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AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF PLANTS FOR ANTI DIABETIC ACTIVITY WITH THEIR PHYTOCONSTITUENT & MECHANISM OF ACTION

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AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF PLANTS FOR ANTI DIABETIC ACTIVITY WITH THEIR PHYTOCONSTITUENT & MECHANISM OF ACTION

S.B. Mishra *1, CH. V. Rao 2, S. K. Ojha 2, M. Vijayakumar 2, A. Verma 3 and S. Alok 4

Department of Pharmacognosy, Roorkee College of Pharmacy *1, Roorkee (Uttarakhand), India

Ethnopharmacology Division, National Botanical Research Institute 2, Lucknow (U.P.), India

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences 3, AAIDU, Allahabad (U.P.), India

Institute of Pharmacy 4, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.), India

ABSTRACT: Diabetes and its different types is an age old disease for clinicians since centuries. Many aspects of Diabetes needs to be explored with respect to physiological actions of insulin and the various clinical features of this disease such as tissue complication , since this is life style disease , so proper treatment in relation to diet and anti diabetic agents is emphasized In fact, herbal treatment for diabetes is not new. Plants and plant extracts were used to combat the disease as early as 1550 B.C., with as many as 400 "prescribed" before the development earlier this century of effective medications to control diabetes. In this paper an attempt has been made to give an overview of certain Indian plants with their phytoconstituents and mechanism of action which have been studied for their antidiabetic activity.

Keywords:

Diabetes, Hypoglycemic, Mechanism of action, Phytoconstituents

INTRODUCTION: Herbal medicine is the oldest form of healthcare known to mankind. Herbs had been used by all cultures throughout history. It was an integral part of the development of modern civilization. Primitive man observed and appreciated the great diversity of plants available to him. The plants provided food, clothing, shelter, and medicine. Much of the medicinal use of plants seems to have been developed through observations of wild animals, and by trial and error. As time passes off, each tribe added the medicinal power of herbs in their area to its knowledge base. They methodically collected information on herbs and developed well-defined herbal pharmacopoeias. Indeed, well into the 20th century much of the pharmacopoeia of scientific medicine was derived from the herbal lore of native peoples. Many drugs commonly used today are of herbal origin. Indeed, about 25 percent of the prescription drugs dispensed in the United States contain at least one active ingredient derived from plant material. Some are made from plant extracts; others are synthesized to mimic a natural plant compound.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 4 billion people, 80 percent of the world population, presently use herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care. Herbal medicine is a major component in all indigenous peoples’ traditional medicine and a common element in Ayurvedic, homeopathic, naturopathic, traditional oriental, and Native American Indian medicine. WHO notes that of 119 plant-derived pharmaceutical medicines, about 74 percent are used in modern medicine in ways that correlated directly with their traditional uses as plant medicines by native cultures. Major pharmaceutical companies are currently conducting extensive research on plant materials gathered from the rain forests and other places for their potential medicinal value. This article has an objective to collect scattered scientific information on the herbs of hypoglycemic activity and to provide present status of plants on which antidiabetic activity has been done,

MATERIAL AND METHOD: The information on the plants having antidiabetic activity was collected from different web sites Journal and books available. These were further studied specifically to analyze the phyto-constituent and different mechanism which can alter the blood glucose metabolism. Based upon the hypothesis plants belong to specific family may have similar type of chemical composition and similar type of mechanism of action. The screening has been done on 83 Indian journals and 13 international journals containing 99 plants 45 families 7 basic phytoconstituent and 8 mechanism of action. After compilation of data the method has been opted from generalization to specification. Table 1 contains List of plants having Antidiabetic activity with their chemical constituents and mode of action; where as Constituent Vs Mode of Activity has been described in Table 2. To understand the mechanism of action fig-1 has been provided along with figures of phytoconstituent in fig-2.

TABLE-1   LIST OF PLANTS HAVING ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITY

