to literature surveys, it demonstrates that panobinostat is applied when bortezomib shows no response, still, it's not clear how these drugs work. HDAC inhibitors target epigenetics that is they change the pattern of genes the cell expresses and not the genes themselves. The function of the HDAC inhibitor is it blocks the removal of acetyl groups from histone proteins and reactivates silenced genes. In phase III PANORAMA trial included a total of 768 patients who had relapsed or had refractory MM. Before this trial, all the patients had already received one to three treatments. Trial's result showed that the combination of panobinostat and bortezomib offered the opportunity to extend the duration of PFS and overcome the potential bortezomib resistance 11, 27.
Pharmacology: Evidence shows and indicates that HDAC inhibitors work differently in Multiple Myeloma (MM).
Mode of Action: Deacetylase (DAC) inhibitor is responsible for regulating the acetylation of proteins in the body along with different functions in various vital processes, including replication and repair of DNA; remodeling of chromatin; transcription; progression of the cell cycle; protein degradation and cytoskeletal reorganization. Mode of action of panobinostat is inhibition of class I; class II and class IV proteins also DAC proteins are overexpressed in Multiple Myelomas (MM) 11.
Cell Lines Worked Against: From literature, the study has shown that panobinostat showed cytotoxic activity worked against cell lines such as KMS-12PE, KMS-18, LP-1, NCI H929, KMS-11, RPMI8226, OPM-2, and U266.
Ixazomib (NINLARO): It is the first oral proteasome inhibitor with lenalidomide for the treatment of MM, who has at least received one prior therapy. It is a boronate proteasome inhibitor also an N-capped dipeptidyl leucine boronic acid. The mechanism of action is reversible. It binds and inhibits the beta 5 chymotrypsin-like proteolytic site of the 20S proteasome with a half-maximal IC50 26.
Pharmacology: It induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells, treating Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 25.
Mode of Action: This second-generation proteasome inhibitor (PI) is an N-capped dipeptidyl leucine boronic acid. It reversibly inhibits the CT-L proteolytic (β5) site of the 20S proteasome. When its concentration increases, likewise seem to inhibit the proteolytic β1 and β2 subunits and induce accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins 11, 24.
Cell Lines Worked Against: HepG2, Hep3B, SNU-475, the cytotoxic effect on IMR-32, NGP, NB-19, SH-SY5Y, SK-N-AS, and the chemoresistant LA-N-6 cell line.
Bortezomib: Bortezomib (originally PS-341 and marketed as Velcade by Millennium Pharmaceuticals) is the first therapeutic proteasome inhibitor that was tested in humans that degrades pro-apoptotic proteins such as p53. The role of bortezomib is to interrupt this process and resulting in the destruction of cancerous cells 11.
Pharmacology: This agent is used for the treatment of multiple myeloma 11.
Mode of Action: It is a proteasome inhibitor type drug. It removes excess protein and breaks down into its constituent parts so that the cell can reuse it. Proteasome inhibitors work in such a manner that it blocks the function of proteasome followed by the accumulation of protein in the cell, which becomes toxic to the cell and causes it to die. This is particularly important in myeloma cells as they make lots of proteins and so really rely on proteasome to function properly. Therapies targeting the proteasome can specifically kill myeloma cells rather than all of the cells in the body. Bortezomib being a reversible inhibitor in mammalian cells degrades ubiquitinated proteins. The active site of the proteasome has chymotrypsin-like, trypsin-like, and postglutamyl peptide hydrolysis activity. In addition, bortezomib appears to increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to traditional anticancer agents (e.g., gemcitabine, cisplatin, paclitaxel, irinotecan, and radiation) 11.
Cell Lines Effect: From literature, it has been studied that bortezomib has effects on human breast cancer cell lines such as ANBL-6 BR, HCC 1937, MCF 7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, SK-BR-3, BT-474 28.
Palbociclib: For the treatment of postmenopausal in women with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive; human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative advanced breast cancer an endocrine-based therapy for metastatic disease used which is an oral, selective, small-molecule inhibitor of CDK4 and CDK6 11, 29, 35.
Pharmacology: It is a combination drug with antiestrogens, letrozole for the treatment of breast cancer cell lines 11, 19.
Mode of Action: Palbociclib is a kinase inhibitor drug where CDK4 and CDK6 along with their regulatory partner cyclin D1, play a key role in regulating the G1- to S-phase cell-cycle transition where regulation of the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein is phosphorylated 11.
Cell Lines Effect: liver cancer cell lines, in-vitro, in ex-vivo HCC samples, in a genetically engineered mouse model of liver cancer and in human HCC xenografts in-vivo.
Pembrolizumab: Pembrolizumab commonly known as Keytruda, is a protein-based humanized monoclonal antibody used for treating Melanoma, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Head and Neck Cancer by blocking the interaction between PD-1 and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 8, 11, 44.
