CASSIA FISTULA LINN: A REVIEW OF PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES

CASSIA FISTULA LINN:  A REVIEW OF PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES

Md. Ashraf Ali

Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT: Cassia fistula Linn. (Family: Caesalpinaceae), commonly known ‘Sonali’ or ‘Bandarlati’, has been used in different traditional system of medicines for various ailments since ancient times. Cassia fistula grows throughout in Bangladesh and in many other Asian countries such as India, China, Hong Kong, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on the phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Cassia fistula.  In traditional medicine, it has been used in the treatment of diabetes, hematemesis, leucoderma, pruritis, intestinal disorder and as antipyretics, analgesic and laxative.  The fruits, stem bark, and leaves of this plant contain a variety of biologically active compounds such as anthraquinones, flavonoids, flavon-3-ol derivatives, alkaloid, glycosides, tannin, saponin, terpenoids, reducing sugar and steroids those have various medicinal properties. The fruit and stem bark extract shows various activities like antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, hepato-protective, antimicrobial, antitumor, antiulcer etc. The article reviews the various activities of the plant

Antidiabetic, Antioxidant,Antimicrobial, Hepatoprotective, Cassia fistula, Anthraquinone glycosides

INTRODUCTION:Cassia fistula Linn also known as the golden shower tree (Bengali name: Sonali or Bandor lathi), belongs to the family Caesalpiniaceae, is widely used for its medicinal properties, its main property being that of a mild laxative suitable for children and pregnant women.

It is also a purgative due to the wax aloin and a tonic ¹ and has been reported to treat many other intestinal disorders like healing ulcers ².

According to the WHO, more than 70% of the world’s population must use traditional medicine to satisfy their principal health needs.

In developing countries 80% population are using traditional medicine in primary medical problems ^{3, 4}. Plant drugs and herbal formulations are frequently considered to be less toxic and free from side effects than synthetic one ⁵.

In traditional medicine, Cassia fistula is one of the most commonly used plants in Unani and Ayurvedic medicines, this plant has been described to be useful against skin diseases, liver troubles, tuberculous glands and its use in the treatment of haematemesis, pruritus, leucoderm and diabetes has been suggested ⁶. Traditionally, the plant is also used as an infusion, decoction, or powder, either alone or in combination with other medicinal plants. In modern times, and in any controlled clinical trials, commercial preparations have tended to be standardized extracts of the whole plant. The plant has documented to possess analgesic⁷, anti-inflammatory ⁸, antioxidant ⁹, antidiabetic ¹⁰, as well as hepatoprotective activity ¹¹.

Since many disease conditions commonly treated with Cassia fistula in traditional medical systems are considered self-limiting, its purported benefits need critical evaluation. This review summarizes current scientific findings and suggests areas where further research is needed and also to verify the therapeutic efficacy of Cassia fistula.

Plant Description: Cassia fistula is a moderate sized deciduous tree 10 m tall, flowers yellow, leaves alternate, pinnate, 30-40 cm long, with 4-8 pairs of ovate leaflets, 7.5-15 cm long, 2-5 cm broad. Fruits pendulous, cylindrical, brown, septate, 25-50 cm long, 1.5-3 cm in diameter, with 25-100 seeds. Seeds lenticular, light brown, lustrous. Cassia fistula grows throughout in Bangladesh and in many other Asian countries and is used as a traditional herbal medicine in India, China, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand.

Taxonomic Classification:

Kingdom - Plantae

Subkingdom – Tracheobinota

Super Division - Spermatophyta

Division - Mangoliophyta

Class – Magnoliopsida

Sub Class - Rosidae

Order - Fabales

Family - Fabacae

Genus - Cassia

Species - fistula

Vernacular Names:

Bengali - Bundaralati, Sonalu, Soondali, Sondal

English - Golden Shower

Guajarati - Garmala

Hindi - Sonhali, Amultus

Kannad - Kakkemara

Marathi - Bahava

Tamil - Shrakkonnai, Konai, Irjviruttam

Telegu - Kondrakayi, Raelachettu, Aragvadhamu

Sanskrit - Nripadruma

Arab - Khayarsambhar

Oriya - Sunaari

Punjabi - Amaltaas, Kaniyaar, Girdnalee

Urdu - Amaltaas

Herbal Medicine Uses: There are many Cassia species worldwide which are used in herbal medicine systems. These particular families of plants are used widely for their laxative actions. Cassia fistula is no exception... it is often used as a highly effective moderate laxative that is safe even for children.

However, in large doses, the leaves and bark can cause vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain and cramps. Cassia fistula is also employed as a remedy for tumors of the abdomen, glands, liver, stomach, and throat, for burns, cancer, constipation, convulsions, delirium, diarrhea, dysuria, epilepsy, gravel, hematuria, pimples, and glandular tumors. In Ayurvedic medicine systems, the seeds are attributed with antibilious, aperitif, carminative, and laxative properties while the the root is used for adenopathy, burning sensations, leprosy, skin diseases, syphilis, and tubercular glands. The leaves are employed there for erysipelas, malaria, rheumatism, and ulcers. In Brazilian herbal medicine, the seeds are used as a laxative and the leaves and/or bark is used for pain and inflammation.