Botanical Name Local Name* Family Parts used Mechanism of action Chemical      Constituents
Abies pindrow Royle1 Morinda / Rodha Pinaceae Entire plant Insulin secretagogue activity Volatile oil
Abroma augusta Linn2 Devil’s cotton Sterculiaceae Roots & Leaves Lowering blood sugar Fixed oil, Alkaloid
Acacia arabica willd3 Babool Leguminosae Seed Initiate release of insulin arabin
Achyranthus aspera L4. chirchiri Amaranthaceae Entire plant Decrease blood sugar
Agrimony eupatoria L.5 Rosaceae Leaves Insulin releasing & insulin like activity
Ajauga iva wall.ex.Benth6 Bugle weed Labiatae Entire plant Decrease plasma glucose level
Allium sativum Linn.7 Lehsun Liliaceae Roots Antihyperglycemic and antinociceptive effect v.oil, Allin, Allicin
Allium cepa Linn.8 Pyaz Liliaceae Bulb Stimulating effects on glucose utilization and antioxidant enzyme Protein, carbohydrate, vit. A,B,C, Allyl propyldisulphide
Aloe vera Tourn. ex. Linn.9, 10, 11  Gheequar Liliaceae Entire plant Aloin glycoside
Aloe barbadensis Miller12 Gheequar Liliaceae Leaves Stimulating synthesis and/or release of insulin Barbaloin, isobarbaloin, resin
Amaranthus spinosus Linn.13 Kataili chaulai Amaranthaceae Stem
Anacardium occidentale Linn14 Kaju Anacardiaceae Entire plant Flavonols, terpenoid, caumarin, phenolic compound,essential oil
Andrographis paniculata Nees 15, 16 Kalmegh Acanthaceae Entire plant Increase glucose metabolism Diterpenoid lactone andrographoloid
Annona squamosa17 Sharifa Annonaceae Leaves Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activities of ethanolicleaf-extract, Increased plasma insulin level Acetogenins- squamosin B, squamosamide,reticulatain-2,isosquamosin
Artemisia pallens Wall18 Davana Compositae Aerial parts Hypoglycemic, increases peripheral glucose utilization or inhibits glucose reabsorption Essential oil, davanone
Averrhoa bilimbi19, 20 Bilimbi Oxalidaceae Leaves increase serum insulin level
Azadirachta indica A.juss.21 Neem Meliaceae Leaves Glycogenolytic effect due to epinephrine action was blocked Nimbidin, Nimbin, Nimbidol, Nimbosterol
Beta vulgaris Linn22 chukandar Chenopodiaceae Leaves Reduce blood glucose level by regeneration of β cells
Bidens pilosa23 compositae Aerial parts Polyacetylenic glucoside
Bixa orellana L.24 Annotta Bixaceae Entire plant Increase plasma insulin conc. & increase insulin binding on insulin receptor Oleo-resin
Boerhaavia diffusa L. 25 Punarnava Nyctaginaceae Leaves & Entire plant Increase in hexokinase activity,decrease in glucose-6-phosphataseand fructose bis-phosphatase activity, increase plasma insulin level Alkaloid punarnavaine, punarnavoside
Brassica juncea L. 26 Rai Cruciferae Leaves & seed Food adjuvants for diabetic patients Isothiocyanate glycoside singrin, protein, fixed oil
Caesalpinia bonducella Flem. 27 Karanju Leguminose Seed kernels Free radicle scavenging Fatty oil
Camellia sinensis28 Green tea (chai) Theaceae Leaves Increase insulin secretion Polyphenolic constituents (EGCG)
Capparis deciduas Edgew29 Karer Capparidaceae Powder Hypoglycemic,antioxidant, hypolipidaemic
Capsicum frutescens Linn.30 Mirch Solanaceae Entire plant Increase insulin secretion & reduction of insulin binding on the insulin receptor Capsaicin,pritein
Carum carvi Linn.31 Shia jira Umbelliferae Fruits V.oil, resin, carvone, fixed oil
Cassia alata32 Ringworm senna Caesalpiniaceae Leaves
Cassia auriculata 33 Tarwar Caesalpiniaceae Flower Increase utilization of glucose through increase glycolysis
Catharanthus roseus G.Don34 Sadabahar Apocynaceae Leaves, twig & flower Increase metabolisation of glucose Indole alkaloid, vincristine vinblastin
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees25 Dalchini Lauraceae Bark Elevation in plasma insulin V.oil, tannin, mannitol, ca.oxalate,
Clausena anisata Burm.f.36 Rutaceae Roots Stimulate secretion of insulin
Coriandrum sativum Linn.37 Dhania Umbelliferae Seed V.oil, fixed oil, protein
Coscinium fenestratum Calebr38 Jharhaldi Menispermaceae Stem Increase enzymatic antioxidants Barberine ,glycoside,saponin
Croton cajucara Benth39 Jamalgota Euphorbiaceae Bark Fixed oil
Cryptolepis sanguinolenta R.40 Anantmul Asclepidaceae Entire plant Increase glucose uptake by 3T3-L1 cells Cryptolepine
Eclipta alba Linn.41 Bhringraj Compositae Leaves Decrease activity of glucose-6-phosphatase& fructose-1-6,bisphasphatase Ecliptin alkaloid
Embellica officinalis Gaertn.42 Amla Euphorbiaceae Fruits Reduce 5-hydroxymethylfurfural,creatinine albumin level Vit.C, tannin
Enicostemma littorale Blume43, 44, 45 Chhota chirayata Gentianaceae Entire plant Decrease glycosylated Hb & glucose 6 phosphatase Swertiamarine glycoside
Eugenia jambolana Lam.46, 47, 48 Jamun Myrtaceae Seed, fruit , leaves, kernel Lowers plasma glucose level
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.49 Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Leaves Increase insulin secretion from clonal pancreatic beta line (BRIN-BD 11) Essential oil , cineol
Euphrasia officinale50 Eyebright Scrophulariaceae Leaves
Ficus religiosa  Linn.51 Peepal Moraceae Entire plant Initiating release of insulin Tannin
Ficus bengalensis Linn.52 Bargad Moraceae Bark Rising serum insulin Tannin
Ficus carica53 Anjir Moraceae Leaves
Gymnema montanum hook f. 54 Asclepiadaceae Leaves Antioxidant& antiperoxidative
Gymnema sylvestre R. 55, 56, 57, 58, Gudmar Asclepiadaceae Leaves Lowers plasma glucose level Gymnemic acid, quercital
Gentiana olivierGriseb. 59 Gentianaceae Flowers Lowers plasma glucose level Iso-orientin C-glycoside
Glycerrhiza glabra Linn.60 Mulethi Leguminosae Root Lowers plasma glucose level Triterpenoid,saponin, glycerrhizin
Gynura procumbens 61 Compositae Leaves Lowers plasma glucose level
Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn.62 Gudhal (china rose) Malvaceae Entire plant Stimulate insulin secretion from beta cells Vit.B,C, Fat,
Helicteres isora Linn.63 Indian screw tree Sterculiaceae Root Decrease plasma triglyceride level & insulin sensitizing activity Saponin ,tannin, lignin
Hordeum vulgare 64 Jau Graminaeae Barley seed
Hovenia dulcis Thunb65 Sicka Rhamnaceae Entire plant flavonoids
Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.66 Kalmisag Convolvulaceae Leaves Reduce fasting blood sugar level & serum glucose level

