BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION OF NANOFORMULATED PLANT
HTML Full TextBIOMEDICAL APPLICATION OF NANOFORMULATED PLANT
S. Heya, P. L. García-Coronado, A. Cordero-Díaz, A. D. Torres-Hernández and O. A. Pérez-Narváez *
Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Facultad de CienciasBiológicas de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, CP. 66455, México.
ABSTRACT: An extensive range of studies have shown plant extracts and their phyto-constituents efficacy, proposing them as a promising alternative for treatment or as adjuvants in human diseases such in skin, gastrointestinal, systemic and dental conditions, due to various active components presence, ease of access and reduced side effects. Indeed, depending on solvent used to obtain the extract, its active molecules may vary, including flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenes, sesquiterpenes, sterols, among others. Extract content (crude/partition/fraction) has pharmacological advantages over isolated compounds, due to pleiotropic activity and synergistic effect between components. Due to factors such as low bioavailability, solubility, and stability, it is difficult to translate its in-vitro and in-vivo effects into clinical picture, besides that pharmacological effects full potential cannot be exploited. However, in recent decades, extraordinary advances have been made in new drug delivery systems for the encapsulation of active plant metabolites, thus helping to improve different medicinal plant-based therapies and product efficacy. The current review highlights the importance of nanocarriers loaded with plant extracts as an alternative for dental, dermatological, gastrointestinal, and systemic diseases.
Keywords: Plant metabolic, Nanocarriers, Human disease, Pharmacology
INTRODUCTION: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that 80% of world's population depends on traditional medicine for a wide range of respiratory, kidney, skin, inflammatory, and gastrointestinal diseases primary care 1. Else ways, it is important to mention that plants' potential pharmacological effects have been extensively evidenced in studies both in-vitro and in-vivo reporting antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and analgesic activities 2–6.
However, it is difficult to obtain the same beneficial effects in clinical picture due to factors such as solvent toxicity, conventional dosage form, environmental characteristics, physicochemical stability, pH, in-situ bioavailability, among others 7. Furthermore, recent reports indicate that more than 70% of new formulated drugs have low solubility in water, which becomes the drug's limiting factor for its absorption 8. Therefore, there is a need to find new dosage forms to take full natural products pharmacological advantage more efficiently.
In recent years, new natural compounds application forms have been adapted through nanotechnology use, which consists of synthesizing particles with a size of 50-500 nm loaded with plant extracts to potentiate their biological activity. Indeed, previous studies report that silver nanoparticles (AgNP) synthesis based on Justicia glauca leaf extracts have antibacterial and antifungal activity of dental interest field 9. Liposomes formulated with Curcumin allow dental pulp stem cells homeostasis restoration 10. Poly (ε-caprolactone) nano-encapsulated Celastrolhas also been reported with anticancer activity (prostate cancer) 11; according to Pacheco-Ordaz, polymeric nanoparticles loaded with Berberis vulgaris and Curcuma longa crude extracts independently have biological activity against Entamoeba histolytica 12. It was verified that polymeric nanoparticles loaded with quercetin (flavonoids) increase their antioxidant activity compared to free bioactive compound 13. Since, it is possible to modify nanocarriers characteristics such as their constituents (organic, inorganic or hybrid), size (small, medium or large), shape (sphere, rod or cube) and surface properties (charge, functional groups, target union group) to obtain desirable pharmacological effects, nano-technology application is considered a very important tool for medical applications today 8, 14. Due to aforementioned, this work highlights the relevance of nanotechnological advances in conjunction with natural products potential effects for effective pharmacological use.
Types of Nanoparticles and Their Synthesis: Some characteristics must be considered for NPs synthesis such as bioavailability, better encapsulation, controlled release, and less toxicity, thus, emerging as a biodegradable nanoparticle. Synthesis method is determined according to the nanoformulation application. Biodegradable nanoparticles provide desired characteristic such as controlled release property, subcellular size and biocompatibility with tissue and cells 15. Nanoparticles carrying a drug can be synthesized by solvent displacement method by adding desired drug in solvent such as acetone along with polymer such as PCL/PLGA, before introducing it into aqueous medium having as a result entrapment of drug within 16. It has been shown in breast cancer models that when synthesizing tamoxifen-PCL nanoparticles, a higher concentration of the drug is observed intratumorally, increasing its bioavailability 17.
Emulsion/Evaporation Method: Consists of gradually mixing two synthesis phases in order to obtain the nanoformulate (a first consisting in a organic phase containing the drug and the second with a polymer dissolved in an aqueous solution containing an appropriate surfactant). Said mixture induces an emulsion, after which it is subjected to homogenization (magnetic stirring/sonification) at high speed to obtain nanoparticles of desired size. Subsequently, a solvent evaporation is carried out in order to initiate polymer precipitation under reduced pressure or by constant stirring 18.
Dual Emulsion/Evaporation Method: Consist son encapsulating hydrophilic active principles. Initially, an aqueous phase containing drug dissolved in water and an organic phase containing an emulsifier are prepared to form the primary emulsion. Subsequently, primary emulsion is continuously injected into a solution containing a surfactant under constant stirring, to induce a second emulsion. Finally, system is maintained so that solvent is removed to obtain nanoparticles 7.
FIG. 1: EMULSION SOLVENT EVAPORATION TECHNIQUE (W/O/W TYPE) 7
Nanoprecipitation: This method is used massively in hydrophobic and thermo sensitive compounds polymeric nanoparticles encapsulation since heat is not used as energy source, but constant magnetic stirring is, for the purpose of breaking injection drops at phase into nanodroplets. Indeed, obtaining nano formulates using this method consists of injecting an organic phase (solvent, synthesis polymer, and active principle) into an aqueous phase (water and surfactant), under constant stirring. Then, solvent is removed under reduced pressure to obtain a solvent-free NP suspension. It is important to mention that the main solvents used in organic phase are those in which active principle and synthetic polymer can be dissolved. Finally, physical characteristics of nano-formulates are determined by photonic correlation spectroscopy, and encapsulated drug concentration by HPLC, gas chromatography, FT-IR, among others 18.
FIG. 2: NANOFORMULATION SYSTEM METHOD AND TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES. 1) ORGANIC PHASE INJECTION INTO AQUEOUS ONE; 2) SOLVENT REMOVAL AT INCREASED PRESSURE; 3) NANOPARTICLES PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS DETERMINATION; A) POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLE; B) NANOSPHERE
Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles: Plant extracts use in green nanoparticles synthesis offers advantages by acting as reducing or stabilizing agents; an environmentally friendly utility, good stability, less toxicity, and rapid synthesis 19. Indeed, nanoparticles synthesis with metallic materials (Ag, Au, PbS and fularene) is carried out regularly by evaporation/condensation method using a furnace tube 20.
