AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF PLANTS FOR ANTI DIABETIC ACTIVITY WITH THEIR PHYTOCONSTITUENT & MECHANISM OF ACTION
HTML Full TextAN ANALYTICAL REVIEW OF PLANTS FOR ANTI DIABETIC ACTIVITY WITH THEIR PHYTOCONSTITUENT & MECHANISM OF ACTION
S.B. Mishra *1, CH. V. Rao 2, S. K. Ojha 2, M. Vijayakumar 2, A. Verma 3 and S. Alok 4
Department of Pharmacognosy, Roorkee College of Pharmacy *1, Roorkee (Uttarakhand), India
Ethnopharmacology Division, National Botanical Research Institute 2, Lucknow (U.P.), India
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences 3, AAIDU, Allahabad (U.P.), India
Institute of Pharmacy 4, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi (U.P.), India
ABSTRACT: Diabetes and its different types is an age old disease for clinicians since centuries. Many aspects of Diabetes needs to be explored with respect to physiological actions of insulin and the various clinical features of this disease such as tissue complication , since this is life style disease , so proper treatment in relation to diet and anti diabetic agents is emphasized In fact, herbal treatment for diabetes is not new. Plants and plant extracts were used to combat the disease as early as 1550 B.C., with as many as 400 "prescribed" before the development earlier this century of effective medications to control diabetes. In this paper an attempt has been made to give an overview of certain Indian plants with their phytoconstituents and mechanism of action which have been studied for their antidiabetic activity.
Keywords:
Diabetes, Hypoglycemic, Mechanism of action, Phytoconstituents
INTRODUCTION: Herbal medicine is the oldest form of healthcare known to mankind. Herbs had been used by all cultures throughout history. It was an integral part of the development of modern civilization. Primitive man observed and appreciated the great diversity of plants available to him. The plants provided food, clothing, shelter, and medicine. Much of the medicinal use of plants seems to have been developed through observations of wild animals, and by trial and error. As time passes off, each tribe added the medicinal power of herbs in their area to its knowledge base. They methodically collected information on herbs and developed well-defined herbal pharmacopoeias. Indeed, well into the 20th century much of the pharmacopoeia of scientific medicine was derived from the herbal lore of native peoples. Many drugs commonly used today are of herbal origin. Indeed, about 25 percent of the prescription drugs dispensed in the United States contain at least one active ingredient derived from plant material. Some are made from plant extracts; others are synthesized to mimic a natural plant compound.
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 4 billion people, 80 percent of the world population, presently use herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care. Herbal medicine is a major component in all indigenous peoples’ traditional medicine and a common element in Ayurvedic, homeopathic, naturopathic, traditional oriental, and Native American Indian medicine. WHO notes that of 119 plant-derived pharmaceutical medicines, about 74 percent are used in modern medicine in ways that correlated directly with their traditional uses as plant medicines by native cultures. Major pharmaceutical companies are currently conducting extensive research on plant materials gathered from the rain forests and other places for their potential medicinal value. This article has an objective to collect scattered scientific information on the herbs of hypoglycemic activity and to provide present status of plants on which antidiabetic activity has been done,
MATERIAL AND METHOD: The information on the plants having antidiabetic activity was collected from different web sites Journal and books available. These were further studied specifically to analyze the phyto-constituent and different mechanism which can alter the blood glucose metabolism. Based upon the hypothesis plants belong to specific family may have similar type of chemical composition and similar type of mechanism of action. The screening has been done on 83 Indian journals and 13 international journals containing 99 plants 45 families 7 basic phytoconstituent and 8 mechanism of action. After compilation of data the method has been opted from generalization to specification. Table 1 contains List of plants having Antidiabetic activity with their chemical constituents and mode of action; where as Constituent Vs Mode of Activity has been described in Table 2. To understand the mechanism of action fig-1 has been provided along with figures of phytoconstituent in fig-2.
