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AN UPDATED PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF COCCINIA INDICA (WIGHT & ARN.)

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AN UPDATED PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF COCCINIA INDICA (WIGHT & ARN.)

Mayank Kumar*1, Shashi Alok 1, Dilip Kumar Chanchal 1, Rohit Kumar Bijauliya 1, Rahul Deo Yadav 2 and Monika Sabharwal 3

Department of Pharmacognosy 1, Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi - 284128, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Department of Pharmacy 2, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad- 211001, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3, Panchkula Haryana, India.

ABSTRACT: Traditional system of medicine consists of large number of plants with various medicinal and pharmacological importances and hence represents a priceless tank of new bioactive molecules. Coccinia indica belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae. It is a rapidly growing, perennial climber or trailing vine. Traditionally different parts of this plant namely the roots, leaves and fruits are used in folklore medicine for several purposes like jaundice, diabetes, wound healing, ulcers, stomach ache, skin disease, fever, asthma, cough. The leaf and its constituents have been reported to possess anthelmintic activity, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity, antimicrobial activity, antihyper-glycemic activity, hepatoproetcective activity. This review provides adequate information to develop suitable therapeutics out of these plant parts.

Keywords:

Antidiabetic activity, Antibacterial activity, Coccinia indica (Ivy Gourd)

INTRODUCTION: Plants had been used for medicinal purposes long before recorded history. Ancient Chinese and Egyptian papyrus writings describe medicinal uses for plants as early as 3,000 BC. Indigenous cultures (such as African and Native American) used herbs in their healing rituals, while others developed traditional medical systems (such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine) in which herbal therapies were used. Researchers found that people in different parts of the world tended to use the same or similar plants for the same purposes.

In the early 19th century, when chemical analysis first became available, scientists began to extract and modify the active ingredients from plants. Later, chemists began making their own version of plant compounds and, over time, the use of herbal medicines declined in favor of drugs. Almost one fourth of pharmaceutical drugs are derived from botanicals.

Recently, the World Health Organization estimated that 80% of people worldwide rely on herbal medicines for some part of their primary health care. In Germany, about 600 - 700 plant based medicines are available and are prescribed by some 70% of German physicians. In the past 20 years in the United States, public dissatisfaction with the cost of prescription medications, combined with an interest in returning to natural or organic remedies, has led to an increase in herbal medicine use 1. There are many herbal products proved to be having good antidiabetic potential. Coccinia indica (Bimba, kanduri, Cucurbitaceae) is famous for its hypoglycemic and antidiabetic properties in Ayurvedic system of medicine. (Fig. 1) Coccinia indica, the ivy gourd, also knownas baby watermelon, little gourd, gentleman's toes, tindora or gherkin (inaccurately) is a tropical vine. It is also known as Cephalandra indica 2. It is indigenous to Bengal and other parts of India. C. indica grows abundantly all over India, Tropical Africa, Australia, Fiji and throughout the oriental countries.

The plant has also been used extensively in Ayurvedic and Unani practice in the Indian subcontinent 3. Seeds or fragments of the vine can be relocated and lead to viable offspring. This can occur when humans transport organic debris or equipment containing C. grandis. Once the ivy gourd is established, it is presumably spread by birds, rats, and other mammals.

In Hawaii, it has been suggested that the fruit may be dispersed by pigs 4. Long-distance dispersal is most commonly carried out by humans due to its culinary uses or by mistake. In certain parts of the U.S., the ivy gourd is known as Rashmato (singular) or Rashmati (plural). Some people have begun using the plural term Rashmatoes, since it is sounds more like potatoes or tomatoes. In parts of the Caribbean it is known as lizard food.

FIG. 1: COCCINIA INDICA (ADOPTED FROM FLORA-EXOTICA)

1.1. Coccinia Indica Wight & Arn:

Synonyms:

Cephalandra, Physedra, Staphylosyce

Scientific Classification:

Kingdom:  Plantae

Order:         Cucurbitales

Family:        Cucurbitaceae

Sub family:  Cucurbitoideae

Tribe:          Benincaseae

Sub tribe:     Benincasinae

Genus:        Coccinia Wight & Arn.