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: According to Tollens method, metallic nano-particles synthesis involves the following reaction: AgNH32+ (aq) + RCHO (aq)à Ag (s) + RCOOH (aq) The principle of this method is the use of ammonia, which is directly related to controlling nanoparticle size 20. One of the chemical methods disadvantages is final product possible toxicity 21.
Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles: Gold nanoparticles with palladium-coated orange peel extract use has been reported to improve their solubility, employed in the detection of formaldehyde by colorimetry. It consists on dissolving gold ingots in an aqueous solution, using chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) to obtain HAuCl4 stock solution. Subsequently, plant extract is added under vigorous stirring until a uniform color change is observed. Finally, a H2PdCl4 solution is added under constant stirring at 35ºC for 6 h, a color change to brown indicates the successful synthesis of the nanoparticles 19.
Biomedical Application: Among technological advances in recent years, nanoparticles have shown enormous potential for clinical application. In this way, a new discipline called nanomedicine arises, which can be defined as the branch of medicine that applies knowledge and tools of nano-technology to treat and prevent diseases. Within a wide range of diseases that affect humans, such as: dental, dermatological, gastrointestinal system, and systemic conditions.
Odontology: The need to maintain good oral hygiene dates back to ancient times through the use of animal bones, bird feathers, chewing sticks, tree twigs, among other natural materials 22-23. Today, with medicine advancement and knowledge about medicinal plants, new disciplines have emerged such as "Dentistry" and "Chemistry of Natural Products"; where union of these sciences allows to address problems related to oral diseases through active ingredients of plant origin use. It is important to mention that antiseptic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, and analgesic agents derived from plants are of great interest in dentistry due to their high pharmacological potential and low side effects 24. At present, can be affirm that plant extracts use such as: propolis, burdock and neem, have given excellent results 2-24. Although medicinal plant-based drugs are gaining popularity due to their high pharmacological potential, their administration is generally done in traditional dosage form. According to Syed and researchers, this form of application has a wide range of disadvantages; among them, low bioavailability of active principle, poor solubility, absorption and instability, thus restricting drug therapeutic effectiveness 25. Therefore, a need arises to develop new forms of administration of active principles from medicinal plants using nanoparticle systems, not only to increase active compound bio-availability in target organs, but also reducing adverse effects, gaining better therapeutic potential and increase drug half-life 26.
Nanoparticles wide use in dentistry is based on properties such as miniscule size, high contact surface, lower toxicity, and good compatibility, which is often absent in micro and macro materials 27, and sometimes in traditional application forms. These properties make nanoparticle potentially useful as an antimicrobial, in tissue regeneration, oral bone fractures treatment, dental pulp repair, periodontium ligaments regeneration, anticancer, among others 28. It is known that 10 to 15% of the world population suffers from severe oral infections such as cavities, apical periodontitis associated with inflammatory process 29, 30.
Antimicrobial: Many bacteria and fungi produce diseases that manifest themselves in or around oral cavity; among them, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Candida spp. The greatest susceptibility to tooth decay is found in 20 to 40 age group, being women more susceptible 9. In the new biologically active molecules dosing system, nanoparticles are included, making it possible to take full advantage of the therapeutic potential. Indeed, according to Emmanuel and researchers 28, 30, silver nano-particles (AgNP) synthesis based on Justicia glauca leaf extracts have antibacterial and anti-fungal activity specifically against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Pchericaalugia coli, and Candidansomonas coli, main dental caries and periodontal disease causes, with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 25-75 μg/mL. Also, Manojkanna and collaborators reported that silver nanoparticles synthesized from Plectranthus ambionicus extract exhibited an antimicrobial potential against E. faecalis and C. albicans 32. It is of great importance to mention that other investigations have confirmed antimicrobial effects based on nanoparticles, Niveditha and collaborators confirmed that silver nanoparticles based on Plectranthus amboinicus extracts showed antimicrobial effect against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonellaparatyphi 33. Nanoparticles from Chrysopogon zizanioides leaves aqueous extracts are potentially active against bacteria and has antioxidant activity in-vitro 34.
The Mimusops elengi fruit extract in silver nanoparticles were proven and confirmed with antioxidant potential compared to standard ascorbic acid, according to Hoskote and Kiran studies 35 Cardamom fruits and Fructus amomi dry aqueous extract could be considered a Green resource for easy gold and silver nanoparticles synthesis for various medical ailments 36.
Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity: Dental caries and periodontitis are one of the most common human diseases in the world. According to World Health Organization (WHO), 3.47 billion people in the world had some oral disorder in 2017. One of the clinical manifestations is inflammatory reaction, due to pathogenic bacteria colonization capable of binding in biofilms 10, 36, 37.
A wide range of bioactive compounds isolated from medicinal plants have been reported to have anti-inflammatory activity; among them, curcumin, which is the main component of Curcuma longa, acting through various mechanisms that are not fully understood. According to Sinjari and researchers 10, curcumin formulated in liposomes allows dental pulp stem cells homeostasis restoration at 3 and 5 mmol/L. Thus, favouring cell proliferation decrease, morphological changes and positive regulation of IL-6, IL-8, MCP1, and IFNγ in the presence of 3 and 5 mmol L-1 HEMA treatment. Natural nanocarrier CurLIP influences numerous biochemical and molecular cascades that provoke anti-inflammatory properties in response to HEMA treatment in human dental pulp stem cells, representing an innovative endodontic formulation capable of improving dental care quality with a great human community impact.
Dental Care: In traditional Chinese medicine, a wide range of plants are used in oral care, including Icariin, which strengthens bones, inhibits osteo-penia and inflammation. It was reported that its nanoparticles greatly accelerated dental implants integration, improving success rate of dental implants 39. Also, it was reported that Mangifera indica nanoparticles improve mechanical bonding with considerable antibacterial activity 10.
Anticancer: Among limitations of plant extracts popular application there is active principle solubility, a parameter that considerably limits latter therapeutic action. However, nanocurcumin (curcumin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles) have been shown to have affinity for water without any surfactant. In effect, ease of dispersion gives it a great advantage in systemic application, thus allowing to exponentially take advantage of extract pharmacological potential; According to Laura M. in her work entitled Cardamom fruits as a green resource for easy gold and silver nanoparticles synthesis and their biological applications 40, reports that nanocurcumin are potential anticancer agent due to nuclear factor kappa B and transcription activation in cancer cells. Also, nanoparticles loaded with S. miltiorrhiza, Carthamus tinctorius, and Dendropanax morbifera are conferred anticancer activity due to their ability to inhibit oral precancerous and oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line proliferatios 41, 42. Following same order ideas, it is important to mention that silver and gold nanoparticles based on extracts of P. ginseng Meyer, Dendropanax mobifera Le veille, Tamarix gallica, T. chebula of M. edule have proven their antitumor activity in-vitro 43.