TABLE-1 LIST OF PLANTS HAVING ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITY
Botanical Name | Local Name* | Family | Parts used | Mechanism of action | Chemical Constituents |
Abies pindrow Royle1 | Morinda / Rodha | Pinaceae | Entire plant | Insulin secretagogue activity | Volatile oil |
Abroma augusta Linn2 | Devil’s cotton | Sterculiaceae | Roots & Leaves | Lowering blood sugar | Fixed oil, Alkaloid |
Acacia arabica willd3 | Babool | Leguminosae | Seed | Initiate release of insulin | arabin |
Achyranthus aspera L4. | chirchiri | Amaranthaceae | Entire plant | Decrease blood sugar | |
Agrimony eupatoria L.5 | Rosaceae | Leaves | Insulin releasing & insulin like activity | ||
Ajauga iva wall.ex.Benth6 | Bugle weed | Labiatae | Entire plant | Decrease plasma glucose level | |
Allium sativum Linn.7 | Lehsun | Liliaceae | Roots | Antihyperglycemic and antinociceptive effect | v.oil, Allin, Allicin |
Allium cepa Linn.8 | Pyaz | Liliaceae | Bulb | Stimulating effects on glucose utilization and antioxidant enzyme | Protein, carbohydrate, vit. A,B,C, Allyl propyldisulphide |
Aloe vera Tourn. ex. Linn.9, 10, 11 | Gheequar | Liliaceae | Entire plant | Aloin glycoside | |
Aloe barbadensis Miller12 | Gheequar | Liliaceae | Leaves | Stimulating synthesis and/or release of insulin | Barbaloin, isobarbaloin, resin |
Amaranthus spinosus Linn.13 | Kataili chaulai | Amaranthaceae | Stem | ||
Anacardium occidentale Linn14 | Kaju | Anacardiaceae | Entire plant | Flavonols, terpenoid, caumarin, phenolic compound,essential oil | |
Andrographis paniculata Nees 15, 16 | Kalmegh | Acanthaceae | Entire plant | Increase glucose metabolism | Diterpenoid lactone andrographoloid |
Annona squamosa17 | Sharifa | Annonaceae | Leaves | Hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activities of ethanolicleaf-extract, Increased plasma insulin level | Acetogenins- squamosin B, squamosamide,reticulatain-2,isosquamosin |
Artemisia pallens Wall18 | Davana | Compositae | Aerial parts | Hypoglycemic, increases peripheral glucose utilization or inhibits glucose reabsorption | Essential oil, davanone |
Averrhoa bilimbi19, 20 | Bilimbi | Oxalidaceae | Leaves | increase serum insulin level | |
Azadirachta indica A.juss.21 | Neem | Meliaceae | Leaves | Glycogenolytic effect due to epinephrine action was blocked | Nimbidin, Nimbin, Nimbidol, Nimbosterol |
Beta vulgaris Linn22 | chukandar | Chenopodiaceae | Leaves | Reduce blood glucose level by regeneration of β cells | |
Bidens pilosa23 | compositae | Aerial parts | Polyacetylenic glucoside | ||
Bixa orellana L.24 | Annotta | Bixaceae | Entire plant | Increase plasma insulin conc. & increase insulin binding on insulin receptor | Oleo-resin |
Boerhaavia diffusa L. 25 | Punarnava | Nyctaginaceae | Leaves & Entire plant | Increase in hexokinase activity,decrease in glucose-6-phosphataseand fructose bis-phosphatase activity, increase plasma insulin level | Alkaloid punarnavaine, punarnavoside |
Brassica juncea L. 26 | Rai | Cruciferae | Leaves & seed | Food adjuvants for diabetic patients | Isothiocyanate glycoside singrin, protein, fixed oil |
Caesalpinia bonducella Flem. 27 | Karanju | Leguminose | Seed kernels | Free radicle scavenging | Fatty oil |
Camellia sinensis28 | Green tea (chai) | Theaceae | Leaves | Increase insulin secretion | Polyphenolic constituents (EGCG) |
Capparis deciduas Edgew29 | Karer | Capparidaceae | Powder | Hypoglycemic,antioxidant, hypolipidaemic | |
Capsicum frutescens Linn.30 | Mirch | Solanaceae | Entire plant | Increase insulin secretion & reduction of insulin binding on the insulin receptor | Capsaicin,pritein |
Carum carvi Linn.31 | Shia jira | Umbelliferae | Fruits | V.oil, resin, carvone, fixed oil | |