Ayurvedic Medicine Uses: In Ayurvedic medicine, Golden Shower Tree is known as "disease killer". Its fruit pulp is used as mild laxative. as well as cardiac conditions and stomach problems such as acid reflux. Flowers used for fever, root as a diuretic. The bark and leaves are used for skin diseases. The seeds are recognised as antibilious, aperitif, carminative, and laxative while the root is used for curing adenopathy, burning sensations, leprosy, skin diseases, syphilis, and tubercular glands. The leaves of the tree is used for erysipelas, malaria, rheumatism, and ulcers, the buds are used for biliousness, constipation, fever, leprosy, and skin disease and the fruit for abdominal pain, constipation, fever, heart disease, and leprosy. Thus every part of this plant is recognized for its medicinal properties.

The plant is being considered as a firewood source in Mexico. The reddish wood, hard and heavy, strong and durable, is suited for cabinetwork, farm implements. The bark has been employed in tanning, often in conjunction with avaram. The drug "Cassia fistula", a mild laxative, is obtained from the sweetish pulp around the seed.

Phytochemical Studies: The  plant  is  rich  in  phenolic  antioxidants  such  as anthraquinones,  flavonoids  and  flavan- 3-ol  derivatives. Cassia fistula the results shows positive for alkaloids, terpenoids, reducing sugars, saponins, tannins, carbonyl, phlobatanin, and steroids ¹². Cassia fistula’s laxative actions come from a group of well documented compounds called anthraquinone. The seeds contain approximately 2% anthraquinones, 24% crude protein, 4.5% crude fat, 6.5% crude fiber, and 50% carbohydrates. The stem bark contains two flanol glycosides and a xanthone glycosides ¹³.  The leaves have been documented with 15.88% crude protein, 6.65% crude fat, 20% crude fiber, and 39.86% carbohydrates. In addition,  the plant also contain fistulic acid, rhein, rheinglucoside, galactomannan, sennosides A and B, tannin, phlobaphenes, oxyanthraquinone substances, emodin, chrysophanic acid, fistuacacidin, barbaloin, lupeol, beta-sitosterol, and hexacosanol^{14, 15}.

Pharmacological Studies:

1. Antidiabetic Activity: The antidiabetic potential of the total alcoholic extract & its ethyl acetate fraction of the bark of Cassia fistula was studied in alloxan induced diabetic rats. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited significant reduction in blood glucose levels than alcoholic extract.  The activity was found comparable with standard drug glibenclamide ¹⁶. The mechanism of hypoglycemic and antidiabetic action of hydroalcoholic extract of Cassia fistula Linn in rats was reported ¹⁷. The ethanolic extract of Cassia fistula Linn Stem bark were investigated for their anti-hyperglycemic activity ¹⁸. Aqueous extract of Cassia fistula (Linn.) flowers (ACF) was screened for its antioxidant effect in alloxan induced diabetic rats.  The seeds of Cassia fistula were investigated for their hypoglycemic activity. They were found to have marked hypoglycemic activity on normal albino rats but not on alloxan produced diabetic albino rats ^{19, 20}.
2. Hypolipidemic Activity: The effect of 50% ethanolic extract of Cassia fistula Linn.  Legume was assessed on serum lipid metabolism in cholesterol fed rats. The effect of 50% ethanolic extract of Cassia fistula legume was assessed on serum lipid metabolism in cholesterol fed rats ²¹.
3. Hepatoprotective Activity: Protective effects of cassia seed ethanol extract against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice ²⁰.

Protective effect of Cassia fistula Linnon diethylnitrosamine induced hepatocellular damage and oxidative stress in ethanol pretreated rats ²¹. Protective effect of Cassia fistula fruit extract against bromobenzene-induced liver injury in mice was reported ²².

