ANTIBACTERIAL EVALUATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY KORKUS IN MELGHAT FOREST AGAINST GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS
HTML Full TextANTIBACTERIAL EVALUATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY KORKUS IN MELGHAT FOREST AGAINST GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS
- H. Tambekar* and B. S. Khante
Post Graduate Department of Microbiology, S. G.B. Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
ABSTRACT
Use of plants as a source of traditional healing systems around the world that utilize herbal remedies is an important source for the discovery of new antimicrobials against resistant strains of bacteria. Medicinal plants have been a major source of therapeutic agents in Korkus from Melghat since time immemorial. Incredible knowledge of phytomedicine is acquired in non-coded form by these tribals and rural community is clear from evidences related to folklore medicines. Acacia leucopholia (Bark), Butea monosperma (Seed, Flowers), Woodfordia fruticosa (Root, Flowers), Sphaeranthus indicus (Fruits, Whole plant), Maytenus emerginata (Root, Leaves), Acacia arabica (Leaves), Caesalpinia bonducella (Seeds), Gardenia gummifera (Resin) were selected. Dried powders of plant parts were extracted in different solvents like water, ethanol, methanol and acetone. Antibacterial activity was tested by disc diffusion method against standard cultures of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella flexneri. Methanol extract of Woodfordia fruticosa, Acacia leucopholia, ethanol extracts of Sphaeranthus indicus, Butea monosperma, Maytenus emerginata were active against the test pathogens. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts showed presence of cardiac glycosides, anthraquinone, flavonoids, tannins phenolics in the methanol extracts of Woodfordia fruticosa, Acacia leucopholia.
Keywords:
Korkus, Melghat, Ethnomedicinal herbs, |
Enteric infections
INTRODUCTION: The large Melghat tract In Maharashtra State is a hilly terrain of Satpura ranges, which is highly dense forest and occupies an area of about 4000 Sq. km. Melghat with dominant population of Korkus and Gond tribes still depends on knowledge of local “vaidus” and “bhagats” for primary health care. These local doctors depend on seasonally available local flora for treating human diseases and store herbal material available in hilly areas as dried roots, rhizomes, fruits, seeds, etc 1.
Charaka and Sushruta had recommended sweetened decoction of flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa for fever, haemothermia, persistent dysentery. Dried flowers are sprinkled over ulcers and wounds, for diminishing their discharge. Conflictions of flowers are used as stimulant and astringent, given in dysentery to check hemorrhages and leucorrhoea. Kumaraswamy et al., 2 has studied extracts of Woodfordia fruticosa in various solvents and concluded that petroleum ether followed by methanol extract were highly potent antibacterial agent. Bark of Acacia leucopholea is used for cholera and diarrhea 3. Flowers of Butea monosperma are boiled in water to obtain a dye and also used as an antiseptic, against infections of round worms, thread worms and Giardiasis Badhe and Pande 4.
Roots of Maytenus emerginata are used in gastrointestinal troubles, especially dysentery 5, 6. Pulverized leaves are given in milk to children as a vermifuge. Leaf ash with ghee is applied on sores as ointment 7. The juice of Sphaeranthus indicus an aromatic herb, the plant is styptic and useful in liver and gastric disorders 8. Sticks of Acacia arabica are well known remedies for dental caries 4. Dwivedi et al 9 studied antibacterial, antimalarial activity of Seed of Caesalpinia bonducella. Resinous exudation of leaf buds and shoots of Gardenia gummifera is used to stop diarrhea due to dentition 3.
Traditional medicines are cheaper, with minimum side reactions and safe. To ensure the safety of its products and practices standardization is of vital importance. The knowledge of medicinal plants came from our ancient literature i.e. Vedas, with time and fast developmental changes had lead pathogens to gain resistance against new generation antibiotics. Hence search for new antibacterial sources that are of green origin has multiple advantages. In the Indian system of medicine, most practitioners formulate and dispense their own recipes; this requires proper documentation and research.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Frequent field visits were conducted in study area throughout year March to October for collection of specimen samples at flowering and fruiting stages. Specimen samples were identified by Mr. R.B. Giri, Ranger forest officer, Maharashtra forest Rangers college, Chikhaldara (Table 1). Selected parts of plants were collected, cleaned and disinfected with water and mercuric chloride (0.5%), dried in shadow and ground to powder in mixer grinder. For preparation of extracts, 10 g of powder was soaked in100 ml of solvents (water, ethanol, methanol, and acetone) refluxed after 24 h in Soxhlet apparatus, filtered and filtrate was evaporated in controlled conditions of temperatures to avoid destruction of dissolved phytochemicals.
