CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA (BURM.F) NEES: A REVIEW
HTML Full TextCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA (BURM.F) NEES: A REVIEW
Anju Bhatnagar
Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (PG) College, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.
ABSTRACT: Andrographis paniculata Nees is a valuable medicinal herb of Acanthaceae family, is used for centuries to treat several diseases including viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, malaria and diabetes. This medicinal plant has hepato-protective, immunological, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and antithrombotic qualities. It has many important bioactive compounds such as diterpenoids, flavonoids and polyphenols. Diterpenoids, including andrographolide, neoandro-grapholide and dehydroandrographolide are the main determinants of Andrographis paniculata quality. The most common and abundant form is andrographolide. Numerous human ailments are treated and prevented by it. Due to its various therapeutic applications, it is widely cultivated in many parts of the world and its relevance as a medicinal plant is constantly increasing. A comprehensive bibliographic search was conducted using offline and Online Databases. The current review aims to offer an updated and thorough analysis of the chemical components, explore their pharmacological potential and lay the basis for further research.
Keywords: Chemical constitutents, Diterpenoids, Flavonoids, Polyphenols, Biological activity hepato-protective, Andrographolide
INTRODUCTION: From ancient times, medicinal plants have been used to treat various ailments and disorders. Worldwide, around 80,000 plant species have been recognized and utilized as medicines. In India, 7500 medicinal plants have been recognized for therapeutic use for curing different diseases 1, 2. Natural ingredients derived from medicinal plants, used as sources of drug. In spite of tremendous development of synthetic drugs and antibiotics during the 20th century, plant still constitute one of the major sources of drugs in the modern and traditional system of medicine throughout the world.
The largely rural population relies on medicinal plants as a source of treatments or to meet their healthcare needs for several reasons, including accessibility, affordability, and low cost 3, 4. It is advantageous to the nature of healthy human life 5, 6. Andrographis paniculata , often referred to as Kalmegh, is commonly used as traditional medicine in Asian countries to treat various diseases such as upper respiratory infections, fever, herpes, sore throats, and several chronic ailments 7.
The plant is widely used in Indian traditional medicine, including Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha, as a home cure for many illnesses. It has many bioactive compounds like diterpenoids, lactones, diterpenes glycosides, flavonoids, and flavonoid glycosides 8. A significant chemical andrographolide is a diterpenoid lactone having several pharmacological properties 9-10. The amount of andrographolide is highest in the leaves (2.39 %) and lowest in the seeds of Andrographis 11. It cures and prevents several diseases such as cold, fever and colic pain, and it is active against inflammatory 12, antidiabetic activity 13, antioxidant 14, antifertility 15, cardiovascular 16, hepatoprotective 17, anti-cancer properties 36-38 and anti-virus including inhibited HIV 39. This study provides the most current information about phytochemical components, pharmacological potentials and research needs relevant to Andrographis paniculata.
About the Genus Andrographis: Genus Andrographis includes 28 species of small herbs basically dispensed in tropical and subtropical Asia as well as some other countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Laos, Cambodia, Pakistan, Myanmar and the Caribbean islands. Some species, such as Andrographis paniculata, are recognized to have healing properties 18. It belongs to the Acanthaceae family, a potent herb utilized for the number of Ayurvedic, Siddha and homoeopathic formulations.
Andrographis paniculata is commonly used in indigenous medicine, especially as a bitter tonic, to treat fevers, diarrhoea and to get rid of intestinal worms. The herb is utilized as a liver tonic, blood purifier, and stomachic 19.
The annual herb Andrographis paniculata are found in different habitats including forests, plains, hill area and wetlands. It abundantly grows up to 1 m height with dark green slender stem, glabrous leaves in lanceolate arranged and tiny, hairy, white to pink small flowers. It is very abundant in South East Asia, India and Sri Lanka. Especially, In India, Andrographis paniculata are found in southern part such Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. The plant's leaves and other parts, including the root, have been used medicinally 20. It is grown as a kharif (rainy season) crop in India. Heat and humidity with lots of sunshine are the ideal climate conditions for the plant Fig. 1.
FIG. 1: AERIAL PARTS OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA PLANT
Bioactive Constituents of Andrographis paniculata: All parts of this plant are used to extract the active photochemical. Active components mainly isolated from ethanol or methanol extract of leaves, stems, roots, and whole plant of Andrographis paniculata, which include diterpenes, lactones, flavonoids, and xanthones 21-23. But the compositions of phytoconstituents widely differ from one part to another. Flavonoids are mostly found in the roots of plants 24-25. Alkanes, ketones and aldehydes are also present in the aerial components.
Chemistry of Andrographolide: In 1896, Boorsma first isolated Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata and Gorter identified it as a lactone in 1911. It has a bitter taste and is a light yellow or colourless crystal compound. The chemical name of andrographolide is 3-[2-[decahydro – 6 – hydroxyl – 5 - (hydroxymethyl) -5, 8a – dimethyl – 2 - methylene-1-napthalenyl] ethylidene] dihydro- 4-hydroxy-2(3H)-furanone Fig. 2(1). Its molecular formula is C20H30O5 and molecular mass 350.4 (C= 68.5%, H= 8.6%, O = 22.8%) is the major phyto-constituent mainly concentrated in leaves of Andrographis paniculata plant. It is insoluble in water but soluble in acetone, ether, chloroform and hot ethanol. Crystalline Andrographolide is highly stable even at 70°C for three months, its UV absorption maxima in methanol or ethanol at 222-224 nm.