 

 Carotene
Ipomoea batata Linn.67 Shakarkand Convolvulaceae Tubers Reduce insulin resistance & blood glucose level
Juniperus communis Linn.68 Hauber Pinaceae Fruits Increase peripheral glucose consumption & induce insulin secretion
Lupinus albus Linn.69 Turmas Fabaceae Seed Lower serum glucose level Alkaloid , fatty oil, asparagines
Luffa aegyptiaca Mill.70 Ghiatori Cucurbitaceae Seed Lactigogue activity Fatty oil
Leucas lavandulaefolia Rees71 Kumbha Labiatae Entire plant Reduce blood glucose level
Lagerstronemia speciosa72 Jarul Lythraceae Leaves
Lepidium sativum73 Halim, hurf Cruciferae Seeds
Mangifera indica Linn.74 Mango Anacardiaceae Leaves Reduction of intestinal absorption of glucose Mangiferin
Myrtus communis L.75 Vilayati mendhi Myrtaceae Leaves Lower blood glucose level V.oil mirtii oleum
Memecylon umbellatum Burm76 Anjani Melastomataceae Leaves Lower serum glucose
Momordica cymbalania Fenzl ex naud in 77 kadavanchi Cucurbitaceae Fruit powder Reduce blood glucose level
Mucuna pruriens L.78 Kiwach Leguminosae Seed Reduce blood glucose level
Musa sapientum Linn.79 Banana Musaceae Flower Reduce blood glucose &glycosylated Hb
Momordica charantia Linn. 80 Karela Cucurbitaceae Fruit Reduce blood glucose level Momordicine alkaloid, ascorbic acid
Morus indica L. 81 Shehtoot Moraceae Leaves Increase glucose uptake
Murraya koeingii (L)spreng82 Curry leaf Rutaceae Leaves Increase glycogenesis , decrease glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. 82 Lotus Nymphaeaceae Rhizome Reduce blood sugar level Nuciferin, nornuciferin
Ocimum sanctum Linn. 84 Tulsi Labiatae Leaves Lowering blood sugar level V.oil, phenol, aldehyde, fixed oil, alkaloid, tannin, ascorbic acid
Olea europia Linn.85 Olive Oleaceae Leaves Potentiation of glucose , induced insulin released , & increase peripheral uptake of glucose Oleuropeoside
Opuntia Ficus indica Mill86 Indian fig Cactaceae Stem
Pandanus odorus Linn.87 Kevra Pandanaceae Root Decrease plasma glucose level Essential oil
Panax ginseng Mey.88 Pannag Araliaceae Root & entire plant Lowering blood sugar level Glycans, panaxans I,J,K & L
Punica granatum Linn89 Anar Punicaceae Seed Reduce blood sugar level Vit.C, protein, tannin, gallic acid, pelletierine
Picrorrhiza kurroa Royle ex. Benth90 Katuka Scrophulariaceae Entire plant Decrease serum glucose Picrorrhizin, kutkin
Phyllanthus amarus 91 Bhui amla Euphorbiaceae Entire plant Decrease blood glucose level Alkaloids
Phaseolus vulgaris 92, 120 Lobia Papilionaceae Pod, seed, whole plant Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, inhibit alpha amylase activity,antioxidant.
Salacia oblonga 93 Chundan Celastraceae Root inhibition of alpha glucosidase activity
Salacia reticulata Wight.94 Anukudu chettu Celastraceae Stem & root inhibition of alpha glucosidase activity
Swertia chirayata Roxb.ex.Flem95 Chirayata Gentianaceae Entire plant Stimulates insulin release from islets Zanthone mangiferin, gentianine, swerchirin
Syzygium cumini Linn96 Jamun Myrtaceae Seed Decrease blood glucose level
Scoparia dulcis Linn. 97 Mithi patti Scrophulariaceae Leaves Decrease glycosylated Hb & Inc. total Hb, Insulin-secretagogue activity
Trigonella foenum graceum98 Methi Leguminosae Seed Decrease blood glucose concentration Protein, fat, V.oil, fixed oil, carbohydrate
Tribulus terrestris Linn.99 Gokhru Zygophyllaceae Saponin Decrease serum glucose Harmine
Tinospora crispa Linn.100 Giloe Menispermaceae Stem Anti-hyperglycemic, stimulates insulin release from islets
Tinospora cardifolia Willd.101 Giloe Menispermaceae Root Decrease blood glucose & brain lipid Berberine, starch
Tamarindus indica Linn.102 Imli Caesalpimiaceae Seed
Teramnus labialis (Roxb) Benth103 Mashoni Fabaceae Aerial parts Caumarin -fraxidin
Urtifca dioica Linn.104 Bichhu booti Urticaceae Leaves Increase insulin secretion Fatty oil
Viscum album Linn.105  Vadank Loranthaceae Entire plant Alpha glucosidase inhibitor
Vinca rosea 106 Sadabahar Apocynaceae Leaves Beta cell rejuvenation, regeneration, & stimulation Vincristine , vinblastine
Withania somnifera Dunal107 Ashwagandha Solanaceae Root Decrease blood sugar level Withanine, somnine, withaferine, withanolides
Xanthium strumarium108 Chhota gokhru Compositae Fruits Increase glucose utilization Phenolic compound ,caffeic acid
Zingiber officinale Roscoe 109 Adrak Zingiberaceae Rhizome Increase insulin level & decrease fasting glucose level Sesquiterpene
Zizyphus sativa Gaertn110 Pitni-ber Rhamnaceae Leaves Dose dependent reduction in blood glucose level Tannin