Species:       Coccinia indica

1.2 Morphological Profile: 5

Leaves: Leaves are 5-10 cm, long and broad, bright green above, paler beneath, studded and sometimes rough with papillae, palmately 5-nerved from a cordate base, often with circular glands between the nerves, obtusely 5-angled or sometimes deeply 5-lobed, the lobes broad, obtuse or acute, apiculate, more or less sinuate toothed, petioles 2 - 3.2 cm. long.

Flowers: Male flowers: Peduncles are 2 - 3.8cm. long and subfiliform. Calyx-tube is glabrous, broadly campanulate 4 -5 mm. long. Corolla is 2.5 cm. long, veined, pubescent inside and glabrous outside. Female flowers: Peduncles are 1.3 - 2.5cm. long. Ovary is fusiform, glabrous and slightly ribbed.

Fruits: Fruits are fusiform-ellipsoid, slightly beaked, 2.5-5by 1.3-2.5 cm. sized, marked when immature with white streaks, bright scarlet when fully ripe.

Seeds: Seeds are obovoid and rounded at the apex, slightly papillose, much compressed and yellowish grey.

Roots: The fresh root is thick, tuberous, long tapering, more or less tortuous with a few fibrous rootlets attached to it. Roots are flexible, soft and break with a fibrous fracture. A transaction of root shows circular outline and is characteristic of storage type. Parenchyma is full of starch grains and thorough permeation of parenchyma with vascular elements is observed. The cork is composed of rows of cells.

Cultivation: Coccinia indica is a well-known vegetable grown in the coastal which is high in nutritive value. The ripe fruit which is red in color is a well-known anti diabetic & is being exported to many countries for this purpose.

Vegetable farming method is widely used for its cultivation. Both physical and chemical recommended for weed control. Hand-harvesting normally does not kill the plant but rather breaks the vine blankets into smaller pieces and the plant is able to re-establish when it touches the ground. These methods can make the infestation worse and further the need for more rigorous control methods. Picking the fruit and placing them in plastic bags can help decrease the seed back that is present with the soil. When utilizing chemical controls, that ivy gourd responded well to a thin-lined bark application of 100% Garlon 4 (triclopyr), leaving plants in place so as not to translocate the herbicide or spread the pest 6, 7.

Chemical Constituents: Plant contains resins, alkaloids, fatty acids, flavonoids and proteins as chief chemical constituents. Aspartic acid, Glutamic Acid, Asparagine, Tyrosine, Histidine, Phenylalanine and Threonine, Valine, Arginine are also found. The methenolic extract of fruit contains alkaloids, steroids, tannins, saponins, ellagic acid, phenols, glycosides, lignans and triterpenoids 8.

Roots containes Triterpenoid, saponincoccinioside, Flavonoid glycoside ombuin 3-o- arabino furanoside, Lupeol, β-amyrin and β- sitosterol and Stigmast -7- en-3-one 9 - 11. (Table 1)

TABLE 1: PHYTOCHEMICAL REVIEW OF PLANT COCCINIA INDICA

Plant part Constituent reported
Roots 21 - 25 Triterpenoid, saponin coccinioside – k(i). C41H66O12
Flavonoid glycoside ombuin 3-o- arabinofuranoside
3- o- β- (α-l- arabinopyranosyl)-(1→2) –β-d-glucopyranosyl- (1→3)- β- hydroxylup – 20(29)- en-28- oic acid.
Lupeol, β-amyrin and β- sitosterol
Stigmast -7- en-3-one
Fruits 26 - 29 Taraxerone, taraxerol, and (24R)-24- ethylcholest- 5- en- 3β- ol glucoside
Β- carotene, lycopene, cryptoxanthin, and apo- 6’- lycopenal
Β- sitosterol and taraxerol
Aerial parts 30 - 31 Heptacosane, Cephalandrol, C29H58O tritriacontane C33H68
Β- sitosterol alkaloids Cephalandrine a and Cephalandrine b
Whole plant 32 Aspartic acid, Glutamic Acid, Asparagine, Tyrosine, Histidine, Phenylalanine and Threonine Valine Arginine

Medicinal Uses: The plant has wide spread medicinal uses as shown in Fig. 2. Many clinical trial studies has proven effectiveness and safety of this plant parts and derived formulations for antidiabetic effect. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity of fruit and leaves were also found to be significant.

 

FIG. 2: MEDICINAL USE OF COCCINIA INDICA

Pharmacological activities:

4.1. Anthelmintic Activity: Methanol extract of Coccinia indica fruits in the concentration of 50 mg/ml showed potent anthelmintic activity against Pheretima posthuma 12.