Cassia alata32 | Ringworm senna | Caesalpiniaceae | Leaves | ||
Cassia auriculata 33 | Tarwar | Caesalpiniaceae | Flower | Increase utilization of glucose through increase glycolysis | |
Catharanthus roseus G.Don34 | Sadabahar | Apocynaceae | Leaves, twig & flower | Increase metabolisation of glucose | Indole alkaloid, vincristine vinblastin |
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees25 | Dalchini | Lauraceae | Bark | Elevation in plasma insulin | V.oil, tannin, mannitol, ca.oxalate, |
Clausena anisata Burm.f.36 | Rutaceae | Roots | Stimulate secretion of insulin | ||
Coriandrum sativum Linn.37 | Dhania | Umbelliferae | Seed | V.oil, fixed oil, protein | |
Coscinium fenestratum Calebr38 | Jharhaldi | Menispermaceae | Stem | Increase enzymatic antioxidants | Barberine ,glycoside,saponin |
Croton cajucara Benth39 | Jamalgota | Euphorbiaceae | Bark | Fixed oil | |
Cryptolepis sanguinolenta R.40 | Anantmul | Asclepidaceae | Entire plant | Increase glucose uptake by 3T3-L1 cells | Cryptolepine |
Eclipta alba Linn.41 | Bhringraj | Compositae | Leaves | Decrease activity of glucose-6-phosphatase& fructose-1-6,bisphasphatase | Ecliptin alkaloid |
Embellica officinalis Gaertn.42 | Amla | Euphorbiaceae | Fruits | Reduce 5-hydroxymethylfurfural,creatinine albumin level | Vit.C, tannin |
Enicostemma littorale Blume43, 44, 45 | Chhota chirayata | Gentianaceae | Entire plant | Decrease glycosylated Hb & glucose 6 phosphatase | Swertiamarine glycoside |
Eugenia jambolana Lam.46, 47, 48 | Jamun | Myrtaceae | Seed, fruit , leaves, kernel | Lowers plasma glucose level | |
Eucalyptus globulus Labill.49 | Eucalyptus | Myrtaceae | Leaves | Increase insulin secretion from clonal pancreatic beta line (BRIN-BD 11) | Essential oil , cineol |
Euphrasia officinale50 | Eyebright | Scrophulariaceae | Leaves | ||
Ficus religiosa Linn.51 | Peepal | Moraceae | Entire plant | Initiating release of insulin | Tannin |
Ficus bengalensis Linn.52 | Bargad | Moraceae | Bark | Rising serum insulin | Tannin |
Ficus carica53 | Anjir | Moraceae | Leaves | ||
Gymnema montanum hook f. 54 | Asclepiadaceae | Leaves | Antioxidant& antiperoxidative | ||
Gymnema sylvestre R. 55, 56, 57, 58, | Gudmar | Asclepiadaceae | Leaves | Lowers plasma glucose level | Gymnemic acid, quercital |
Gentiana olivierGriseb. 59 | Gentianaceae | Flowers | Lowers plasma glucose level | Iso-orientin C-glycoside | |
Glycerrhiza glabra Linn.60 | Mulethi | Leguminosae | Root | Lowers plasma glucose level | Triterpenoid,saponin, glycerrhizin |
Gynura procumbens 61 | Compositae | Leaves | Lowers plasma glucose level | ||
Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn.62 | Gudhal (china rose) | Malvaceae | Entire plant | Stimulate insulin secretion from beta cells | Vit.B,C, Fat, |
Helicteres isora Linn.63 | Indian screw tree | Sterculiaceae | Root | Decrease plasma triglyceride level & insulin sensitizing activity | Saponin ,tannin, lignin |
Hordeum vulgare 64 | Jau | Graminaeae | Barley seed | ||
Hovenia dulcis Thunb65 | Sicka | Rhamnaceae | Entire plant | flavonoids | |
Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.66 | Kalmisag | Convolvulaceae | Leaves | Reduce fasting blood sugar level & serum glucose level
|
Carotene |
Ipomoea batata Linn.67 | Shakarkand | Convolvulaceae | Tubers | Reduce insulin resistance & blood glucose level | |
Juniperus communis Linn.68 | Hauber | Pinaceae | Fruits | Increase peripheral glucose consumption & induce insulin secretion | |
Lupinus albus Linn.69 | Turmas | Fabaceae | Seed | Lower serum glucose level | Alkaloid , fatty oil, asparagines |