 TABLE-– 2 CONSTITUENTS Vs MODE OF ACTIVITY

Constituents Mode of Activity
Alkaloids113  Inhibit alpha-glucosidase and decrease glucose transport through the intestinal epithelium
Imidazoline compounds114 Stimulates insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner.
Polysaccharides115 Increased the levels of serum insulin, reduce the blood glucose levels and improve tolerance of glucose
Flavonoids116 Suppressed the glucose level, reduced plasma cholesterol and triglycerides significantly and increased their hepatic glucokinase activity probably by enhancing the insulin release from pancreatic islets
Dietary fibers117 Effectively adsorbed glucose, retard glucose diffusion and inhibit the activity of alpha-amylase and may be responsible for decreasing the rate of glucose absorption and concentration of postprandial serum glucose
Saponin, (Triterpenoid +steroidal  glycosides) 118 Stimulates the release of insulin and blocks the formation of glucose in the bloodstream,
Ferulic acid119 Stimulatory effects on insulin secretion

 Fig 1  

Fig 1: Explaining Mechanism of action to control Glucose metabolism

                      Fig 2           Fig4                           

Fig-2: Structures of chemical constituents belong to hypoglycemic activity

CONCLUSION: Diabetes is a disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism attributed to diminished production of insulin or mounting resistance to its action. Herbal treatments for diabetes have been used in patients with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependant diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, etc. Scientific validation of several Indian plant species has proved the efficacy of the botanicals in reducing the sugar level.

There are several plants known for their antidiabetic activity, with different mode of action and phytoconstituents. This is an effort to streamline the phytoconstituents of specific family with specific mode of action to reduce plasma glucose.  Keeping in view from the reports on their potential effectiveness against diabetes, it is assumed that the botanicals have a major role to play in the management of diabetes, which needs further exploration for necessary development of drugs and nutraceuticals from natural resources111-11.

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IJPSR

Shanti Bhushan Mishra *, CH. V. Rao, S.K. Ojha, M. Vijayakumar, A. Verma and S. Alok

Department of Pharmacognosy, Roorkee College of Pharmacy *, Roorkee (Uttarakhand), India

shantipharma15@gmail.com

14 December, 2009

23 December, 2009

29 December, 2009

http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.1(1).29-46

01 January, 2010

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