Dermatology: It has been deeply studied that plants provide beneficial effects to humans due to their antimicrobial 3, 13, 44, antioxidants 45–47, among others properties, which are attributed to their secondary metabolites 48. However, phytochemical effectiveness on skin can be conditioned by environment characteristics, compound degradation rate or other physicochemical drawbacks 49. In this manner, nanotechnology is at the forefront in vehicles creation that do not only protect bioactive component against adversity, but also potentiate its beneficial effect, reduces toxicity and increases bioavailability at required site, as well as allows a controlled release for greater effectiveness 7. It should be pointed out the particle size importance, and to a greater extent, a higher charge concentration to facilitate penetration into the skin barrier and better absorption during dermal administration 50.
Nanoencapsulated Antioxidants: Skin has endogenous antioxidants and enzymes that allow the control of reactive oxygen species; however, such activity is compromised by oxidative stress generated by radiation or pollution, not to mention that with the time passage it deteriorates; therefore, optimal exogenous antioxidants topical use is necessary to strengthen these mechanisms 49, 51.
Several investigation have shown nanotechnology potential in natural extracts applications for dermatological purposes, such is the case of olive leaf extract encapsulation with biodegradable nanoparticles of poly-lactic acid (PLA), desirable characteristics were obtained in particle size (246.3 nm), polydispersity (0.21), and z potential (-27.5 mV), which facilitated its skin permeation; likewise, nanoencapsulate antioxidant capacity against H2O2 radical had an IC50 = 4.37 mg/mL and showed that extract release reached 100% in 7 days under healthy skin pH conditions. It is noteworthy that the cosmetic formulation with encapsulation proposed presented stability by not generating significant differences in odor, rheology, and emulsion, in comparison with non-encapsulated extract where there were changes in color and pH 49. In the case of purified compounds, Quercetin, one of the best known flavonoids 52 due to its high antioxidant power 13 has been tested in its encapsulated form with sodium tripolyphosphate and chitosan nanoparticles, obtaining an average particle size of 183.6 nm, and z potential of 37 mV. This polymer has allowed to reduce toxicity, as well as provide it with greater stability and hydrophilicity, greater absorption in assay with spontaneously immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCat); likewise, this way easily penetrated epidermis and was retained in mice skin. It is relevant to mention that mentioned chitosan nanoparticles were able to potentiate the quercetin anti-UVB effect, efficiently inhibiting NF-kB/COX-2 signaling pathway that gives rise to cutaneous edema when activated by this type of radiation 53. In a similar study, quercetin was encapsulated with a biodegradable copolymer (PLGA-TGPS), observing greater hydrophilicity and anti-UVB effect by significantly blocking COX-2 compared to unencapsulated compound in HaCat cell line; in addition, they corroborated that it penetrated outer layer skin using fluorescent coumarin-6 probe, and it was macroscopically and histopathologically evidenced that skin damage was mitigated in their in-vivo study with mice exposed to UVB radiation 54. On the other hand, through the on sol-gel based platform, nanoparticles composed of silane have advantages over other platforms such as its greater loading capacity compared to liposomes, in addition to providing pores distribution that affect release rate. Likewise, was pointed out that curcumin, another antioxidant compound, when encapsulated solves rapid degradation problems and low solubility 55.
Nanoemulsions with Antioxidants: Regarding the use of nanoemulsions, this technique has been used in order to load pomegranate peel extract ethyl acetate fraction for the reason that it is rich in polyphenols. Baccarin and researchers made two emulsions, one with pomegranate seed oil and other with medium length chain triglycerides, mean size of 201.2 nm and 202.5 nm respectively; likewise, zeta potential was -21.9 and -25.7 mV, and poly-dispersity index was 0.17 and 0.11 respectively; which allowed them to obtain physical stability. Antioxidant activity was observed against H2O2-induced hemolysis by IC50 of 27.16 μg/mL and 76.05 μg/mL respectively, and compared their protective effect against oxygen radicals induced by azo compound AAPH (2,2 '-Azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride) on 5 bands of human erythrocyte membrane proteins, reporting values of 59.5% to 88.2% depending on the band and emulsion 56. Likewise, they showed that nanoemulsions have photoprotective activity against UVB radiation in HaCat cell line in a dose-dependent manner and sun protection factor (SPF) in-vitro being fraction and oil concentrations (~25) dependent; furthermore, phototoxicity in Neutral Red uptake test in fibroblast line of Swiss albino 3T3 mice was not observed 57. In another study, in-vitro pomegranate peel main polyphenols skin permeation was evaluated, observing in majority skin retention compared to the free fraction, a 2.2 times higher gallic acid retention in stratum corneum was observed using nanoemulsions 58.
Antimicrobial Effect with Nanotechnology: Skin diseases are very common, almost 900 million people of all ages suffer from these conditions 59. Likewise, there is a growing interest in natural products use due to microorganisms resistance towards conventional treatments 44. With regard to fungi, components of the cashew tree walnut shell, as anacardial acid (AA), whose antimicrobial capacity has been proven in bacteria that cause skin infections 60, and cardol (CD), has shown inhibitory capacity in-vitro against pathogenic strains that cause candidiasis and cutaneous dermatophytosis. These bioactive compounds encapsulated with chitosan and alginate nanoparticles (NP/AA and NP/CD) showed MIC and CMF values of 0.625 mg/mL and 0.312 mg/mL respectively, against all Trichophyton rubrum strains tested; while only NP/AA had activity against a strain of Candida tropicalis with MIC/CMF of 2.5 mg/mL.