Luffa aegyptiaca Mill.70 | Ghiatori | Cucurbitaceae | Seed | Lactigogue activity | Fatty oil |
Leucas lavandulaefolia Rees71 | Kumbha | Labiatae | Entire plant | Reduce blood glucose level | |
Lagerstronemia speciosa72 | Jarul | Lythraceae | Leaves | ||
Lepidium sativum73 | Halim, hurf | Cruciferae | Seeds | ||
Mangifera indica Linn.74 | Mango | Anacardiaceae | Leaves | Reduction of intestinal absorption of glucose | Mangiferin |
Myrtus communis L.75 | Vilayati mendhi | Myrtaceae | Leaves | Lower blood glucose level | V.oil mirtii oleum |
Memecylon umbellatum Burm76 | Anjani | Melastomataceae | Leaves | Lower serum glucose | |
Momordica cymbalania Fenzl ex naud in 77 | kadavanchi | Cucurbitaceae | Fruit powder | Reduce blood glucose level | |
Mucuna pruriens L.78 | Kiwach | Leguminosae | Seed | Reduce blood glucose level | |
Musa sapientum Linn.79 | Banana | Musaceae | Flower | Reduce blood glucose &glycosylated Hb | |
Momordica charantia Linn. 80 | Karela | Cucurbitaceae | Fruit | Reduce blood glucose level | Momordicine alkaloid, ascorbic acid |
Morus indica L. 81 | Shehtoot | Moraceae | Leaves | Increase glucose uptake | |
Murraya koeingii (L)spreng82 | Curry leaf | Rutaceae | Leaves | Increase glycogenesis , decrease glycogenolysis & gluconeogenesis | |
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. 82 | Lotus | Nymphaeaceae | Rhizome | Reduce blood sugar level | Nuciferin, nornuciferin |
Ocimum sanctum Linn. 84 | Tulsi | Labiatae | Leaves | Lowering blood sugar level | V.oil, phenol, aldehyde, fixed oil, alkaloid, tannin, ascorbic acid |
Olea europia Linn.85 | Olive | Oleaceae | Leaves | Potentiation of glucose , induced insulin released , & increase peripheral uptake of glucose | Oleuropeoside |
Opuntia Ficus indica Mill86 | Indian fig | Cactaceae | Stem | ||
Pandanus odorus Linn.87 | Kevra | Pandanaceae | Root | Decrease plasma glucose level | Essential oil |
Panax ginseng Mey.88 | Pannag | Araliaceae | Root & entire plant | Lowering blood sugar level | Glycans, panaxans I,J,K & L |
Punica granatum Linn89 | Anar | Punicaceae | Seed | Reduce blood sugar level | Vit.C, protein, tannin, gallic acid, pelletierine |
Picrorrhiza kurroa Royle ex. Benth90 | Katuka | Scrophulariaceae | Entire plant | Decrease serum glucose | Picrorrhizin, kutkin |
Phyllanthus amarus 91 | Bhui amla | Euphorbiaceae | Entire plant | Decrease blood glucose level | Alkaloids |
Phaseolus vulgaris 92, 120 | Lobia | Papilionaceae | Pod, seed, whole plant | Hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, inhibit alpha amylase activity,antioxidant. | |
Salacia oblonga 93 | Chundan | Celastraceae | Root | inhibition of alpha glucosidase activity | |
Salacia reticulata Wight.94 | Anukudu chettu | Celastraceae | Stem & root | inhibition of alpha glucosidase activity | |
Swertia chirayata Roxb.ex.Flem95 | Chirayata | Gentianaceae | Entire plant | Stimulates insulin release from islets | Zanthone mangiferin, gentianine, swerchirin |
Syzygium cumini Linn96 | Jamun | Myrtaceae | Seed | Decrease blood glucose level | |
Scoparia dulcis Linn. 97 | Mithi patti | Scrophulariaceae | Leaves | Decrease glycosylated Hb & Inc. total Hb, Insulin-secretagogue activity | |
Trigonella foenum graceum98 | Methi | Leguminosae | Seed | Decrease blood glucose concentration | Protein, fat, V.oil, fixed oil, carbohydrate |
Tribulus terrestris Linn.99 | Gokhru | Zygophyllaceae | Saponin | Decrease serum glucose | Harmine |
Tinospora crispa Linn.100 | Giloe | Menispermaceae | Stem | Anti-hyperglycemic, stimulates insulin release from islets | |
Tinospora cardifolia Willd.101 | Giloe | Menispermaceae | Root | Decrease blood glucose & brain lipid | Berberine, starch |
Tamarindus indica Linn.102 | Imli | Caesalpimiaceae | Seed | ||
