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A SURVEY ON ANTICANCER PROPERTIES OF INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS – A BROAD SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

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A SURVEY ON ANTICANCER PROPERTIES OF INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS - A BROAD SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

K. Saranya, V. Manivasagan, R. Kanakadurga, V. P. Mohan Babu * and N. G. Ramesh Babu

Department of Biotechnology, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering (Autonomous), Hosur - 635109, Tamil Nadu, India.

ABSTRACT: Several plants across the world possess specific therapeutic and diagnostic properties. The identification of the properties among them is the most difficult task. Several researchers have used several methodologies to express the therapeutic properties in the plants. The interest of scientists among the anticancer studies has been increasing widely as cancer has become one of the deadliest diseases. The usage of different parts of the plant and using the different extracting solvents has shown effective results on different types of cancer cell lines. Several plants synthesize metabolites which possess anticancer properties that have been used in the development of drugs by clinical trials. The application of nanoparticles from plants in cancer treatment has been regarded as a successful method recently. The present review aims at the study of a broad spectrum of plants having anticancer properties using the in-vitro analysis of particular cell lines. The anticancer activity was analyzed by different assays such as MTT assay, “Alamar Blue” Resazurin reduction assay, SRB assay, and WST-1 assay. The results were calculated based on absorbance values. Thus, the potential of the plant extract against specific cancer cell line was evaluated.

Keywords:

Plant extracts, Cell lines, MTT assay, Resazurin reduction assay, SRB assay, WST-1 assay

INTRODUCTION: Cancer is one of the five leading causes of death in the world 1. Cancer is the abnormal, uncontrolled division of cells in the body 2. The cancer cells when malignant, invade various parts of the body through the bloodstream. Men are mostly affected by lung cancer, colon cancer, rectum, and prostate cancer. Women are mostly affected by breast, colon, rectal and stomach cancer 3. Every year, millions of people are affected by cancer, leading to death 4. It is estimated that by 2030, there will be 17 million deaths caused by cancer 5.

The cancer patients can be treated by some methods such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and chemically derived drugs 6. Among the methods, chemotherapy is the most used treatment used for curing the advanced stages of cancer. Apart from treating the cancer cells, it also produces toxicity to the normal cells 7.

Cancer can be broadly classified into carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, lymphoma, and leukemia. Carcinomas include almost 81% of overall cancer available, which originate in the skin, lungs, breasts, pancreas, and other organs and glands. Lymphomas are the cancers of lymphocytes. Leukemia is the form of cancer in blood. Sarcomas occur in bone, muscle, fat, blood vessels, cartilage, or other soft or connective tissues of the body. Melanomas are cancers that arise in the cells that make the pigment in the skin. Cancer has been recognized for thousands of years as a human ailment, yet only in the past century has medical science understood what cancer is and how it progresses. Cancer specialists, called oncologists, have made remarkable advances in cancer diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Today, more people diagnosed with cancer are living longer. However, some forms of the disease remain frustratingly difficult to treat. Modern treatment can significantly improve the quality of life and may extend survival. According to the WHO, more than 80% of the population in the developing countries are dependent on traditional medicine for treating cancer 8. According to statistics, 60% of the drugs for treating cancer derived from plants 9. More than 3000 plants have anticancer activity 5. India is one among the 12 centers in the world that contain a diversity of plant producing novel bio-molecules 9. India is known as “the botanical garden of the world” and is the highest plant producer of the world 10. The main rationale of the review is to study the in-vitro anticancer activity of different plants available in a broad spectrum survey.

Extraction: The extracts from different parts of the plants such as leaves, fruits, stems, shoot, bark, flowers, roots, and rhizome were used for the analysis of anticancer properties. Soxhlet extraction apparatus was preferred by researchers for extraction. One among the following assays was used for the anticancer activity.

In-vitro Anticancer Activity:

MTT Assay: [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide] MTT colorimetric assay is the mostly used assay for anticancer activity. In this assay, the extracts were made to be dissolved in (dimethylsulfoxide) DMSO along with diluted cell culture media. Initially, the cells taken from the cell lines were counted. The cells were diluted and seeded in 96 well microtiter plates. This was kept for incubation. The absorption was measured and the cell viability was calculated 11.

