ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF MIXTURE OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF NEEM (AZADIRACHTA INDICA LINN.) AND TANTANI (LANTANA CAMARA)

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF MIXTURE OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF NEEM (AZADIRACHTA INDICA LINN.) AND TANTANI (LANTANA CAMARA)

Gauri Parashar ^*, Ninad Sutar and Sachin Sanap

Department of Pharmaceutics, JSPM’s Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy and Research, Pune - 411033, Maharashtra, India.

ABSTRACT: Screening of medicinal plants for their antimicrobial activity leads to development of less expensive formulations with better safety and efficacy. A. indica and L. camara shows antibacterial activity. A. indica is multipurpose tree with wide range of uses. Also the L. camara has steroidal content showing cardiotonic, antispasmodic activity along with antibacterial activity. In the present study we have compared the individual alcoholic leaf extracts of both plants with their combination. Antibacterial activity in mixture of leaf extracts of Neem (Azadirachta indica) and tantani (Lantana camara) was tested against human pathogenic bacteria E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, P. aureginosa and Bacillus subtilis. Ethanolic extracts of Neem and Tantani leaves were used. Varying concentrations of individual extracts and their combination of 10 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml were prepared. Antimicrobial assay using cup plate method was used. When compared with individual leaf extract of Neem and tantani, combination shows maximum inhibition on E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aureginosa, Bacillus subtilis. These good experimental results can further be explored. The mixture of these plant extracts as bactericidal can be used in formulation development in natural products.

Azadirachta indica, Lantana camara, Escherichia. coli, Pseudomonas aureginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Synergistic effect

INTRODUCTION: Neem (Azadirachta indica) is a tree in the mahogany family Maliaceae. Neem is used in traditional medicine as a source of therapeutic agents in the Indian culture and grows well in tropical countries. Its twig provides a chewing stick and are widely used in Indian subcontinent ¹. Earlier studies on Neem have showed that it contains active substances with multiple medicinal properties. Azadirachta indica in folklore medicine for the treatment of diabetes. Neem leaves has antibacterial properties and could be used for controlling airborne bacterial contamination in the residential premises ¹. The antimicrobial efficacy of extracts of Neem leaf, bark and seed shows high,

moderate and low antimicrobial activities ². The nanoemulsion of Neem at lower concentrations can be used as an effective antibacterial agent for treatment of pathogenic bacterial infections without any toxicity to human system ³. The ethanolic extracts obtain whether from dry and fresh leaves are more efficient ⁴. Lantana camara commonly known as wild sage, is a flowering shrub native of tropical America and is cultivated throughout the World as an ornamental. The leaves are used in treatment of itches, cuts, ulcers, swellings, bilious fever, eczema and rheumatism. Many pharma-cological investigations indicated that extracts of leaves of Lantana camara exhibit antibacterial properties ⁵. Pharmacological investigations have indicated that extracts of the shoots of L. camara exhibit antibacterial properties. Lancamarone, a steroid from the leaves, possesses cardiotonic properties, while lantamine, an alkaloid from the stem and root bark, shows strong antipyretic and antispasmodic properties comparable with those of quinine ⁶.

The genus Lantana belongs to family Verbanaceae is used in folk medicine by local people. The leaves of this plant are used as medicine for treating skin infections caused by pus-producing organisms like staphylococci and group A streptococci ⁷. The hexane extracts of Lantana camara leaves shows highest zone against streptococcus pneumoniae ⁸. The studies on Lantana camara extracts demonstrate that leaves can be employed to combact antimicrobial, fungicide, insecticide, nematicide problem ⁹. The purpose of present study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of combination of Azadirachta indica and L. camara leaves extracts against human pathogenic bacteria, including E. coli, Pseudomonas aureginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Plant Material: The plant Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Tantani (Lantana camara) were selected for study. The plant Neem was selected from medicinal garden of JSPM’s Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy and Research, Tathwade, Pune - 411033 and plant L. camara was selected from local garden, Pune - 411019. Both the plants were authenticated by Agarkar Research Institute, Pune. [Authentication voucher specimen no. of A. indica (17- 186) and L. camara (17-187)].

