ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT OF ESOMEPRAZOLE IN BULK AND SINGLE COMPONENT FORMULATION

ANALYTICAL METHOD DEVELOPMENT OF ESOMEPRAZOLE IN BULK AND SINGLE COMPONENT FORMULATION

P.M. Rachmale

Modern College of Pharmacy, Yamunanagar, Nigdi, Pune, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACTEsomeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor which reduces gastric acid secretion through inhibition of H⁺/K⁺-ATPase in gastric parietal cells. By inhibiting the functioning of this enzyme, the drug prevents formation of gastric acid. Esomeprazole is combined with the antibiotics, clarithromycin and amoxicillin (or metronidazole in penicillin-hypersensitive patients) in the 7-14 day eradication triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori. Infection by H. pylori is the causative factor in the majority of peptic and duodenal ulcers. Common side effects of Esomeprazole include headache, diarrhea, nausea, gas, decreased appetite, constipation, dry mouth, and abdominal pain. More severe side effects are severe allergic reactions, chest pain, dark urine, fast heartbeat, fever, paresthesia, persistent sore throat, severe stomach pain, unusual bruising or bleeding, unusual tiredness, and yellowing of the eyes or skin. Proton pump inhibitors may be associated with a greater risk of hip fractures and Clostridium difficile- associated diarrhea. Patients are frequently administered the drugs in intensive care as a protective measure against ulcers, but this use is also associated with a 30% increase in occurrence of pneumonia. It is not official in any of the Pharmacopoeias and only listed in The Merck Index and Martindale, The Complete Drug Reference. There is no official method reported for the estimation of Esomeprazole. Literature survey has indicated that there are no analytical methods for estimation of Esomeprazole single component by UV-Visible Spectrophotometry but there are few methods which are reported like RP-HPLC method, validated Kinetic Spectrophotometric in commercial dosage forms, HPLC-UV method for the determination of Esomeprazole in human urine. Hence, the objective of the work is to develop simple, precise, accurate, sensitive, rapid and economical UV-Visible Spectrophotometric methods and a new simple HPLC method of analysis for the estimation of Esomeprazole in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations

Esomeprazole, UV Analysis, Method Development of Esomeprazole,  Zero Order UV- Analysis, First Order UV-Analysis

INTRODUCTION: All atoms and molecules are capable of absorbing energy in accordance with certain restrictions i.e. depending on the structure of the substance, energy may be furnished in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The kind and the amount of the radiation absorbed by a molecule depend on the number of molecules interacting with the radiation.

The study of these dependencies is called as “absorption spectroscopy”. Quantitative spectroscopic analysis is based on the relationship between the amount of light absorbed and the amount of absorbing substance. The basic UV-Visible spectrophotometer is the absorption of the UV-Visible region, which arise s from the electronic transition within the molecules by the radiant energy of definite and narrow wavelength of monochromatic radiation. Light absorption in the UV- Visible region causes the transition of an electron from a ground state and relaxation of energy takes place very rapidly. The important consequences of rapid relation of the excited states are not appreciably distributed by absorption of light energy from any source. Therefore, the fraction of light absorbed from an incident beam is independent of the intensity of these beams ¹.

Advantages of Instrumental Methods: Small amount of sample is needed for analysis, High sensitivity is obtained, Measurements obtained are reliable, The determination is very fast, Complex samples can be handled.

Limitations of Instrumental Methods: Skilled person is required, Cost of equipment is high, Sizable space is required,The sensitivity and accuracy depends on the instruments or wet chemical methods.

Techniques used in Instrumental Methods: There are many techniques available for the analysis of materials; however, they all are based on the materials interaction with energy. This interaction permits the creation of a signal that is subsequently detected and processed for its information content. Chemical instrumentation includes the following principle types ²:

Spectroscopic techniques: Spectroscopy measures the interaction of the material with electromagnetic radiation. Different types are:

• Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry,
• Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectrophoto-metry,
• Atomic spectrometry (emission and absorption),
• Infrared spectrophotometry,
• Raman spectroscopy,
• X-ray spectroscopy,
• Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,
• Electron spin resonance spectroscopy .

Literature survey: Reported methods of analysis for Esomeprazole as a single component.