“Alamar Blue” Resazurin Reduction Assay: In Resazurin reduction assay, the cells of cell lines were suspended in DMEM. This was seeded in 96-well plate at dilution. The plant extracts were made to be serially diluted along with the medium and supplied to the cells. This was kept for incubation. Following incubation, fresh media along with Resazurin was added and again incubated. The fluorescent intensity of dye was measured as a result of the cytotoxic activity of the cells 12.

SRB Assay: RPMI 1640 medium containing fetal bovine serum was selected, and the diluted cells were inoculated to 96 well plates. This was kept for incubation. The extract was then added and again incubated. The assay was then completed by the addition of TCA to the cells. Then the cells were finally added to the SRB solution. The absorbance was read 13.

WST-1 Colorimetric Assay: WST-1 (4- [3- (4-iodophenyl)-2 -(4-nitrophenyl) -2H-5-tetrazolio]-1, 3-benzene disulfonate) colorimetric assay was performed by incubating the inoculated cells to the 96 well plates along with the media. After incubation, appropriate concentrations of the extracts were made to be added. This was again incubated. The cells and the extract were solubilized in DMSO, and an appropriate quantity of WST-1 was added. The absorbance was calculated 14.

In-vitro Anticancer Activity of Medicinal Plants: Some of the plants that exhibit anticancer activity are given in Table 1.

TABLE 1: LIST OF IN-VITRO ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF DIFFERENT PLANT EXTRACTS

S. no. Plant Family Part of Plant Used Specific Cancer Suppressed Reference
1 Aloe vera Asphodelaceae Whole plant HepG2 15
2 Annona muricata Annonaceae Leaves EACC, MDA and SKBR3 16
3 Annona squamosa Annonaceae Flower MCF-7 17
4 Arbutus

andrachne

 Ericaceae Aerial parts MCF-7, T47D, CACO-2, HRT18, A375.S2 and WM1361A 18
5 Aristolochia longa Aristolochiaceae Roots VCREMS 19
6 Aristolochia

ringens

 Aristolochiaceae Roots HCT-116, A431, A549, PC3, THP-1 and HeLa 20

 
7 Asplenium nidus Aspleniaceae Whole plant HepG2 and HeLa 21
8 Averrhoa bilimbi Oxalidaceae Fruit, leaves MCF-7 22
9 Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Leaves, seeds EACC 23
10 Barleria grandiflora Acanthaceae Leaves A-549 and DLA 24
11 Beberis aristata Berberidaceae Root, stem Colo 205, Hop 62,HT 29, SiHa, MIA-PA-CIA-2, DWD, T 24, PC 3, A549, ZR 75-1, A 2780, DU 145, MC F7 and K 562 25, 26
12 Caesalpinia sappan Caesalpiniaceae Hear wood, leaves MCF7 and A549 cell lines 27
13 Calligonum comosum Polygonaceae Whole plant HepG2 15
14 Cedrus