4.2. Antioxidant activity: Oral administration of ethanolic extract of Coccinia indica (leaf) extract (CLEt) (200 mg/kg body weight) for 45 days resulted in a significant reduction in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and hydroperoxides in rats 13.

4.3. Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic and Antipyretic activity: Aqueous extract of Coccinia indica (leaves) produced marked analgesic and antipyretic activity at 300mg/kg dose when compared with standard drugs (Morphine and Paracetamol). The extract also showed significant anti-inflammatory activity 14. The activity was measured using tail flick model and yeast induced hyperpyrexia. The effect was equivalent to 25 mg/Kg dose of diaclofenac.

4.4. Antimicrobial Activity: Petroleum ether and methanolic extract of Coccinia indica showed the highest antimicrobial activity against gram positive organisms (Bacillus cereus, S. pyrogens and S. aureus) 15. Ethanol and aqueous extracts of Coccinia indica showed promising antibacterial activity against the E. aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhimurium by agar well diffusion method and broth dilution method.

4.5. Antihyperglycemic Activity: Chronic administration of Coccinia indica (fruits) extract at dose of 200mg/kg for 14 days reduces the blood glucose level of the diabetes induced animals as compared to diabetic control group 16. Dried extract of Whole plant was utilized. Ingredients present in the extract act like insulin, correcting the elevated enzymes G-6-P (ase), LDH in glycolytic pathway and restore the LPL activity in lypolytic pathway with the control of hyperglycemia in diabetes 17, 18.

4.6. Hepatoproetcective Activity: Coccinia indica leave extract at dose 400 mg/kg bodyweight showed potent hepatoproetcective activity in albino rats 19. Sylimarin was utilized as positive control. Reduction in SGPT and SGOT was observed 20. The other updated pharmacological studied done on Coccinia indica are mention Table 2 below:

TABLE 2: PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF COCCINIA INDICA

S. no. Activity /Year Model Plant Part Remark
1 Antidiabetic activity 34 (1992) Alloxan diabetic

albino rats

 95% ethanolic extracts

 

 Found to be active

 
2 Antidiabetic activity 35 (2008) Streptozotocin included diabetic rats n-hexane extract Found to be active
3 Antidiabetic activity with testicular disorders 36 (2007) Streptozotocin induced Diabetic Rat For Testicular Dysfunctions Formulation of Musa paradisiacal, Tamarindus indica, E. jambolana and Coccinia indica Found to be active
4 Antidiabetic activity 37 (2003)

 

 Normal and streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats.

 

 Leaves Evaluated for effect on blood glucose, plasma insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, and phospholipids and fatty acid compound. Of total lipids in liver, kidney and brain
5 Antidiabetic activity 38 (1953)

 

 Alloxan diabetes

in rabbits

 Roots

 

 Found to be active

 
6 Antidiabetic activity 39 (1998)

 

 Normal and Streptozotocin-induced male diabetic rats

 

 

 Leaves Lowered blood glucose by depressing its synthesis, on the one hand though depression of the key gluconeogenic enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6- biphosphatase and on the other by enhancing glucose oxidation by the shunt pathway through activation of its principal enzymes G6PDH
7 Hypoglycemic activity 40 (1963)

 

 

 

 Normal rats Pectin isolated

from the fruit

 

 Glycogen synthetase activity was highly significant significant redn. in phosphorylase activity
8 Hypoglycemic activity 41 (1963) Normal rats

 

 Water soluble

Alkaloid fraction

 Found to be active
9

 

 MOA of hypoglycemic

activity 42 (1993)

 

 Glucose tolerance test

 

 Alcoholic extarct of Coccinia indica (100mg/kg.),

 

 May be due to indirect stimulation of insulin secretion or to retardation of glucose absorption. Use of these drugs
10 Hypoglycemic

activity 43 (1972)

 Rabbits

 

 Alcoholic and aqueous extract of root powder Found to be active
11 Clinical trial in type 2 diabetic patients 44 (1979) Double- blind, placebo- controlled, randomized trial Alcoholic extract

of the herb

 Have potential hypoglycemic action in patients with mild diabetes
12 Clinical trial in diabetic

patients 45 (2008)

   Dried extract of

Whole plant

 Ingredients present

in the extract
13 Antidiabetic activity 46 (1985) Dog

 