1. Development and statistical validation of spectroscopic method for estimation of Esomeprazole in tablet dosage form using UV visible spectrometer: Esomeprazole has the absorbance maxima at 303nm (Method A), and in the first order derivative spectra, showed zero crossing at 303nm, with a sharp peak at 292nm when n=1 (Method B), Method C applied was Area Under Curve (AUC) for analysis of Esomeprazole in the wavelength range of 294-310nm. Drug followed the Beer’s Lamberts range of 5-40 μg/ml for the Method A, B C. Results of analysis were validated statistically ³.
2. Physicochemical characterization U.V. spectro-photometric method development amd validation studies of Esomeprazole magnesium trihydrate:The method was based on U.V. absrption method. Method
   4. Zero order spectrumMethod B) First order spectrumMethod C) AUC ⁴.
3. Estimation of Esomeprazole and Domperidome by absorption ratio method in pharmaceutical dosage forms: The method involved Q-absorption analysis based on the measurement of absorbance at two wavelengths, i.e λmax of Esomeprazole (303 nm) and Iso-absorptive point of both drugs (290 nm) ⁵.
4. Development and validation of HPLC method for the determination of Esomeprazole:separation was achieved isocratically on a C18 column utilizing mobile phase of       acetonitrile/phosphate buffer (60:40, v/v, pH 7)  Uvdetection at 205 ⁶.
5. Determination of Esomeprazole and its two metabolite in human, rat and dog        plasma by liquid chomatography ⁷.

Nature of investigation: 

UV-Visible Spectrophotometer (Double Beam):  Various modes in the mode selection screen of Uv-Visible Spectrophiotometer (Model UV 1700).

Photometric Mode: This is the fixed wavelength measurement mode.  This measures the absorbance (ABS) or % transmittance (T %) at a fixed wavelength.

Spectrum Mode: This is the mode in which spectral measurement is performed.  There are three types of measurement available i.e. ABS (absorbance), T % (% transmittance) and single beam E (energy) ^6.

Quantitation Mode: This is the mode in which unknown concentration of samples are measured by plotting a calibration curve of standard solutions.  The following 4 methods in quantitation mode are available, which depend on the number of wavelengths used for the measurement:

1. One – wavelength method
2. Two–wavelength method
3. Three – wavelength method
4. Derivative quantitation ⁷

TABLE 1:

Goals of investigation: Esomeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor which reduces gastric acid secretion through inhibition of H⁺/K⁺-ATPase in gastric parietal cells. By inhibiting the functioning of this enzyme, the drug prevents formation of gastric acid. Esomeprazole is combined with the antibioticsclarithromycin and amoxicillin (or metronidazole in penicillin-hyper-sensitive patients) in the 7-14 day eradication triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori. Infection by H. pylori is the causative factor in the majority of peptic and duodenal ulcers.

Common side effects of Esomeprazole include headache, diarrhea, nausea, gas, decreased appetite, constipation, dry mouth, and abdominal pain. More severe side effects are severe allergic reactions, chest pain, dark urine, fast heartbeat, fever, paresthesia, persistent sore throat, severe stomach pain, unusual bruising or bleeding, unusual tiredness, and yellowing of the eyes or skin.

Proton pump inhibitors may be associated with a greater risk of hip fractures and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Patients are frequently administered the drugs in intensive care as a protective measure against ulcers, but this use is also associated with a 30% increase in occurrence of pneumonia. It is not official in any of the Pharmacopoeias and only listed in The Merck Index, and Martindale, The Complete Drug Reference.

There is no official method reported for the estimation of Esomeprazole. Literature survey has indicated that there are no analytical methods for estimation of Esomeprazole single component by UV-Visible Spectrophotometry but there are few methods which are reported like RP-HPLC method, validated Kinetic Spectrophotometric in commercial dosage forms, HPLC-UV method for the determination of Esomeprazole in human urine.Hence the objective of the work is to develop simple, precise, accurate, sensitive, rapid and economical UV-Visible Spectrophotometric methods and a new simple HPLC method of analysis for the estimation of Esomeprazole in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.

Drug Profile:

TABLE 2 ¹²:

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Plan of work: Selection of single component formulation, Market surveys, Solvent selection, Selection of analytical wavelength, Type of instrument, Preparation of working curve, Sample measurement and calculations, Evaluation of reproducibility and recognitions of variations ^13,14.

Method’s:

• Zero order spectrum method.
• Derivative spectrum method.

Validation of analytical method’s ¹⁵:

1. Analytical Procedure
2. Specificity
3. Sensitivity
4. Accuracy

• Precision
• Robustness
• Limit of detection
• Linearity
• Stability

10. Limit of quantitation
11. Range
12. Cost of analysis

Year of experimentation: 2012-13.