Bacterial inoculums preparation: The standard pathogenic bacterial strains were procured from IMTECH, Chandigarh, India. The bacteria were rejuvenated in nutrient broth medium. Subcultures were prepared from the stock for bioassay. A loopful of culture was inoculated in 10 ml of sterile nutrient broth and incubated at 370 C for 3h turbidity of the culture was standardized to 105 CFU with the help of SPC and Nephlo-turbidometer.
TABLE 1: PLNT PARTS SCREENED FOR ANTIBACTERIAL STUDY
Botanical name | Local name | Vernacular name | Plants parts used | Medicinal use by Korkus |
Acacia leucopholea (Mimosaceae) | Safed Kikar | White Babul | Bark | Astringent, Diarrhea, Cholera |
Butea monosperma (Papilionaceae) | Tesu, Palasha | Flame of the
forest |
Flowers, Seeds | Antiseptic, Depurative, Diuretic, Antihelmintic |
Maytenus emerginata (Celastraceae) | Bharatti | Maytenus emerginata | Leaves, Root | Gastrointestinal troubles, vermifuge |
Woodfordia fruticosa (Lythraceae) | Dhayati | Fire flame bush | Flowers, Root | Astringent, dysentery, damage of mucous membrane |
Sphaeranthus indicus (Asteraceae) | Gorakhmundi | East India globe thistle | Whole plant, Fruits | Styptic, antihelmintic, depurative, bowel complaints |
Acacia arabica (Mimosaceae) | Babul, Acacia | Babul | Leaves | Astringent, Diarrhea, dysentery |
Caesalpinia bonducella (Caesalpiniaceae) | Sagargota | Fever nut | Seeds | Digestive problems, dysentery, vomiting |
Gardenia gummifera (Rubiaceae) | Dikamali | Gummy cape jasmine | Resinous exudation of leaf buds and shoots | Nervous disorders, diarrhea due to dentition |
Preparation of disc for antibacterial activities: Sterile blotting paper disc (10mm) were soaked in the solution in such concentration that the amount of solution absorbed by each disc was 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mg of each extracts of Acacia leucopholia (Bark), Butea monosperma (Seed and Flowers), Woodfordia fruticosa (Root, Flowers), Maytenus emerginata (Leaves and Root), Sphaeranthus indicus (Fruits and Whole plant), Acacia arabica (Leaves), Caesalpinia bonducella (Seed), Gardenia gummifera (Resins). The prepared discs were dried in controlled temperature and used for study.
Agar disc diffusion for antibacterial activities: For antibacterial properties, 0.1mL bacterial suspension of 105 CFU ml -1 was uniformly spread on Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) plate to form lawn cultures. The dried discs (dried at 370C over night) were applied to the surface of MHA plates seeded with 3h broth culture of test bacterium. The plates were incubated for 18 h at 370C. Antibiotic susceptibility discs, Ciproflxacin10 µg, were used as positive control while disc soaked in various organic solvents and dried were placed on lawns as negative control. The antibacterial activity was evaluated for 10mg/disc and diameter of inhibition zones were measured.
Phytochemical analysis: The presence of saponins, tannins, anthraquinones, alkaloids, triterpenes, flavonoids, glycosides, reduced sugar and phenols were detected by qualitative methods given by Khandelwal 10. Antibacterial response of the medicinal plants against various pathogens was calculated as:
Antibacterial sensitivity index for plant | = | Total score of antimicrobial sensitivity of bacteria |
Number of antimicrobial agents tested X No. of bacterial pathogens |
Results and Discussion: The present study was conducted to investigate antibacterial properties of selected plants from Melghat forest and used in Indian Folkloric Medicine. Total 11 parts of eight plants were used in 44 extract preparations (Table 2). Leaves of Acacia arabica proved strongest antibacterial among the selected plants for study, followed by flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa, Butea monosperma, whole plant of Sphaeranthus indicus and so on (fig. 1). Methanol extract of flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa and bark of Acacia leucopholia were effective against all the test pathogens followed by ethanol extracts. S. aureus was most sensitive test pathogen. It was sensitive to ethanol extracts of Acacia arabica, Acacia leucopholia, Sphaeranthus indicus, Caesalpinia bonducella, Gardenia gummifera and Woodfordia fruticosa. Strong sensitivity was observed in S. aureus, E. aerogenes, K. pneumoniae, Pr. vulgaris, Sh. flexneri, E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. typhi, Ps. aeruginosa and S. paratyphi in decreasing order (fig. 2).