 Dried extract of

Whole plant

 Found to be active

 
14 Antioxidant activity 47 (2003) Streptozotocin- diabetic rats Ethanolic extract

of leaves

 Found to be active
15 Anti-inflammatory

activity 48 (2004)

 Carrageenin and histamine induced

paw edema

 Fruit juice powder Found to be active

 
16 Antinociceptive

activity 48 (2004)

 Writhing induced by acetic acid in mice fruit juice powder Found to be active
17 Post- and pre- treatment anti-inflammatory activity 49 (2009) Carrageenan- induced paw oedema method Aqueous extract of

fresh leaves

 Found to be active

 
18 Analgesic

activity 49 (2009)

 Tail flick model

in rats

 Aqueous extract of

fresh leaves

 Found to be active

 
19 Antipyretic activity 49 (2009) Yeast- induced hyperpyrexia in rats Aqueous extract of

fresh leaves

 Found to be active

 
20 Larvicidal activity 50 (2008)

 

 Early fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti L. and Culex quinquefasciatus (say) (Diptera: Culicidae). Hexane, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, acetone and methanol extracts of the leaf Citrullus colocynthis, C. indica Found to be active

 
21 Hypolipidemic activity 51 (1997) Streptozotocin-

diabetic rats

 Ethanolic extract of leaves Found to be active
22 Hepatoprotective activity 52 (2003) CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats Ethanolic extract of fruits Found to be active

 
23 Antituberculosis activity 53 (1958) Experimental tuberculosis in Guinea pigs Extract of fruit

 

 Found to be active

 
24 Sex mechanism 54 (1952) Critical cytological investigation of different sex types Flower Found to be active
25 Antigibberellins 55 (1973) Proliferated tissue Seed Found to be active
26 A Histopathological

Study 56(1975)

 Gall formation due to attack of the larvae Stem Found to be active
27 Chitooligo saccharide

specific lectin 57(1994)

 

 Coccinia indica agglutinin (CIA) Chitooligo saccharide-specific lectin with

two binding sites

 Found to be active
28 Coccinia indica agglutinin(CIA) by thermodynamic

analyses 58 (1998)

 Fluorescence

spectra

 Fruit Found to be active
29 Antihepatotoxic

Activity 59 (2001)

 CCl4 Liver function Light petroleum, alcohol, extracts of the leaves Found to have

good activity
30 Treatment of diabetes 60 (2003) Lipid profile of Streptozotocin (STZ) induced albino rats Leaves water extract Treatment of Streptozotocin (STZ) diabetic rats, the

fasting blood sugar came down to almost normal value and improvement in glucose tolerance

and serum lipid profile
31 The hypoglycemic

activity 61 (2004)

 Injecting alloxan monohydrate intraperitoneally Fruit / The dried alcoholic extract were a semisolid mass and were successively extracted with toluene, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The results of the present study indicate that the toluene fraction was the only active fraction. The active principles in this fraction were found to be triterpenes which may be responsible for the antidiabetic activity
32 The stimulation of glucose transport in L8 myotubes 62 (2006) Glucose transport induced Stem Triterpenoids and carbohydrates were detected in water extract
33 Induced diabetes

mellitus 63 (2008)

 Administering streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally Leaves Leaves extract significantly lowered blood glucose level
34 Boon to Vegetable 64 (2008) The quality parameters of DRC-1 Fruit Investigation, DRC-1 genotype was found
35 Antimicrobial activity 65 (2009) Well diffusion method Fruit / organic extracts (petroleum ether and methanol) showed the highest activity Activity was more pronounced on gram-positive organisms with Staphylococcus aureus being more Susceptible and Salmonella paratyphi
36 Antibacterial Activity 66 (2010) Agar well diffusion method and broth dilution method. The aqueous and organic solvent (Petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol) extracts from the leaves

 

 Ehanol and aqueous

Extracts were found to have a more potent inhibitory effect comparing with the

other extracts
37 Mucilage Extract as

coagulant for water

treatment 67 (2010)

 