Authors pointed out that in encapsulated form, inhibitory and fungicidal values were reduced due to dosage-controlled release. Therefore, it is important to highlight that characteristics obtained from nanoparticles not only gave stability and efficiency in encapsulation, but also allowed a prolonged antimicrobial effect 61. Regarding parasites, use of nanocochleates (nanocarriers) with essential oil of Artemisia absinthium (EO-Aa-NC) to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis has yielded results that should be considered. In their research, Tamargo and researchers, managed to obtain EO-Aa-NC with a size of 74.2 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.33, and a zeta potential of -40.8 mV; likewise, tested in murine models infected with Leishmania amazonensis on the pad of the foot; intralesional EO-Aa-NC application suppressed infection by approximately 50% compared to untreated mice, and similarly, smaller lesion size was noted compared to mice treated with only essential oil; in addition, it had an efficient inhibitory activity in infection progression like Glucantime, a leishmanicide drug. However, did not show significant difference in relation to parasite load, and there was no full cure in any mice. It should be noted that nanocochletes alone did not show antileishmanial activity 62. In relation to bacteria, application of silane nanoparticles loaded with curcumin to treat skin lesions, such as infected burns, is promising, since its inhibitory effect has been demonstrated in-vitro against common bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus MRSA (methicillin resistant) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; likewise, in murine model, a significant reduction in bacterial count has been verified when treating burns infected by S. aureus MRSA; in addition to reducing burn inflammation extent, and significantly accelerating healing. It should be noted that this type of nanoparticles, by themselves, exhibited antibacterial activity, and with curcumin this effect was enhanced 55. In this regard, there are infections that are related to antioxidant activity due to free radicals formation, as is the case with acne vulgaris. People who suffer from this disease are under systemic and skin oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species 63.
In response to this problem, Pan-In and researchers, tested cellulose nanoparticles loaded with α-mangostin, a phytochemical obtained from Garcinia mangostana. In previously mentioned work, nano-particles with a size between 300 and 500 nm, polydispersity of 0.11, and the percentage of the bioactive of 41.9% were obtained. Consistent bioactive release in human synthetic sebum at 37 °C and antibacterial activity of the encapsulation against Propionibacterium acnes, the main bacteria that causes acne was verified in-vitro, obtaining MIC and CMB values of 15,625 µg/mL and >250 µg/mL respectively. Likewise, in irritability tests they showed negligible irritation, excellent fixation, and support in hair follicles on healthy human volunteers. In addition, in their preliminary clinical trial with acne patients, significant improvements in both acne severity index (40%) and inflammatory lesion count (> 50%) were observed, applying gel-nanoparticles loaded with mangosteen 2 times a day 64. In a subsequent study, efficacy of nanoparticles loaded with α-mangostin (mangosteen bark extract) topical application in a gel 0.5% presentation for the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris in patients between 18 and 40 years of age were evaluated. In this work, researchers observed a significant reduction approximately 70% in comedones and inflammatory lesions at the end of treatment. It should be mentioned that there was no significant difference compared to group treated with 1% clindamycin, but in the group treated with extract a significant improvement in the severity of the disease without presenting severe side effects was observed. Therefore, authors suggested its use for mild to moderate acne vulgaris treatment 65. Due to the above, natural products beneficial potential with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, among others, through application of nanotechnological advances are of dermatological relevance for the skin care and protection.
Gastrointestinal Infection: The digestive system main function is directed to digestion, absorption of nutrients and excretion of products such as acids, enzymes, buffers, and salts 66. In addition to its primary function, intestine constitutes an effective barrier as protection against pathogen micro-organism’s invasion and potentially harmful molecules passage to body 67.
Gastrointestinal system diseases are numerous and can occur in various areas of tract, involving mouth, rectum and anus 66. Among them we have parasitic disorders, bacteria/virus infections, diarrhea, reflux, gastroenteritis, constipation and swelling 68. Among etiological agents responsible for gastrointestinal disorders are Entamoeba histolytica and Escherichia coli, main responsible for dysentery in developing countries, where hygiene conditions are very limited; it should be noted that around 25% of gastrointestinal conditions in the world population is caused by E. histolytica, 68 another important pathogen is Helicobacter pylori 66, a cause of chronic gastritis and a risk factor for gastrointestinal cancer induction 69. This type of cancer encompasses a variety of diseases, many of which have bad prognosis worldwide 70. This is why phytotherapy based on herbal preparations has been an important resource in history for the gastrointestinal diseases treatment, many of which have reached modern medicine based on scientific evidence 71. Pacheco-Ordaz using extracts of Berberis vulgaris and Curcuma longa loaded in nanoparticles of cationic copolymer Eudragit ® EPO, determined the amoebicidal activity against E. histolytica obtaining an IC50 of encapsulated B. vulgaris extract at 26 ppm compared to free extract that was 34 µg/mL. The C. longa extract had an IC50 that was 19 ppm corresponding to the encapsulated extract compared to the free extract, which was 38 µg/mL 12. Polymeric nanoparticles (chitosan and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) loaded with Schinopsis brasiliensis extract by Oliveira and collaborators, allowed to observe a considerable improvement in antimicrobial action of encapsula-tion compared to free active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), since MIC determined for E. coli beta-lactamases Broad spectrum was initially 1,000 μg/mL, while with formulated, a MIC of 7.5 μg/mL of API was obtained, which represents an improvement of 133 times 72. Pinilla and Brandelli demonstrated that garlic extract and nisin co-encapsulated in phosphatidylcholine nano liposomes, enhanced antimicrobial effect against Gram negative and Gram-positive bacteria. For E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis, nisin alone at 16 μg/mL resulted in antimicrobial activity of 200 AU/mL (absorbance units per milliliter), while no activity was observed at 8 μg/mL and 4 μg/mL. Meanwhile under analysis conditions garlic extract had no antimicrobial activity against the strains analyzed, combination of nisin 16 μg/mL and 8 μg/mL with garlic extract showed the highest antimicrobial activity (1,600 AU/mL) against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, S. enteritidis and E. coli 73.