FIG. 1: COMPARISON OF ANTIBACTERIAL RESPONSE IN VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS
FIG. 2: COMPARITIVE ANTIBACTERIAL SENSTIVITY OF PATHOGENS AGAINST VARIOUS MEDICINAL PLANTS
TABLE 2: ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS (DIAMETER OF ZONE OF INHIBITION MEASURED IN mm. (ZOI)
Botanical name | Solvent | E. coli | S. aureus | E. aerogenes | Ps. aeruginosa | S. typhi | S. typhimurium | S. paratyphi | Pr. vulgaris | K. pneumoniae | Sh. flexneri | Reducing sugars | Proteins | Fats and oil | Steroids | Cardiac glycosides | Anthraquinone | Flavonoids | Alkaloids | Tannins and phenolics |
Acacia arabica (leaves) | aq | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
e | 17 | 17 | 18 | 13 | 21 | 15 | 25 | 20 | 16 | 25 | + | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
m | 22 | 25 | 22 | 18 | 26 | 15 | 20 | 23 | 17 | 24 | + | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
ac | 21 | 24 | 18 | 15 | 23 | 15 | 15 | 21 | 16 | 21 | + | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
Acacia leucopholea
(bark) |
aq | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | + |
e | 18 | 25 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 16 | 0 | 20 | 15 | 22 | + | - | - | + | + | + | + | - | + | |
m | 20 | 24 | 21 | 21 | 17 | 20 | 22 | 22 | 16 | 22 | + | - | - | + | + | + | + | - | + | |
ac | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | - | - | + | + | + | + | - | + | |
Butea monosperma
(flowers) |
aq | 0 | 14 | 15 | 20 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | - | + |
e | 20 | 18 | 17 | 20 | 20 | 17 | 20 | 17 | 17 | 22 | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | + | |
m | 16 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 15 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | + | |
ac | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 17 | 0 | 15 | 15 | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | + | |
Caesalpinia bonducella (seeds) | aq | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | + | + | - | - | + | - | + | - |
e | 0 | 14 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 22 | - | + | + | - | + | + | - | + | - | |
m | 0 | 34 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 22 | - | + | + | - | + | + | - | + | - | |
ac | 0 | 13 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 14 | 16 | + | + | + | - | + | + | - | + | - | |
Gardenia gummifera (Resins) | aq | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 16 | 0 | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
e | 0 | 19 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 22 | 0 | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
m | 0 | 22 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 0 | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
ac | 0 | 21 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 0 | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
Maytenus emerginata (leaves) | aq | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | + |
e | 17 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 17 | 16 | 15 | 20 | 20 | 15 | + | - | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | |
m | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | - | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | |
ac | 15 | 18 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | + | - | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | |
Maytenus emerginata (roots) | aq | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | - |
e | 14 | 17 | 17 | 20 | 16 | 17 | 0 | 30 | 15 | 14 | + | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | |
m | 15 | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 16 | 15 | 15 | + | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | |
ac | 15 | 19 | 15 | 0 | 17 | 14 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 18 | + | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | |
Sphaeranthus indicus
(whole plant) |
aq | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | + | - | + | + | - | - | + | + | - |
e | 15 | 26 | 18 | 14 | 13 | 16 | 26 | 15 | 24 | 22 | + | - | + | + | - | + | + | + | - | |
m | 14 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | + | - | + | + | - | + | + | + | - | |
ac | 0 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 14 | 14 | 0 | + | - | + | + | - | + | + | + | - | |
Sphaeranthus indicus
(fruits) |
aq | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | + |
e | 16 | 30 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 18 | 0 | 20 | 19 | 29 | + | - | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | |
m | 15 | 27 | 15 | 14 | 17 | 16 | 0 | 16 | 16 | 25 | + | - | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | |
ac | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | + | - | + | - | - | + | + | + | + | |
Woodfordia fruticosa
(flowers) |
aq | 0 | 15 | 20 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 17 | 0 | + | - | + | + | + | - | + | + | + |
e | 16 | 25 | 14 | 20 | 14 | 14 | 0 | 23 | 17 | 19 | + | - | - | + | + | + | + | - | + | |
m | 14 | 22 | 17 | 24 | 0 | 24 | 18 | 23 | 16 | 21 | + | - | - | + | + | + | + | - | + | |
ac | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | + | - | - | + | + | + | + | - | + | |
Woodfordia fruticosa(roots) | aq | 13 | 14 | 0 | 12 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | - | - | + | - | + | + | + | + |
e | 15 | 21 | 15 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 21 | 19 | 15 | 19 | + | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
m | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 0 | 0 | + | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
ac | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
Ciprofloxacin 10 µg | 15 | 25 | 16 | 17 | 16 | 18 | 17 | 15 | 17 | 18 |
Note: Aqueous - aq, Ethanol - e, Methanol -m, Acetone –ac
Presence of steroids cardiac glycosides, anthraquinone, flavonoids and phenolics in both extracts suggested that solubility of different phytochemicals in different solvents must be responsible to show the difference in their antibacterial effects. Moderate sensitivity of Acacia leucopholia in ethanol and Methanol extracts in most of test pathogens must be due to its tannin contents found in Acacia species 11. Methanol extracts when tested by Dabur et al., 12, against clinical isolates and standard strains found that MIC was 300µg/ml for E. coli, B. cereus and Klebsiella sp.