4. Protective effect of Cassia fistula fruit extract on bromobenzene-induced nephrotoxicity in mice was also studied ²³.
5. Antioxidant Activity: Antioxidant activities of the aqueous (CFA) and methanolic extracts (CFM) of the Cassia fistula. Both extracts exhibited significant antioxidant activity in DPPH, Nitric oxide and Hydroxyl radical induced invitro assay methods.  Both extracts showed Dose-Dependent protective effect against lipid peroxidation and free radical generation in liver and kidney homogenates ^{24, 25}. Antioxidant activity of Cassia fistula Linn) flowers in alloxan induced diabetic rats ²⁶. Fruit pulp powder of Cassia fistula was investigated for its antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo ²⁷.
6. Antipyretic Activity: Themethanol extract of buds of C. fistula for its antipyretic action on normal body temperature and yeast-induced pyrexia (fever) in rats. The results obtained are comparable to those for paracetamol, a standard antipyretic agent ²⁸.
7. Anti-inflammatory Activity: The anti-inflammatory property of aqueous extract of leaves and fruits of Cassia fistula was reported ²⁹.
8. Antitussive activity: The methanol extract of Cassia fistula was investigated for  its  effect  on  a  cough  model  induced  by  sulphur dioxide  gas  in  mice.  It exhibited significant antitussive activity when compared with control in a dose dependent manner ³⁰.
9. Antilaishmanial activity: Hexane extract from the fruits showed significant antileishmanial activity against the promastigote form of Leishmania L. chagasi ³¹.
10. CNS activity: The methanol extract of the seed Cassia fistula was tested for different pharmacological actions in mice.  A depressant action of ME was also evident from the behavioural studies on mice. These results contribute with novel antiprotozoal compounds for future drug design studies ³².
11. Antimicrobial Activity: Antifungal activity of leaf extract of Cassia fistula was reported ³³.In-vitro Antibacterial Activity observed in Leaf and Root Extract of Cassia fistula ³⁴.Antibacterial and Antifungal activity from extract Cassia fistula, antibacterial activity of Cassia fistula was recorded and reported ^{35, 36}.
12. Antitumor activity: Effects of methanolic extract (ME) of Cassia fistula seed on the gr owth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and on the life span of tumour bearing mice were studied. ME treatment showed an increase of life span, and a decrease in the tumor volume and viable tumor cell count in the EAC tumor hosts ³⁷.
13. Larvicidal and ovicidal activity: The methanolic leaf extract of Cassia fistula was tested for larvicidal and ovicidal activity against Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi. The results show that the leaf extract of C. fistula is promising as a larvicidal and ovicidal agent against C. quinquefasciatus and A. stephensi ³⁸.
14. Antiparasitic Activity: The fractionation through bioguided  antileishmanial activity of the dichloromethane extract of Cassia fistula fruits  (Leguminosae)  led  to  the  isolation  of  the  active isoflavone  biochanin  A,  identified  by  spectroscopic method ³⁹.
15. Anti-itching activity: Vicharchika  (eczema)  is  a  chronic skin  disease  with  no permanent  cure  in  modern  medicine. Raising serum IgE level is the commonest immunological marker for eczema.  This study suggests of significant efficacy of Aragvadha on the patients of Vicharchika (eczema) ⁴⁰.
16. Antiulcer activity: The ethanol leaf extract of Cassia fistula Linn was evaluated for antiulcer activity against pylorus ligation- induced gastric ulcer ⁴¹.
17. Wound healing activity: The methanolic extract of C. fistula leaves was examined for its wound healing property in the form of an ointment in two types of wound models in rats; result showed wound contraction ability, epithelization period, tensile strength and regeneration of tissue at wound area ⁴².

Formulated ointment was topically applied on the infected wound. Wound reduction rate, histological analysis, biochemical analysis, and gelatin zymography were obtained to assess the healing pattern. C. fistula treated rats showed, better wound closure, improved tissue regeneration at the wound site, and supporting histopathological parameters pertaining to wound healing ⁴³.

CONCLUSIONS: Before the introduction of modern medicines, disease treatment was entirely managed by herbal remedies. It is estimated that about 80% of the world population residing in the vast rural areas of the developing and under developed countries still rely mainly on medicinal plants. It is quite obvious that the plant is widely used in traditional medicinal system of India and has been reported to possess hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, antifungal and also used to check wounds healing and antibacterial properties. It is known as a rich source of tannins, flavonoids and glycosides present in Cassia fistula might be medicinally important and/or nutritionally valuable. The plant is rich in carbohydrates, Linoleic, Oleic, and Stearic acid. Leaf of Cassia fistula mainly contains Oxalic Acids, Tannins, Oxyanthra-quinones, Anthraquinones derivatives. Fruit of Cassia fistula contains Rhein Glycosides Fistulic Acids, Sennosides A B, Anthraquinones, and Flavanoid-3-ol-derivatives. Ceryl Alcohol, Kaempferol, Bianthraquinone Glycosides, Fistulin, Essential Oils, Volatile Components, Phytol (16.1%), 2-Hexadecanone (12%), Crystals, 4-Hydroxy Benzoic Acids Hydrate have been reported from the plant.

The present review summarizes some important pharmacological studies on Cassia fistula and phytochemical investigations and isolated principles from them, which can be investigated further to achieve lead molecules in the search of novel herbal drugs.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors are thankful to the Department of Pharmacy of Southeast University, Bangladesh for providing literature survey facility to carry out the work.

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    How to cite this article:

    Ali MA: Cassia fistula Linn:  A review of phytochemical and pharmacological studies. Int J Pharm Sci Res2014; 5(6): 2125-30.doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.5(6).2125-30

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