Pharmacology: It is a protein-based humanized monoclonal antibody drug used for treating patients with metastatic melanoma 44.
Mode of Action: Pembrolizumab acts as a checkpoint inhibitor where T lymphocyte plays a key role. Being an antibody-drug that targets the T-cell receptor of programmed cell death protein (PD-1) present on the cell surface, inhibits the binding of ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2) of PD-1 ensued by inducing an antitumor immune response. Upregulation of PD-1 ligands is a mechanism for tumors to circumvent antitumor immune response 8, 34, 44.
Cell Lines Effect: From the literature, it has been investigated that it shows effects on PD-1 cell line (host cell line-HEK293), M109 6, 41.
Rituxam (Rituximab): It is a recombinant DNA derived humanized monoclonal antibody. It recognizes CD20, a receptor found exclusively on the surface of both normal and malignant B lymphocytes 11.
Pharmacology: Rituximab is used for treatment of CD20-positive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and rheumatoid arthritis. The antibody leads to selective killing of β-cells 23, 30.
Mode of Action: Rituximab or Rituxan is recombinant DNA derive humanized monoclonal antibody used as therapy for treating a broad variety of β-cells malignancies. It recognizes a receptor named CD20 found on the surface of both normal cells and malignant cells. The function of the drug is to bind with the receptor CD20 and destroy the target cell. From various in vitro studies conducted suggest that Rituxan depletes circulating B-cells and reduces the size of B cell lymphomas in different ways. Various studies assert that this humanized monoclonal antibody drug kills B-cells through Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity (CDC) or Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) 46.
Cell Lines Effect: From the literature, it has been investigated that it shows effects on NK-92; NK-92MI 6, 37.
Lenalidomide: Revlimid or Lenalidomide is an immunomodulatory synergistic drug 11.
Pharmacology: Lenalidomide is an anticancer drug having immunomodulatory and antiangio-genic properties that modify the immune system function and prevents the proliferation of blood vessels to treat patients with multiple myeloma (MM), transfusion-dependent anemia in myelo-dysplastic syndromes and mantle cell lymphoma 11.
Mode of Action: Revlimid performs dual action of antitumor and an immunomodulatory effect. The tumoricidal effects of this anti-cancer drug induce cell cycle arrest, facilitates apoptosis of tumor cells, reduces angiogenesis, stromal cell support, and severance to the production factors that promotes myeloma cell survival and proliferation. Revlimid inhibits the cell cycle of myeloma cells by increasing the expression of tumor suppressor genes such as CDK inhibitors and the family of early growth response genes.
The up-regulation of these genes in the presence of Revlimid arrests the cell cycle and prevents the division of myeloma cells. It activates the effector proteins of apoptosis called caspases and facilitates the release of pro-apoptotic signals such as cytochrome C inside the cell that increases the sensitivity of tumor cell factors stimulating apoptosis that increases tumor cell death. In-vitro drug synergism study of Dexamethasone with Revlimid has shown enhanced tumor cell apoptosis; inhibition of angiogenesis to the tumor cells by reducing vascular endothelial growth factor and IL-6 levels. Revlimid inhibits the adhesion of myeloma cells to bone marrow stromal cells. The proposed immunomodulatory effect of Revlimid increases the activation and proliferation of various immune cells by facilitating interaction between antigen-presenting cells (APC) and T-cells. It also increases the expression of cytokines that control the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of various immune cells that release cytokines which further stimulates immune cell proliferation that activates T-cells and NK cells activity leading to increased activity against myeloma cells causing them to undergo apoptosis 11.
Cell Lines Effect: Studies from the literature shows that Revlimid has been examined on these human MM-cell lines such as MM.1S, INA-6, RPMI-8226, MM.1R, KMS12PE, and U266 individually or in combination with other drugs 6.
Letrozole: It is an oral non –steroidal aromatase inhibitor introduced for the adjuvant treatment of hormonally-responsive breast cancer 11.
Pharmacology: Aromatase inhibitors inhibit the action of the aromatase, an enzyme which converts androgens into estrogens by a process called aromatization to treat breast cancer 11.
Mode of Action: Aging declines the production of ovarian estrogen. Therefore, to convert adrenal androgens to estrone and estradiol after post-menopause aromatase enzyme plays a significant role. Aromatase catalyzes the rate-limiting step in estrogen biosynthesis.
Letrozole is an enzyme inhibitor drug that inhibits the conversion of androgens to estrogens by competitive inhibition. Binding to the heme of the cytochrome P450 subunit of the aromatase enzyme results in the reduction of estrogen biosynthesis in all tissues. Women treated with letrozole significantly lowers serum estrone, estradiol, and estrone sulfate 11, 20, 31.
Cell Lines Effect: From literature, the study has shown that letrozole-treated cell lines are MCF-7, AC1, T47D 47.