 Coagulation-filtration test Fruit mucilage extract Mucilage extract was

found to be effective in the treatment of high turbid waters
38 Antdiabetic effect 68 (2010) Alloxan induced diabetic  rats Aqueous fruit extract Found to be active
39 Hepatoprotective activity 69 (2010) Carbon tetrachloride induced liver toxicity in rats Diethyl ether extract

of the leaves

 Comparable with standard

Treatment 125 mg/kg body weight of silymarin, a known hepatoprotective drug
40 Pharmacognostic and antihyperglycemic study 70 (2010) Post -hoc Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test Aqueous and ethanolic fruits extracts Whole fruit extract shows significant anti diabetic activity
41 Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity 71(2011) Paralysis (P) and death (D) for P. posthuma worms Fruits/petroleum ether, ethyl acetate methanol and water as solvents Methanolic extract exhibited more anthelmintic activity
42 Mucilage as suspending agent in paracetamol suspension 72 (2011)

 

 Compound tragacanth,

CI mucilage has the potential as a

suspending agent even at lower concentration

 Fruits Obtained mucilage is

Partially soluble in water and easily soluble in acetone
43 Protective effect 73 (2011)

 

 Alcohol combines with CCl4 and Paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity Leaf extracts Leaf extract protected the liver from alcohol-CCl4 and paracetamol induced hepatic damage
44 Antihepatotoxic

activities 74 (2012)

 CCl4 induced hepatotoxic Changes in male albino wistar rats, Isolated from ethanolic fruits extracts and Leaves On hepatic liver peroxide, liver weight and antioxidant enzyme activities with reference to the control and standard hepatoprotective agent

silymarin
45 Combined effect 75 (2012) Blood glucose level and certain other biochemical parameters in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Leaves

Methanolic

Extract

 Intra-peritoneal administration of alloxan monohydrate produced significant increase in serum glucose levels
46 Proximate analysis, Phytochemical screening and Anti inflammatory activity 76 (2012)

 

 Carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema was used as the animal model of acute inflammation Whole plant

Investigation, petroleum ether extract, 60% methanolic extract and aqueous extracts

 Inhibition of

Prostaglandin synthesis
47 Wound healing activity 77 (2011) Wound model and wound model Ethanol and aqueous

fruit extracts

 Significant promotion of wound healing activity
48

 

 Studies on anti-stress

and free radical scavenging activity 78 (2010)

 

 Swimming performance time

test in mice Post Swimming Motor

Function Test

Cold-restraint stress

 Ethanolic extract of

whole plant

 Showed significant

Antistress and Free Radical Scavenging activity
49 Effect of leaf essential oil on

egg hatchability and different larval 79 (2010)

 

 Egg hatching inhibition concentration Leaf essential oil Possessed excellent larvicidal and egg hatching inhibition activity against A. stephensi
50 Antilithiatic activity 80 (2013) Male albino rats Fruit Found to be active
51 Ovicidal and Repellent

Properties 81 (2011)

 The repellent

efficacy was determined against three mosquito

species at three concentrations viz., 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 mg/cm

 Leaves extract, Methanol extract have most promising ovicidal

Activity

 On repellent effects of

leaf extract was reported in the present study,

confirm their potential for control of the mosquito

Populations
52

 

 Acute Toxicity

Study 82 (2011)

 Swiss albino mice

 

 

 Root This study is not a complete toxicity study. It emphasizes the call for carrying out toxicity studies even in natural plant products and drug of indigenous medicinal

System
53 Anticonvulsant activity 83 (2013) Male albino rats Fruit Found to be active

CONCLUSION: The multiple benefits of Coccinia indica it a true miracle of nature. Numerous studies have been conducted on different parts of Coccinia indica, this plant has yet developed as a drug by pharmaceutical industries. A detailed and systematic study is required for identification, cataloguing and documentation of plants, which may provide a meaningful way for the promotion of the traditional knowledge of the herbal medicinal plant.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors are grateful to Dr. Shashi Alok Assistant Professor in Department of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India for providing the his valuable guidance.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: We declare that we have no conflict of interest.

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    How to cite this article:

    Kumar M, Alok S, Chanchal DK, Bijauliya RK, Yadav RD and Sabharwal M: An updated pharmacological activity of Coccinia indica (Wight & Arn.). Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018; 9(2): 456-65.doi:10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.9(2).456-65.

    All © 2013 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

     

Article Information

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English

IJPSR

M. Kumar*, S. Alok, D. K. Chanchal, R. K. Bijauliya, R. D. Yadav and M. Sabharwal

Department of Pharmacognosy , Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, India.

mayank.pharma89@gmail.com

04 April, 2017

15January, 2018

21 January, 2018

10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.9(2).456-65

01 February, 2018

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