deodara

 Pinaceae Wood Colo 205, Hop 62,HT 29, SiHa, MIA-PA-CIA-2, DWD, T 24, PC 3, A549, ZR 75-1, A 2780, DU 145, MC F7 and K 562 25
15 Cenchrus ciliaris Poaceae Aerial parts, roots hepG-2, CACO, and A-549 28
16 C. antiochia var. praealta Asteraceae Aerial parts Vero and HeLa 29
17 Centaurea nerimaniae Asteraceae Aerial parts Vero and HeLa 29
18 Chrysanthemum coronarium Asteraceae Aerial parts MCF-7, T47D, CACO-2, HRT18, A375.S2 and WM1361A 18
19 Cocculus hirsutus Menispermaceae Aerial parts MCF-7 30
20 Corda dichotoma Boraginaceae Leaves PC3 31
21 Cotynus coggygria Anacardiaceae Leaves Vero and HeLa 29
22 Crataegus microphylla Rosaceae Leaves Vero and HeLa 29
23 Croton caudatus Euphorbiaceae Leaves DL, MCF-7, and HeLa 32
24 Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Rhizome HL-60, HeLa 33
25 Delphinium staphisagaria Ranunculaceae Seeds H5-6 and N2A 19
26 Dillenia pentagyna Dillenaceae Stem bark DL, MCF-7 and HeLa 32
27 Euphorbia tirucalli Euphorbiaceae Leaves, stem Mia-PaCa2 34
28 Ficus beecheyana Moraceae Roots HL-60 35
29 Ficus carica Moraceae Fruit, leaves, sap MCF-7, B16F10 and HeLa 12
30 Ficus racemosa Moraceae Fruit MCF-7 13
31 Helicteres isora Sterculiaceae Whole plant HeLa-B75, H-60, HEP-3B and PN-15 36
32 Hibiscus calyphyllus Malvaceae Aerial  parts HepG2 and MCF-7 37
33 Hibiscus deflersii Malvaceae Aerial parts HepG2 and MCF-7 37
34 Hibiscus micranthus Malvaceae Aerial parts HepG2 and MCF-7 37
35 Hypericum kotshcyanum Hypericaceae Aerial parts Vero and HeLa 29
36 Inula viscosa Compositae Flowers MCF-7 and Hep-2 38
37 Jasmium sambac Oleaceae Flowers MCF-7 and Hep-2 38
38 Lavandula angustifolia Lamiaceae Flowers MCF-7 and Hep-2 38
39 Leea indica Vitaceae Leaves DU-145 and PC-3 39
40 Limonium

densiflorum

 Plumbaginaceae Shoots human lung carcinoma A-549, colon adenocarcinoma DLD-1Cell lines 40
41 Luffa cylindrica Araceae Aerial parts MCF-7 and Hep-2 38
42 Manilkara zapota Sapotaceae Flower MCF-7 17
43 Mirabilis

jalapa

 Nyctaginaceae Aerial parts, roots, stems MCF-7 and

Hep-2

 38
44 Morus nigra Moraceae Leaves heLa 41
45 Narcissus tazetta Amaryllidaceae Aerial parts, fowers MCF-7 and Hep-2 38
46 Nepeta italica Laminaceae Aerial parts Vero and HeLa 29
47 Ocimum sanctum Laminaceae Leaves HFS-1080 42
48 Oldenlandia corymbosa Rubiaceae Leaves K562 43
49 Olea europaea Oleaceae Leaves MCF-7, B16F10 and HeLa 12
50 Olea europaea Oleaceae Leaves Vero and HeLa 29
51 Ononis hirta Fabaceae Aerial parts MCF-7 and Hep-2 38
52 Ononis sicula Fabaceae Aerial parts MCF-7 and Hep-2 38
53 Origanum sipyleum Laminaceae Aerial parts Vero and HeLa 29
54 Parthenium hysterophorus Asteraceae Leaves K562 43
55 Phagnalon rupstre Asteraceae Aerial parts MCF-7 and Hep-2 38
56 Phyllanthus  emblica Phyllanthacae Leaves, fruit HT-29 44
57 Picrorhiza

kurroa

 Picrorhiza Root Colo 205, Hop 62,HT 29, SiHa, MIA-PA-CIA-2, DWD, T 24, PC 3, A549, ZR 75-1, A 2780, DU 145, MC F7 and K 562 25
58 Piper

longum

 Piperaceae Fruit Colo 205, Hop 62,HT 29, SiHa,

MIA-PA-CIA-2 DWD, T 24, PC 3, A549, ZR 75-1, A 2780, DU 145, MC F7 and K 562

 25
59 Piper

regnelli

 Piperaceae Leaves UACC-62, MCF7, 786-0, NCI-H460, PC-3, OVCAR-3, HT29 and K-562 45
60 Plectranthus