Pan-In and researchers, used Garcinia mangostana extract to load ethylcellulose and methylcellulose nanoparticles, shown to improve time- and increase- resistance to damage due to stomach acidic conditions and allowed to determine a MIC against H. pylori ATCC 43504 of 62.5 μg/mL, similar to that obtained with metronidazole 74. Saravanakumar and researchers, developed silver nanoparticles (2-40 nm) loaded with Toxicodendron vernicifluum extract and determined their MIC against two enteropathogenic bacteria, obtaining a result of 8.12 µg/mL against E. coli STEC and 18.14 µg/mL for H. pylori 21. Similarly, Safarov and researcher susing silver nanoparticles loaded with Acorus calamus Linn. extract determined a concentration of 350 μg/mL efficient for H. pylori biofilm inhibition 75. Gold nanoparticles (1 and 2 mM HAuCl4) of 7 nm and 55 nm loaded with extracts of Tribulus terrestris by Gopinath and collaborator, allowed to determine MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration (CMB) against H. pylori multi-resistant strains, which showed an activity in a size dependent manner. The 55 nm nanoparticles had a MIC of 16.75 μg/mL and a CMB of 18.75 μg/mL, in comparison with those of 7 nm which obtained a MIC of 18 μg/mL and a CMB of 20.50 μg/mL. No cytotoxic effect was found in AGS cell line at concentrations of 50 μg/mL 76. Swathi and George, using cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles loaded with Nelumbo nucifera flower extract, reported an in-vitro cytotoxic effect against human colon cancer cell line HCT 116, with an IC50 of 41.6 mg/mL 77. Rahimivand and researchers., determined Artemisia ciniformis extract cytotoxic activity encapsulated in sodium alginate nanogel on the gastric cancer cell line AGS; results showed apoptosis induction in a dose-time-dependent manner with an IC50 of 21.5, 18.5, and 15.2 μg/mL, after 24, 48, and 72 h. respectively compared to extract alone 61.9, 40.07, and 28.7 μg/mL after 24, 48, and 72 h respectively 78. On the other hand, Olea and researchers, analyzed ethyl acetate and ethanolic Leptocarphari vularis extracts incor-porated in polymeric micelles formed from Pluronic F127 against the cancer cell lines HT-29 (colon cancer) and PC-3 (prostate cancer). The IC50 values for encapsulated ethyl acetate extract showed an activity at 0.05 mg/mL compared to unencapsulated extract 10.70 mg/mL for both cell lines, whilst encapsulated ethanolic extract showed an activity against HT-29 at 6.70 mg/mL compared to unencapsulated extract 14.90 mg/mL and an activity at 0.30 mg/mL against 15.60 mg/mL of non-encapsulated extract tested in PC-3 79.
Systemical Disease/Infection: Several advantages for natural extracts nanoencapsulation can be encounted from therapeutic agents uses at systemic level by virtue of formulation type which provides bioactive compounds extracts protection 80, release control, facilitates site of action binding improving bioavailability and therapeutic activity 81. An example of this are chitosan nanoparticles that represent a viable vehicle due to its bio-compatibility and good stability, reason why it is used in drug delivery, in non-linear vectors development and for vaccines active principle release 82. There are reports of extracts that function as antioxidants and anti-cancer agents, studies have been carried out to ensure their bioavailability at blood level, which is why nanoencapsulated formulations that fulfill this function have been used, an example is Anthocyanin nanoencap-sulation, which has been reported as a cancer proliferation reducer and tumor formation inhibitor 83, it was encapsulated in whey protein and citric pectin, studies were carried out in healthy volunteers and it was found that there is alarge intestine availability increase compared to other formulations, therefore, this type of encapsulation could optimize bioavailability and concentration at anthocyanins systemic level 84.
A Prunus cerasus extracts-beta-lactoglobulin encapsulation report indicates a anthocyanins protection to anthocyanins contained in gastric digestion extract, has a controlled release manner in small intestine, hence extract availability is ensured and administered dose becomes more effective 85. Polyphenols nanoencapsulation, notwithstanding known for their antioxidant power have been used in inflammatory processes and cancer treatment, however formulations in which it has been tried to administer this type of extracts have not have been able to overcome the disadvantages of this type of compounds, which are low stability, high light sensitivity, low solubility in water and poor bio-availability. Therefore, release systems have been used to improve their chemical or permeability stability. Nanovectors such as cyclodextrins, solid dispersions and liposomes systems have been used, in this way it is ensured that polyphenols reach binding site and their activity is favored by increasing extract-tumor contact area 86. Thus, guabiroba fruit extracts nanoencapsulation, of which a large number of phytochemicals have been reported with applications in several diseases treatment, among compounds that stand out are polyphenols, for which a study employing guabiroba extract nanoencapsulated with poly (D, L-lactic-acid-co-glycol) (PLGA), its inhibitory activity against Listeria innocua was demonstrated in addition to a reduction in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in non-cancer cells in both cases at a low concentration, hence encapsulation allows controlled release and decreases minimum effective concentration of active ingredient, thus preventing side effects 87. Curcumin nanoencapsulation, used as an anticancer treatment; has also been evaluated with thiolated chitasan and polyientglycol diacrylate hydrogel, results showed that loss of bioactivity is avoided, encapsulation is improved and there is a decrease in side effects due to effective concentration decrease, sustained release profile allows increase its contact surface with tumors in higher concentrations, thus improving its anticancer activity 88. Celastrol encapsulation, a tripenoid extract obtained from the Chinese herb Trypterygium wilfordii, in poly (ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles has been reported, studies on prostate cancer cells were carried out by an in-vitro study, different extract concentrations were proved (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 ?M), to subsequently evaluate efficacy of encapsulation for cancer cells inhibition, results showed that capsules inhibited growth in a dose-dependent manner, wherefore this work offers a new area of research for cancer treatment making use of nanoencapasulation formulations 11.
CONCLUSION: Nanotechnological application advances for greater bioavailability and efficacy in natural products therapeutic doses, whose beneficial effects are proven, is undoubtedly of vital importance for the improvement of pharma-cology and human life quality.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: All the authors thank CONACYT for the scholarships.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
REFERENCES:
- Vega-Menchaca MC, Verde-Star J, Oranday-Cárdenas A, Morales-Rubio ME, Núñez-González MA, Rivera-Guillén MA, Serrano-Gallardo LB and Rivas-Morales C: Actividad antibacteriana y citotóxica de Leucophyllum frutescens (Berl) I.M. Johnst del Norte de México contra Staphylococcus aureus de aislados clínicos. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Farmaceuticas 2013; 44: 24-30.
- Shah R, Gayathri GV and Mehta DS: Application of herbal products in management of periodontal diseases: a mini review. International Journal of Oral Health Sciences 2015; 5(1): 38.
- Al-Haj N, Reem A, Al-Shamahy H, Al-Moyed Khaled, Bahaj SS and Jaber A: Antimicrobial activity of five yemeni medicinal plants against selected human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. American Journal of Plant Sciences 2019; 10: 1699-1707.
- Ali‐Shtayeh MS and Abu Ghdeib, SI: Antifungal activity of plant extracts against dermatophytes. Mycoses 1999; 42: 665-72.
- Farahmand S, Rasooli A and Saffarpour M: Antifungal activities of methanolic extract of plants. Electronic Journal of Biology 2016; 1: 42-44.
- Valadares MC, Carrucha SG, Accorsi W and Queiroz ML: Euphorbia tirucalli modulates myelopoiesis and enhances the resistance of tumour-bearing mice. International Immunopharmacology 2006; 6: 294-99.
- Armendáriz-Barragán B, Zafar N, Badri, W, Galindo-Rodríguez SA, Kabbaj D, Fessi H and Elaissari A: Plant extracts: from encapsulation to application. Expert opinion on Drug Delivery 2016; 13: 1165-75.