Progression-Free Survival Analysis of Different Treatments:
TABLE 2: PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL STUDY AND STATUS OF TREATMENTS
S. no. | Treatment Used | Progression-Free Survival (PFS) [approx] | Status of treatment |
1 | Bortezomib | 30.8 months | FDA approved and active clinical trials ongoing 38-39,46 |
Lenalidomide | 14.8 months | ||
2 | Palbociclib and Letrozole | 24.8 months | FDA approved and active clinical trials ongoing 38-39,46 |
Letrozole only | 16.8 months | ||
Placebo and Letrozole | 14.5 months | ||
3 | PPC* | 10.1 months (after 24 months) | FDA approved and active
Clinical trials ongoing18 |
PC* | 4.9 months (after 24 months) | ||
Chemotherapy | 8.9 months (after 14.5 months) | ||
4 | Rituximab with bendamustine | 24 months | FDA approved and active
clinical trials ongoing 2,38-39 |
R-CHOP* in phase II trial | 9 months | ||
Rituximab and GM-CSF* | 16.5 months | ||
Rituximab monotherapy | 23.5 months | ||
R-CHOP | 10.3 months | ||
CHOP* | 10.3 months | ||
5 | Placebo (First-line therapy) Age- <70 | 7.3 months | FDA approved and active
clinical trials ongoing38,39 |
Lenalidomide (First-line therapy) | 52.5 months | ||
Placebo (Second-line therapy) Age <70 | 32.7 months (after 71 months) | ||
Lenalidomide (Second-line therapy) | 52.5 months (after 71 months) | ||
6 | PAN-BTZ-Dex* | 12.3 months (Prior IMid) | FDA approved and active (PANAROMA 1 trial)37,39 |
10.6 months (Bortezomib plus Prior IMid) | |||
12.5 months ( Bortezomib and an IMid) | |||
Pbo-BTZ-Dex* | 7.4 months (Prior IMid) | ||
5.8 months (Bortezomib plus Prior IMid) | |||
4.7 months (Bortezomib and an IMid) | |||
7 | IRd* | 20.6 months | FDA approved and active but not approved as maintenance therapy following autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) 23-24,39 |
Rd* | 14.7 months | ||
8 | Avelumab | Under analysis | FDA approved and active
( phase III JAVELIN)39 |
9 | Venetoclax plus Obinutuzumab | 67 % more after 29 months of median follow up | FDA approved and active 65 |
10 | Panitumumab plus FOLFOX4* | 23.9 months | FDA approved and completed (phase III PRIME) 66-68 |
11 | Trastuzumab plus Paclitaxel or Docetaxel | Improved by 1.5 months | FDA approved (Phase 3)69 |
12 | Polivy (polatuzumabvedotin-piiq) with bendamustine plus Rituxan® | Improved (no cancer detected) | FDA approved (phase Ib/II randomised study) |
*PPC (Pembrolizumab, pemetrexed and carboplatin chemotherapy); *PC (Pemetrexed and Carboplatin), chemotherapy and Pembrolizumab; *R-CHOP (Rituximab Cyclophosphamide Hydroxydaunomycin Oncovin ® Prednisolone); *CHOP; GM-CSF (Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor); *Panobinostat plus bortezomib & dexamethasome (PAN-BTZ-Dex); *Placebo plus bortezomib & dexamethasone (Pbo-BTZ-Dex); *Ixazomib & Lenalidomide – dexamethasone (IRd); *Lenalidomide- dexamethasone (Rd); *Folinic acid, fluorouracil and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX)
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This review article concentrated on different cancer cell lines worked on with newly FDA approved anticancer drugs as therapy; antibody engineering, their efficacy as treatment followed by the status of the treatment.
Lately, an emerging technology antibody engineering holding the copious scope in the treatment of cancer providing new types of antibodies from the bench to the bedside by decreasing immunogenicity, transforming half-life, enhancing efficacy, and increasing tumor-targeting. The first segment of the paper has an accumulation of different cancer cell lines with their histotype, morphology in a tabular manner from various databases, cell line banks, followed by newly FDA approved engineered mAbs showing their effect on different anticancer drugs with their mode of action and pharmacology. Later in tabularly form, the progression-free survival (PFS) rate and the status of treatment of the anticancer drugs alone or combined with others.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors express ardent gratitude towards the Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, 157/F, Nilgunj Road, Panihati, Kolkata - 700114, West Bengal, for rendering constant assistance while writing this review.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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How to cite this article:
Roy C and Chakraborty T: A review on translational perspective and efficacy of different engineered therapeutic antibodies. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2020; 11(6): 2604-16. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.11(6).2604-16.
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Article Information
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2604-2616
654
605
English
IJPSR
C. Roy and T. Chakraborty *
Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Panihati, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
tamalika.chakraborty@gnipst.ac.in
03 September 2019
21 December 2020
02 March 2020
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.11(6).2604-16
01 June 2020