stocksii

 Lamiaceae Leaves, stem MCF-7, RAW 264.7 and Caco-2 cell lines 11
61 Populous alba Salicaceae Flowers MCF-7 and Hep-2 38
62 Pterocephalus pulverulentus Dipsacaceae Aerial

parts

 MCF-7 and

Hep-2

 38
63 Rosa damascena Rosaceae Flowers Vero and HeLa 29
64 Rosa damascene Rosaceae Receptacles

seeds

 MCF-7 and Hep-2 38
65 Saliva pinardi Labiatae Aerial parts MCF-7 and Hep-2 38
66 Salvia hypargeia Lamiaceae Aerial parts Vero and HeLa 29
67 Salvia officinalis Lamiaceae Leaves, stems MCF-7, B16F10 and HeLa 12
68 Saururus chinensis Saururaceae Roots MCF-7 46
69 Scorzonera tomentosa Asteraceae Aerial parts Vero and HeLa 29
70 Senecio scandens Asteraceae Leaves DL, MCF-7 and HeLa 32
71 Solanum khasianum Solanaceae Fruit DL, MCF-7 and HeLa 32
72 S. cretica subsp. vacillans Laminaceae Aerial parts Vero and HeLa 29
73 Syringa vulgaris Oleaceae Aerial parts, seeds MCF-7 and Hep-2 38
74 Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Seeds A2780, MCF7, PC-3 and H460 47
75 Tabernaemontana divaricata Apocynaceae Flowers NIH 3T3 and

HeLa

 48
76 Tecoma stans Bignoniaceae Leaves, flowers A549 49
77 Terucrium

polium

 Laminaceae Leaves, stems,

aerial parts

 MCF-7, B16F10 T47D, CACO-2, HRT18, A375.S2  WM1361A, Hep-2 and HeLa 12, 38
79 Teucrium polium Laminaceae Aerial parts MCF-7, 18
80 Teucrium sandrasicum Lamiaceae Aerial parts Vero and HeLa 29
81 Tillandsia recurvata Bromeliaceae Whole plant A375, MCF-7 and PC-3 14
82 Verbascum sinaticum Scrophulariaceae Flowers, aerial parts MCF-7 and Hep-2 38
83 Vitis vinifera Vitaceae Liquid sap of stem MCF-7, B16F10 and HeLa 12
84 Withania

coagulants

 Solanaceae Root, leaves, stalk, Fruit HeLa, MCF-7, RD, RG and

INS-1

 50
85 Withania

somnifera

 Solanaceae Root Colo 205, Hop 62,HT 29, SiHa, MIA-PA-CIA-2, DWD, T 24, PC 3, A549, ZR 75-1, A 2780, DU 145, MC F7 & K 562 25
86 Zea mays Gramineae Leaves Hep2 51

CONCLUSION: In this review paper, the anticancer properties of various plants were analyzed in a broad spectrum. From this analysis, it is well understood that even locally available plants which all come across in day-to-day life can cure many deadly diseases and capacity to cure many deadly diseases and disorders. The in-vitro anticancer analysis is the basic step for identification of the anticancer potentials of the plants. Followed by the in-vitro studies, further studies such as preclinical and clinical studies can be carried out in detail. In the future, by understanding the importance of these plants and by utilizing their properties, further research can be carried out for drug discovery to reduce the viability of diseases.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We acknowledge the support of Department of Biotechnology, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, Tamil Nadu, India.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors declared no conflict of interest.

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    How to cite this article:

    Saranya K, Manivasagan V, Kanakadurga R, Babu VPM and Babu NGR: A survey on anticancer properties of Indian medicinal plants - A broad spectrum analysis. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019; 10(8): 3635-40. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.10(8).3635-40.

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Article Information

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3635-3640

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English

IJPSR

K. Saranya, V. Manivasagan, R. Kanakadurga, V. P. M. Babu * and N. G. R. Babu

Department of Biotechnology, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering (Autonomous), Hosur, Tamil Nadu, India.

vpmohanbabu1709@gmail.com

15 November 2018

17 February 2019

28 February 2019

10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.10(8).3635-40

01 August 2019

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