CANCER-ASSOCIATED THROMBOSIS: AN OVERVIEW OF THROMBOSIS MECHANISMS AND ITS RISK FACTORS IN CANCER

Thrombosis is one of the major causes of death and disability worldwide. Cancer patients are commonly thrombophilia or prothrombotic since they have abnormalities in all three factors of Virchow’s triad, which lead to thromboembolism. Venous thrombosis (VT) is a chronic disorder that has the potential to be fatal and cause considerable complications. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) may potentially be the first indication of an undetected cancer in individuals. The rate of VTE and the risk of complications are much higher in the cancer patient groups. Arterial thrombosis is more likely to form when the plaque on the wall of the arteries consists a significant quantity of lipids covered by a layer of connective tissue. Thrombus formation in arteries may result in a heart attack or stroke. The hemostasis phase (liquid blood quickly hardens and forms a clot following injury to the blood vessel wall) spirals out of control. As a result, many blood clots form in the blood vessels that provide blood to various organs. Patients display paradoxically both excessive and inadequate clotting. The coagulation cascade begins when one of these proteins is proteolytically cleaved. Clotting factors then activate the subsequent clotting factor, and so forth. The production of many blood clots depletes the body’s platelets and clotting components. Cancer patients have a 5-fold greater incidence of VTE. Thrombosis is the second most common, but often preventable, cause of mortality among cancer patients. Age-related variables such as reduced activity due to increased age, less energy to perform activities, increased inactivity, and overall coagulation activation raise one’s risk. The risk of thromboembolism varies according to the histologic subtype of cancer. Anticancer drugs can cause a prothrombotic condition by a variety of mechanisms. VTE is three times more common in individuals with non-small cell lung cancer with adenocarcinoma. Individuals with cancer are more likely to experience increased frequency of hemostatic conditions. Cancer promotes the activation of blood coagulation, resulting in thrombophilia. Various biomarkers may be useful in determining people with cancer at high risk of acquiring venous thromboembolism. P-Selectin has also been shown to play a part in the interactions between tumours and their host cells as well as immunity from malignant cells.