Site: Modern college of Pharmacy, Nigdi , Pune.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Zero Order Spectrum (Calibration Curve Method):

1. Preparations of drug stock solution: Accurately about 10 mg of ESOMEPRAZOLE was weighed and transferred to 100 ml volumetric flask. To it 40 ml of ethanol was added to dissolve the drug completely with vigorous shaking then the volume was made up with distilled water up to the mark to give the drug stock solution of concentration 100 µ/ml.
2. Preparation of Standard Drug Dilutions: From the stock solution of ESOMEPRAZOLE appropriate volumes were pipetted out and transferred to 10 ml volumetric flasks. The volume was made up to the mark with glass distilled water to give the samples of desired concentrations.

Selection of analytical wavelengths: The standard solutions were then scanned in the spectrum mode of the instrument from 400 nm to 200 nm against glass distilled water as blank. The zero order derivative spectrum obtained with wavelength difference (n=0) showed a sharp peak was obtained at 301 nm as shown in figure 1.

FIG. 1: ZERO ORDER SPECTRUM

TABLE 2: STANDARD CALIBRATION TABLE FOR ESOMEPRAZOLE

FIG. 2: CALIBRATION CURVE ESOMEPRAZOLE IN ZERO ORDER DERIVATIVE SPECTRUM

TABLE 3: OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PARAMETERS

TABLE 4: STATISTICAL VALIDATION BY ZERO ORDER  SPECTRUM METHOD

TABLE 4[A]: ANALYSIS OF STANDARD ESOMEPRAZOLE

TABLE 4B: ASSAY OF THE TABLE

The results of the analysis of tablet formulations by Zero order spectrum method are given below in Table 5.

TABLE 5[A]: ANALYSIS OF TABLET FORMULATION

TABLE 5[B]:STATISTICAL EVALUTION BY ZERO ORDER SPECTRUM METHOD

Recovery Studies: The result of analysis of recovery studies and its statistical validation are given in table 6 and 7 respectively.

TABLE 6: RECOVERY STUDIES

TABLE 7 : STATISTICAL VALIDATION OF RECOVERY STUDIES

When *n=3 at each level of recovery                             

TABLE 8: STATISTICAL VALIDATION FOR PRECISION

First Order Derivative Method:

TABLE 9:  STANDARD CALIBRATION TABLE FOR ESOMEPRAZOLE

CALIBRATION CURVE OF ESOMEPRAZOLE INFIRST ORDER DERIVATIVE SPECTRUM

TABLE 10: OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND OTHER PARAMETERS

TABLE 11: STATISTICAL VALIDATION BY ZERO ORDER  SPECTRUM METHOD

 *Average of six readings

 TABLE 12: ASSAY OF THE TABLE

TABLE 13 : ANALYSIS OF STANDARD ESOMEPRAZOLE

*Average of six readings

TABLE 14: ANALYSIS OF TABLET FORMULATIONS

 T₁ : is the brands of tablet formulations.

TABLE 15: STATISTICAL EVALUATION BY FIRST ORDER DERIVATIVE SPECTRUM METHOD

   *Average of six readings

TABLE 16:RECOVERY STUDIES

TABLE 17: STATISTICAL VALIDATION OF RECOVERY STUDIES

When *n=3 at each level of recovery

TABLE 17A: STATISTICAL VALIDATION DATA FOR ESOMEPRAZOLE

TABLE 18: STATISTICAL VALIDATION FOR PRECISION

TABLE 19: OPTICAL CALIBRATION CURVE OF  ESOMEPRAZOLE

CONCLUSION: It is not official in any of the Pharmacopoeias and only listed in The Merck Index, and Martindale, The Complete Drug Reference. There is no official method reported for the estimation of Esomeprazole. Literature survey has indicated that there are no analytical methods for estimation of Esomeprazole single component by UV-Visible Spectrophotometry but there are few methods which are reported like RP-HPLC method, validated Kinetic Spectrophotometric in commercial dosage forms, HPLC-UV method for the determination of Esomeprazole in human urine.

Hence, the objective of the work is to develop simple, precise, accurate, sensitive, rapid and economical UV-Visible Spectrophotometric methods and a new simple HPLC method of analysis for the estimation of Esomeprazole in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.

The methods were based on the development of calibration curve for the standard drug and the analysis of the formulation aws done using the calibration curve in the quantitation mode of the Spectro-photometer (Method A). The standard drug solution were scanned in the spectrum mode and the first order derivative spectra with (n=1) processed showed zero crossing at the absorbance maxima of the normal spectra, the derivative dA/dƛ is plotted against the concentration of the standard solution (Method B).

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    How to cite this article:

    Rachmale PM: Analytical Method Development of Esomeprazole in Bulk and Single Component Formulation. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 3(12); 5067-5074.

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