A SYSTEMIC REVIEW ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF IBD, ALTERATIONS IN GUT MICROBIAL ECOLOGY OBSERVED IN IBD, ROLE OF CYTOKINES (TNF-, INF-, IL-1, IL-6, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10) IN IBD AND RECENT THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory illness of the gastrointestinal tract that consists of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. The pathogenesis of IBD is multifactorial and involves a complex interplay between genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using relevant databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. A tool such as PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) ensures that the review is conducted systematically and transparently. Alterations in gut microbial ecology are a hallmark of IBD and include decreased microbial diversity, an expansion of potentially harmful bacteria, and a loss of beneficial bacteria. These alterations are thought to contribute to the dysregulated immune response observed in IBD.  The current understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD suggests that a dysregulated immune response to commensal bacteria in the gut plays a central role in the development and progression of the disease. Alterations in gut microbial ecology are a hallmark of IBD and include decreased microbial diversity, an expansion of potentially harmful bacteria, and a loss of beneficial bacteria. These alterations in the gut microbiota are thought to contribute to the dysregulated immune response observed in IBD.