- Rahman HS, Othman HH, Hammadi NI, Yeap SK, Amin KM, Samad NA and Alitheen NB: Novel drug delivery systems for loading of natural plant extracts and their biomedical applications. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2020; 15: 2439-83.
- Manojkanna Chandana CS, Gayathri R, Vishnu PriyaV and Geetha RV: Synthesis and characterization of silver nano particles from Plectranthus ambionicus extract and its antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2017; 9: 2423-25.
- Sinjari B, Pizzicannella J, D’Aurora M, Zappacosta R, Gatta V, Fontana A, Trubiani O and Diomede F: Curcumin/liposome nanotechnology as delivery platform for anti-inflammatory activities via NFkB/ERK/pERK pathway in human dental pulp treated with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). Frontiers in Physiology 2019; 10: 1-11.
- Shi J, Li J, Xu Z, Chen L, Luo R, Zhang C, Gao F, Zhang J and Fu C: Celastrol: A review of useful strategies overcoming its limitation in anticancer application. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11.
- Pacheco-Ordaz A: Actividad antiparasitaria in vitro de extractos de Curcuma longa Y Berberis vulgaris incorporados en nanoparticulas poliméricas contra protozoarios de interés clínico [Tesis de maestría. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León]. 2018. http://eprints.uanl.mx/15856/
- Jurica K, Gobin I, Kremer D, Čepo DV, Grubešić RJ, Karačonji IB and Kosalec I: Arbutin and its metabolite hydroquinone as the main factors in the antimicrobial effect of strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) leaves. Journal of Herbal Medicine 2017; 8: 17-23.
- ud Din F, Aman W, Ullah I, Qureshi OS, Mustapha O, Shafique S and Zeb A: Effective use of nanocarriers as drug delivery systems for the treatment of selected tumors. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2017; 12: 7291-7309.
- Panyam J and Labhasetwar V: Dynamics of endocytosis and exocytosis of poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles in vascular smooth muscle cells. Pharmaceutical Research 2003; 20: 212-20.
- Kumar H, Kumari N and Sharma R: Nanocomposites (conducting polymer and nanoparticles) based electrochemical biosensor for the detection of environment pollutant: Its issues and challenges. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 2020; 85: 106438.
- Kumari A, Yadav SK and Yadav SC: Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles based drug delivery systems. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 2010; 75: 1-18.
- Hernández-Giottonini KY, Rodíguez-Córdova RJ, Gutiérrez-Valenzuela CA, Peñuñuri-Miranda O, Zavala-Rivera P, Guerrero-Germán P, Lucero-Acuña A. PLGA nanoparticle preparations by emulsification and nanoprecipitation techniques: Effects of formulation parameters. RSC Adv 2020; 10: 4218-31.
- Wicaksono WP, Kadja GT, Amalia D, Uyun L, Rini WP, Hidayat A, Fahmia RL, Nasriyanti D, Leun SG, Ariyanta HA and Ivandini TA: A green synthesis of gold–palladium core–shell nanoparticles using orange peel extract through two-step reduction method and its formaldehyde colorimetric sensing performance. Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 2020; 24: 100535.
- Abbasi E, Milani M, Fekri Aval S, Kouhi M, Akbarzadeh A, Tayefi Nasrabadi H, Nikasa P, Joo SW, Hanifehpour Y and Samiei M: Silver nanoparticles: synthesis methods, bio-applications and properties. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 2016; 42: 173-80.
- Saravanakumar K, Chelliah R, MubarakAli D, Oh DH, Kathiresan K and Wang MH: Unveiling the potentials of biocompatible silver nanoparticles on human lung carcinoma A549 cells and Helicobacter pylori. Scientific Reports 2019; 9: 1-8.
- Liljestrand JM, Havulinna AS, Paju S, Männistö S, Salomaa V and Pussinen PJ: Missing teeth predict incident cardiovascular events, diabetes, and death. Journal of Dental Research 2015; 94: 1055-62.
- Ranjan R, Dhar G, Sahu S, Nayak N and Mishra M: Periodontal disease and neurodegeneration: The possible pathway and contribution from periodontal infections. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2018; 12: DE01-DE05.
- Sinha DJ and Sinha AA: Natural medicaments in dentistry. An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda 2014; 35: 113.
- Priyadarsini S, Mukherjee S and Mishra M: Nanoparticles used in dentistry: A review. Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research 2018; 58-67.
- Dye BA: Global periodontal disease epidemiology. Periodontology 2000 2012; 58: 10-25.
- Belibasakis GN and Mylonakis E: Oral infections: clinical and biological perspectives. Virulence 2015; 6: 173-76.
- Han J, Menicanin D, Gronthos S and Bartold PM: Stem cells, tissue engineering and periodontal regeneration. Australian Dental Journal 2014; 59: 117-30.
- Emmanuel R, Palanisamy S, Chen SM, Chelladurai K, Padmavathy S, Saravanan M, Prakash P, Ali MA, Fahad MA and Al-Hemaid FM: Antimicrobial efficacy of green synthesized drug blended silver nanoparticles against dental caries and periodontal disease causing micro-organisms. Materials Science and Engineering 2015; 56: 374-79.
- Abubacker MN and Sathya C: Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from plant chewing sticks and their antibacterial activity on dental pathogen.British Biomedical Bulletin 2015; 3: 81-93.
- Niveditha K and Sukirtha TH: Green synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles from Plectranthus amboinicus plant extracts. Indian Journal of Medical Research and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2018; 5: 41-51.
- Arunachalam KD and Annamalai SK: Chrysopogon zizanioides aqueous extract mediated synthesis, characterization of crystalline silver and gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2013; 8: 2375.
- Kumar HAK, Mandal BK, Kumar KM, babu Maddinedi S, Kumar TS, Madhiyazhagan P and Ghosh AR: Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Mimusops elengi seed extract mediated isotropic silver nanoparticles. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 2014; 130: 13-18.
- Soshnikova V, Kim YJ, Singh P, Huo Y, Markus J, Ahn S, Castro-Aceituno V, Kang J, Chokkalingam M, Mathiyalagan R and Yang DC: Cardamom fruits as a green resource for facile synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles and their biological applications. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnolo 2018; 46: 108-17.
- Valm AM: The structure of dental plaque microbial communities in the transition from health to dental caries and periodontal disease. Journal of Molecular Biology 2019; 431: 2957-69.
- Frencken JE, Sharma P, Stenhouse L, Green D, Laverty D and Dietrich T: Global epidemiology of dental caries and severe periodontitis–a comprehensive review. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2017; 44: S94-S105.