Methanol extracts of the East India globe thistle was potent antibacterial against S. aureus and Sh. flexneri. Deshpande et al., 13 studied acetone and methanol extracts of fruit of Sphaeranthus indicus exhibited activity against Gram +ve and resistant to Gram –ve bacteria. Similar results were also observed in organic solvents extracts in discs with highest concentration of 10 mg in present work. Khare 3, stated that contents of Alkaloids, Tannins and volatile oil posse’s antibacterial properties against Vibrio cholera and Micrococcus sp. Flavonoids are synthesized by the plants in response to microbial infections, in vitro they were effective antimicrobial substances against wide array of microorganisms 14. Kumar et al., 15 found that extracts of Sphaeranthus indicus were highly antibacterial. Antibacterial activity of Woodfordia fruticosa flowers was recorded 12. The results were parallel to our findings for the highest contents in the discs i.e.10 mg. Sensitivity of S. aureus, Pseudomonas supported flower’s use as an antiseptic by the Korkus. Parekh and Chanda16 recorded that crude methanol extracts of Woodfordia fruticosa was good antibacterial at against all tested microorganisms as it is rich in tannins.
Ethanol extract of Butea monosperma was able to produce sensitivity in S. typhi, E. coli, Pseudomonas and S. paratyphi. Shigella flexneri was strongly inhibited by the same extract. Moderate sensitivity was observed in S. aureus, E. aerogenes, S. typhimurium, Pr. vulgaris and Klebsiella sp. Flowers of Butea monosperma were reported as active against worms, piles, colic pains. Tannins in Butea monosperma were active in diarrhea, dysentery when new formulations in herbal medicines were designed and studied for their antibacterial phytochemicals 3. Ethanol extract of Maytenus emerginata (leaves) was antibacterial to Klebsiella sp. and Pr. Vulgaris proved by Nair et al., 17 and Tambekar and Khante 18. E. coli, S. aureus, E. aerogenes, S. typhi, S. typhimurium and Sh. flexneri were mild sensitive. Pr. vulgaris was strongly sensitive to ethanol extract of root of Maytenus emerginata. Pseudomonas was also strongly inhibited but Sh. flexneri; S. paratyphi and E. coli were resistant to ethanol extract at highest conc. of 10 mg of the root. While others were mild sensitive to the same extract.
Methanol extract of seeds of Caesalpinia bonducella proved antibacterial against S. aureus, Sh. flexneri and E. aerogenes 19. Organic extracts of Gardenia gummifera were active against S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, and E. aerogenes. Sh. flexneri a causative agent of bacterial dysentery was resistant to aqueous extracts of all plants but sensitive to methanol extract of Caesalpinia bonducella (2 mg/disc). Parekh and Chanda 20 and Moon et al., 8, also demonstrated similar antibacterial properties of these plants. Acacia arabica proved its antibacterial against all test pathogens. S. typhi was inhibited by all three organic extracts of babul while positive control was inefficient to inhibit the pathogen. Methanol extract of babul showed maximum inhibition of E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi, K. pneumoniae, Sh. flexneri and E. aerogenes. Almas 21 and bioassay studies of Dabur et al., 12 also reported such antibacterial potentials (Table 2). Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extracts of these plants showed presence of anthraquinones, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, and phenolics.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: Further study of phytochemicals present in these medicinal plants may reveal some new antimicrobials. Alkaloids from Butea monosperma, essential oils in Sphaeranthus indicus, and tannins in Acacia leucopholia, Acacia arabica must be studied in detail. From the results we can conclude that the crude extracts of Woodfordia fruticosa, Sphaeranthus indicus, Butea monosperma, Acacia leucopholia and Maytenus emerginata exhibited significant antimicrobial activity and properties that support folkloric use in the treatment of some diseases as broad spectrum antimicrobial agent. This probably explains the use of these plants by the indigenous people in Melghat against a number of enteric infections since generations.
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Article Information
12
577-583
477
1318
English
Ijpsr
D. H. Tambekar* and B. S. Khante
Post Graduate Department of Microbiology, S. G.B. Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra, India
28 October, 2010
21 January, 2011
14 January, 2011
http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.2(3).577-83
01 March, 2011