Teramnus labialis (Roxb) Benth103 | Mashoni | Fabaceae | Aerial parts | Caumarin -fraxidin | |
Urtifca dioica Linn.104 | Bichhu booti | Urticaceae | Leaves | Increase insulin secretion | Fatty oil |
Viscum album Linn.105 | Vadank | Loranthaceae | Entire plant | Alpha glucosidase inhibitor | |
Vinca rosea 106 | Sadabahar | Apocynaceae | Leaves | Beta cell rejuvenation, regeneration, & stimulation | Vincristine , vinblastine |
Withania somnifera Dunal107 | Ashwagandha | Solanaceae | Root | Decrease blood sugar level | Withanine, somnine, withaferine, withanolides |
Xanthium strumarium108 | Chhota gokhru | Compositae | Fruits | Increase glucose utilization | Phenolic compound ,caffeic acid |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe 109 | Adrak | Zingiberaceae | Rhizome | Increase insulin level & decrease fasting glucose level | Sesquiterpene |
Zizyphus sativa Gaertn110 | Pitni-ber | Rhamnaceae | Leaves | Dose dependent reduction in blood glucose level | Tannin |
TABLE-– 2 CONSTITUENTS Vs MODE OF ACTIVITY
Constituents | Mode of Activity |
Alkaloids113 | Inhibit alpha-glucosidase and decrease glucose transport through the intestinal epithelium |
Imidazoline compounds114 | Stimulates insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. |
Polysaccharides115 | Increased the levels of serum insulin, reduce the blood glucose levels and improve tolerance of glucose |
Flavonoids116 | Suppressed the glucose level, reduced plasma cholesterol and triglycerides significantly and increased their hepatic glucokinase activity probably by enhancing the insulin release from pancreatic islets |
Dietary fibers117 | Effectively adsorbed glucose, retard glucose diffusion and inhibit the activity of alpha-amylase and may be responsible for decreasing the rate of glucose absorption and concentration of postprandial serum glucose |
Saponin, (Triterpenoid +steroidal glycosides) 118 | Stimulates the release of insulin and blocks the formation of glucose in the bloodstream, |
Ferulic acid119 | Stimulatory effects on insulin secretion |
Fig 1: Explaining Mechanism of action to control Glucose metabolism
Fig-2: Structures of chemical constituents belong to hypoglycemic activity
CONCLUSION: Diabetes is a disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism attributed to diminished production of insulin or mounting resistance to its action. Herbal treatments for diabetes have been used in patients with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependant diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, etc. Scientific validation of several Indian plant species has proved the efficacy of the botanicals in reducing the sugar level.
There are several plants known for their antidiabetic activity, with different mode of action and phytoconstituents. This is an effort to streamline the phytoconstituents of specific family with specific mode of action to reduce plasma glucose. Keeping in view from the reports on their potential effectiveness against diabetes, it is assumed that the botanicals have a major role to play in the management of diabetes, which needs further exploration for necessary development of drugs and nutraceuticals from natural resources111-11.
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Article Information
3
29-46
715
6834
English
IJPSR
Shanti Bhushan Mishra *, CH. V. Rao, S.K. Ojha, M. Vijayakumar, A. Verma and S. Alok
Department of Pharmacognosy, Roorkee College of Pharmacy *, Roorkee (Uttarakhand), India
shantipharma15@gmail.com
14 December, 2009
23 December, 2009
29 December, 2009
http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.1(1).29-46
01 January, 2010