- Carrouel F, Viennot S, Ottolenghi L, Gaillard C, and Bourgeois D: Nanoparticles as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and remineralizing agents in oral care cosmetics: A review of the current situation. Nanomaterials 2020; 10: 140.
- Moulari B, Lboutounne H, Chaumont JP, Guillaume Y, Millet J and Pellequer Y: Potentiation of the bactericidal activity of Harungana madagascariensis ex Poir. (Hypericaceae) leaf extract against oral bacteria using poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles: in-vitro study. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 2006; 64: 153-58.
- Sundeep D, Kumar TV, Rao PS, Ravikumar RVSSN and Krishna, AG: Green synthesis and characterization of Ag nanoparticles from Mangifera indica leaves for dental restoration and antibacterial applications. Progress in Biomaterials 2017; 6: 57-66.
- Zambrano LM, Brandao DA, Rocha FR, Marsiglio RP, Longo IB, Primo FL, Tedesco AC, Guimaraes-Stabili MR and Junior CR: Local administration of curcumin-loaded nanoparticles effectively inhibits inflammation and bone resorption associated with experimental periodontal disease. Scientific Reports 2018; 8: 1-11.
- Carai MA, Colombo G, Loi B, Zaru A, Riva A, Cabri W and Morazzoni P: Hypoglycemic effects of a standardized extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza roots in rats. Pharmacognosy Magazine 2015; 11: S545.
- Bao J, Huang T, Wang Z, Yang H, Geng X, Xu G, Samalo M, Sakinati M, Huo D and Hou C: 3D graphene/copper oxide nano-flowers based acetylcholinesterase biosensor for sensitive detection of organophosphate pesticides. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 2019; 279: 95-101.
- Elavazhagan T and Arunachalam KD: Memecylon edule leaf extract mediated green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2011; 6: 1265-78.
- Pérez-Narváez OA, Leos-Rivas C, Rivas-Morales C, Villarreal-Treviño L, Barrón-González MP and Sánchez-García E: Actividad antimicrobiana y antioxidante de extractos etanólicos de hoja de Arbutus xalapensis Kunt, Mimosa malacophylla Gray y Teucrium cubense Revista Tendencias en Docencia e Investigación en Química 2019; 5: 739-47.
- Lima LGB, Montenegro J, Abreu JPD, Santos MCB, Nascimento TPD, Santos MDS, Ferreira AG, Cameron LC, Larraza Ferreir MS and Teodoro AJ: Metabolite profiling by UPLC-MSE, NMR, and antioxidant properties of amazonian fruits: mamey apple (Mammea americana), camapu (Physalis angulata), and uxi (Endopleura uchi). Molecules 2020: 25: 342.
- Al-Snafi AE: Medicinal plants possessed antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects (part 3)-A review. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy 7: 48-62.
- Leos-Rivas C, Rivas-Morales C and Garcia-Hernandez, DG: Actividad antioxidante y toxicidad. Omnia Science Monographs 2016; 41-75.
- Elizondo-Luévano JH, Hernández-García ME, Pérez-Narváez OA, Castro-Ríos R and Chávez-Montes A: Berberina, curcumina y quercetina como potenciales agentes con capacidad antiparasitaria. Revista de Biología Tropical 2020; 68: 1241-49.
- Kesente M, Kavetsou E, Roussaki M, Blidi S, Loupassaki S, Chanioti S, Siamandoura P, Stamatogianni C, Philippou E, Papaspyrides C, Vouyiouka S and Detsi A: Encapsulation of olive leaves extracts in biodegradable PLA nanoparticles for use in cosmetic formulation. Bioengineering 2017; 4: 75.
- Shukla, AK: Nanoparticles and their Biomedical Applications. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd., First Edition 2020.
- Zillich OV, Schweiggert‐Weisz U, Eisner P and Kerscher M: Polyphenols as active ingredients for cosmetic products. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 37: 455-64.
- Mahmoud IS, Altaif KI, Abu Sini MK, Daoud S and Aqel NN: Determination of antimicrobial drug resistance among bacterial isolates in two hospitals of Baghdad. Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2020; 13: 1-8.
- Nan W, Ding L, Chen H, Khan FU, Yu L, Sui X and Shi X: Topical use of quercetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles against ultraviolet B radiation. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2018; 9: 826.
- Zhu X, Zeng X, Zhang X, Cao W, Wang Y, Chen H, Wang T, Tsai H, Zhang R, Chang D, He S, Mei L and Shi X: The effects of quercetin-loaded PLGA-TPGS nanoparticles on ultraviolet B-induced skin damages in-vivo. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2016; 12: 623-32.
- Krausz AE, Adler BL, Cabral V, Navati M, Doerner J, Charafeddine RA, Chandra D, Liang H, Gunther L, Clendaniel A, Harper S, Friedman JM, Nosanchuk JD and Friedman AJ: Curcumin-encapsulated nanoparticles as innovative antimicrobial and wound healing agent. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2015; 11: 195-206.
- Baccarin T, Lemos-Senna E and Pilar M: Toxicology in vitro protection against oxidative damage in human erythrocytes and preliminary photosafety assessment of Punica granatum seed oil nanoemulsions entrapping polyphenol-rich ethyl acetate fraction. Toxicology in Vitro 2015; 30: 421-28.
- Baccarin T, Mitjans M, Ramos D, Lemos-Senna E and Vinardell MP: Photoprotection by Punica granatum seed oil nanoemulsion entrapping polyphenol-rich ethyl acetate fraction against UVB-induced DNA damage in human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell line. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2015; 153: 127-36.
- Baccarin T and Lemos-Senna E: Potential application of nanoemulsions for skin delivery of pomegranate peel polyphenols. American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists 2017; 18: 3307-14.
- Hay RJ, Johns NE, Williams HC, Bolliger IW, Dellavalle RP, Margolis DJ, Marks R, Naldi L, Weinstock MA, Wulf SK, Michaud C, Murray CJL and Naghavi M: The global burden of skin disease in 2010: an analysis of the prevalence and impact of skin conditions. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2014; 134: 1527-34.
- Hamad FB and Mubofu EB: Potential biological applications of bio-based anacardic acids and their derivatives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2015; 16: 8569-90.
- Paiva-Filho JC, Morais SMD, Nogueira Sobrinho AC, Cavalcante GS, Silva NAD and Abreu FOMDS: Design of chitosan-alginate core-shell nanoparticules loaded with anacardic acid and cardol for drug delivery. Polímeros 2019: 29: 10.
- Tamargo B, Monzote L, Piñón A, Machín L, García M, Scull R and Setzer WN: In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of essential oil from Artemisia absinthium formulated in nanocochleates against cutaneous leishmaniasis. Medicines 2017; 4: 38.