Preparation of Extracts: The leaves of both the plants were air dried at room temperature and grinded them into powder form with help of mechanical grinder. Both powdered plant leaves were extracted with the ethanol in rotary shaker at 100 rpm for 3 days ¹⁰. The obtained liquid extracts were subjected to rotary evaporator at reduced pressure (in vacuum at 40 ºC) and evaporated to dryness ^{11, 12}.

The dried crude extract of L. camara was sterilized overnight under UV radiation ². Both dried extracts were stored at refrigeration temperature ¹.

Preparation of Concentrations: In the antibacterial study, both the extracts were diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) ^{13, 14}. The concen-trations were taken as 10 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml of individual extracts and mixture of both (A. indica and L. camara).

Test Bacterial Strain: The following bacterial strains were used for antibacterial study, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aureginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. All the bacterial strain were obtained from National Chemical Laboratory, Pashan.

Antibacterial Screening:

Cup Plate Method: The antibacterial effects were tested by cup plate method ¹³. Firstly, the bacteria to be tested were inoculated into Nutrient broth and incubated at 37 ºC for 24 h. Petri dishes containing nutrient agar media were impregnated with these bacterial suspensions. Cups were made into the agar media with the help of borer (7 mm diameter) ¹⁴. Wells / bore were impregnated with different concentrations of each individual extract and mixture of both extracts. Blank well/cup was impregnated with DMSO as negative control and well/cup of chloramphenicol (10, 50, 100 mg/ml per cup) as positive control. The entire test plates were incubated at 37 ºC for 24 h and diameter of zones of inhibition were measured. The inhibitory effects of both individual extracts of Azadirachta indica and Lantana camara and their mixtures on four bacterial strains in nutrient agar media are shown in Table 1.

RESULTS:

TABLE 1: DIAMETER OF ZONE OF INHIBITION (mm) OF A. INDICA, L. CAMARA, MIXTURE AT CONCENTRATION OF 10 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml [1. ESCHERICHIA COLI, 2. BACILLUS SUBTILIS, 3. STAPHYLOCOCCUSA AUREUS, 4. PSEUDOMONAS AUREGINOSA]

FIG. 1: AZADIRACHTA INDICA

FIG. 2: LANTANA CAMARA

FIG. 3: MIXTURE

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Many of the existing synthetic drugs cause various side effects. Hence, natural drug plant based compounds could be useful in meeting this demand for newer drugs with minimal side effects ¹⁵. A. indica leaves posses good antibacterial activity confirms the great potential of bioactive compounds and is useful for rationalizing the use of this plant in primary health care ¹⁶. Neem and its ingredient have been traditionally used worldwide especially in India the role of its active ingredients as chemopreventive effects has been noticed in various tumor via modulations of numerous cell signaling pathway ¹⁷. Also the antibacterial activity of L. camara extracts varied with solvents used for extraction. Crude preparation of leaves of plant containing both active and non-active components too have high efficacy than semi crude drugs or pure plant substances ¹⁸. Many authors have mentioned the secondary metabolites of extract effective against micro organism were evaluated and recognized as saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloid, flavonides, steroids, terpenoids ¹⁹. However, most of pharmacological studies were preliminary and require intensive preclinical and clinical studies to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of these plant products ²⁰. The results of this experimental study showed that the effectiveness of extracts was dependent of concentration used, thus increase in extract concentration leads to increase the inhibition zone. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of combination of leaf extracts on bacterial strain and was found that, the combination of leaf extract of L. camara and A. indica shows higher zone of inhibition than individual leaf extracts. This shows synergistic antibacterial effect on bacterial strain Escherichia coli, P. aureginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Authors are also thankful to the Principal of JSPM’s Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Dr. K. R. Khandelwal for continuous motivation, support and for providing the necessary infrastructure facilities to carry out this work.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil

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    How to cite this article:

    Parashar G, Sutar N and Sanap S: Antibacterial activity of mixture of leaf extracts of Neem (Azadirachta indica linn.) and Tantani (Lantana camara). Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018; 9(6): 2545-49. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.9(6).2545-49.

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