- Moldovan M, Bogdan C, Ursu I, Ionescu MI and Crișan M: Evaluation of the efficacy and characterization of an anti-acne cream containing herbal extracts. Management 2016; 10: 12.
- Pan-In P, Wongsomboon A, Kokpol C, Chaichanawongsaroj N and Wanichwecharungruang S: Depositing α-mangostin nanoparticles to sebaceous gland area for acne treatment. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 2015; 129: 226-32.
- Lueangarun S, Sriviriyakul K, Tempark T, Managit C and Sithisarn P: Clinical efficacy of 0.5% topical mangosteen extract in nanoparticle loaded gel in treatment of mild‐to‐moderate acne vulgaris: A 12‐week, split‐face, double‐blinded, randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 2019; 18: 1395-1403.
- Ogobuiro I, Gonzales J and Tuma F: Physiology, Gastrointestinal. Stat Pearls Publishing 2020.
- Weström B, Arévalo Sureda E, Pierzynowska K, Pierzynowski SG and Pérez-Cano FJ: The immature gut barrier and its importance in establishing immunity in newborn mammals. Frontiers in Immunology 2020; 11: 1153.
- Nguyen XMA, Bun SS, Ollivier E, Dang TPT. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by K’Ho-Cil people for treatment of diarrhea in Lam Dong Province, Vietnam. Journal of Herbal Medicine 2020; 19: 100320.
- Weng MT, Chiu YT, Wei PY, Chiang CW, Fang HL and Wei SC: Microbiota and gastrointestinal cancer. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 2019; 118: S32-S41.
- Lizárraga-Verdugo E, Avendaño-Félix M, Bermúdez M, Ramos-Payán R, Pérez-Plasencia C, Aguilar-Medina M. Cancer stem cells and its role in angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry in gastrointestinal cancers. Frontiers in Oncology 2020; 10: 1-8.
- Kelber O, Bauer R and Kubelka W: Phytotherapy in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Digestive Diseases 2018; 35: 36-42.
- de Oliveira MS, Oshiro-Junior JA, Sato MR, Conceição MM and Medeiros ACD: Polymeric nanoparticle associated with ceftriaxone and extract of schinopsis brasiliensis engler against multiresistant enterobacteria. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12: 695.
- Bahrami A, Delshadi R, Jafari SM, Williams L. (2019). Nanoencapsulated nisin: An engineered natural antimicrobial system for the food industry. Trends in Food Science and Technology 2019; 94: 20-31.
- Zhang Q, Wu W, Zhang J and Xia X: Eradication of Helicobacter pylori: The power of nanosized formulations. Nanomedicine 2020; 15: 527-42.
- Safarov T, Kiran B, Bagirova M, Allahverdiyev AM and Abamor ES: An overview of nanotechnology-based treatment approaches against Helicobacter pylori. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy 2019; 17: 829-40.
- Gopinath V, Priyadarshini S, MubarakAli D, Loke MF, Thajuddin N, Alharbi NS, Yadavalli T, Alagiri M and Vadivelu J: Anti-Helicobacter pylori, cytotoxicity and catalytic activity of biosynthesized gold nanoparticles: Multifaceted application. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 2019; 12: 33-40.
- Swathi PSSV and George M: Spherical CeO2 nanoparticles encapsulated with Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. flower extract and its in-vitro anticancer activity against HCT 116 human colon cancer cell line. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology 2020; 27: 153-60.
- Rahimivand M, Tafvizi F and Noorbazargan H: Synthesis and characterization of alginate nanocarrier encapsulating Artemisia ciniformis extract and evaluation of the cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction in AGS cell line. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2020; 158: 338-57.
- Olea AF, Villena J, Moller A, Martínez R and Carrasco H: Enhancement of cytotoxic activity by encapsulation in pluronic polymer micelles: Leptocarpha rivularis extracts against human cancer cell lines. Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society 2019; 64: 4437-40.
- Tarone AG, Cazarin CBB, Marostica JMR. Anthocyanins: New techniques and challenges in microencapsulation. Food Res Int 2020; 133.
- Aljabali AAA: Albumin nano-encapsulation of piceatannol enhances its anticancer potential in colon cancer via downregulation of nuclear p65 and HIF-1α. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12.
- Quiñones JP, Peniche H and Peniche C: Chitosan based self-assembled nanoparticles in drug delivery. Polymers 2018; 10: 235.
- Alsufiani H and Ashour W: Effectiveness of the Natural Antioxidant. Molecules. 2021; 26.
- Mueller D, Jung K, Winter M, Rogoll D, Melcher R, Kulozik U, Schwarz K and Richling E: Encapsulation of anthocyanins from bilberries–effects on bioavailability and intestinal accessibility in humans. Food Chemistry 2018; 248: 217-24.
- Oancea AM, Aprodu I, Ghinea IO, Barbu V, Ioniţă E, Bahrim G, Râpeanu G and Stănciuc N: A bottom-up approach for encapsulation of sour cherries anthocyanins by using β-lactoglobulin as matrices. Journal of Food Engineering 2017; 210: 83-90.
- Riaz MK. Riaz MA Zhang X, Lin C, Wong KH, Chen X, Zhang G, Lu A and Yang Z: Surface functionalization and targeting strategies of liposomes in solid tumor therapy: A review. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 1: 9.
- Pereira MC, Oliveira DA, Hill LE, Zambiazi RC, Borges CD, Vizzotto M, Mertens-Talcott S, Talcott S and Gomes CL: Effect of nanoencapsulation using PLGA on antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of guabiroba fruit phenolic extract. Food Chemistry 2018; 240: 396-404.
- Ning P, Lü S, Bai X, Wu X, Gao C, Wen N and Liu M: High encapsulation and localized delivery of curcumin from an injectable hydrogel. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2018; 83: 121-29.
How to cite this article:
Heya MS, García-Coronado PL, Cordero-Díaz A, Torres-Hernández AD and Pérez-Narváez OA: Biomedical application of nanoformulated plant. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2022; 13(1): 1-12. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.13(1).1-12.
All © 2022 are reserved by the International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Article Information
01
01-12
504 KB
1171
English
IJPSR
M. S. Heya, P. L. García-Coronado, A. Cordero-Díaz, A. D. Torres-Hernández and O. A. Pérez-Narváez *
Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Facultad de CienciasBiológicas de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, CP. 66455, México.
qbpoapnmc@gmail.com
25 December 2020
13 May 2021
29 May 2021
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.13(1).1-12
01 January 2022