In this review, we described the information of 47 main bioactive constituents isolated from Andrographis paniculata and extraction mode with the plant part listed in Table 1.
TABLE 1: BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA
Chemical constituents (chemical structure No.) | Plant sources/ solvent of extraction | Bio-activity/References |
Ent-labdane diterpenoids | ||
Andrographolides (1)
|
Whole plant/
Methanol, Ethanol, Hexane, Acetone water,
|
Anti-inflammatory 26-27, Hepatoprotective 28-29, Anti diabetic 30-32, Anti-influenza 33, Anticancer 34-37, Anti retroviral 38-39, Analgesic,antipyretic 40, Anti angiogenic 41, Cardio protective 42, Cholestatic 43, |
14-Deoxyandrographolide (2) | Leaves, whole plant &Aerial parts / Hexane, Acetone water ethanol | Hepatoprotective 44, Anti fungal 45, Anti bacterial 46, Immunomodulator 47, Antihypertensive 48-49. |
Neoandrographolide:(3) | Leaves , whole plant and Aerial parts /
Methanol, Ethanol, Acetone water |
Anti-inflammatory 50-51, Antioxidant 52, Antiparasitic 53, Antiherpes-simplex virus 38 , Hepatoprotective 54,
Chemosensitiser 55, |
14-Deoxy 11,12-didehydro andrographolide (4) | Leaves, whole plant, and Aerial parts / Ethanol, Hexane, Dichloromethane | Antiretroviral 39,Cholestatic 43, Antioxidant 52, Antifungal 45, Antihypertensive 48, Antidiabetic 56, Hepatoprotective 57, Cytotoxic 58, Antiherpes 38, |
Andrographiside (5) | Whole plant, roots /Methanol, petroleum ether & chloroform | Hepatoprotective 44, |
Isoandrographolide (6) | Leaves, Aerial parts, whole plant & roots /Methanol, Ethanol, Hexane | Anti- cancer and Anti inflammatory 38, Antiproliferative 59, Anti bacterial 60, Cytotoxic 37 , Cell differentiation inducer 60 |
Andrograpanin (7) | Leaves , and Aerial parts Ethanol and Hexane | Anti-inflammatory 61 |
14-Deoxy-11-oxo-andrographolide (8) | Aerial parts /Ethanol and water-Acetone | Anti leishmaniasis 62 |
14-Deoxy-11-hydroxy-
andrographolide(9) |
Aerial parts / Ethanol | Cell differentiation inducer 60 |
15-Methoxy-3,19-dihydroxy 8(17)11,13-entlabda-trien-16,15-olide (10) | Aerial parts /
Ethanol |
Anti proliferative 59 |
8(17),13-Ent-labda-diene-15,16,19-triol (11) | Aerial parts /
Ethanol |
Anti proliferative 59 |
3-O- 𝛽-D-glucosyl-14-deoxyandrographolide (12) | Whole plant/
Methanol and Ethanol |
Anti bacterial 44, Antifungal 45 |
14-Deoxy-12-hydroxyandrographolide(13) | Whole plant/
Methanol |
Anti microbial 46 |
6’-Acetyl-neo-andrographolide (14) | Aerial parts /Methanol | Cell differentiation inducer 60 |
3,14-Dideoxyandrographolide (15) | Aerial parts /Ethanol | Anti proliferative 59, |
3-Oxo-14-deoxyandrographolide (16) | Aerial parts /Ethanol | Antiproliferative 59 |
3-O- 𝛽 -D-glucopyranosyl 14,19-dideoxy andrographolide (17) | Aerial parts / water Acetone
|
Antimicrobial 46
|
3-O- 𝛽 -D-glucopyranosyl andrographolide (18) | ||
Andrographolactone (19) | Aerial parts /Ethanol | Cytotoxic 37 |
8,17-Epoxy-14 deoxyandrographolide(20) | Leaves /
Acetone water |
Anti microbial 46 |
14-Deoxy-17-betahydroxyandrographolide (21) | Leaves / water,
Acetone |
Antimicrobial 46 |
12-Hydroxyandrographolide (22) | Aerial parts /Ethanol | Antiproliferative 59 |
3-Oxo-14-deoxy-11,12 didehydroandrographolide (23) | Leaves /Ethanol | Antiproliferative 59 |
Bis-andrographolide A (24) | Aerial parts /Methanol | Cell differentiation inducer 60, analgesic, anti-inflammatory 70, |
7-Hydroxy-14-deoxyandrographolide (25) | Leaves /Ethanol | Antiproliferative 59, |
19-O-[beta-D-apiofuranosyl-beta Dglucopyranoyl]-3,14- dideoxyandrographolide (26) | Leaves /Acetone, water | Antimicrobial 46 |
Andrographalide-B (47) | Aerial parts/Ethanol | Antiviral 21 |
Flavonoids | ||
Apigenin (27) | Whole plant parts / Methanol | Antiplatelet aggregator 66, 64
|
7-O-methylwogonin (28) | Whole plant parts / Methanol , hexane | |
Onysilin (29) | Whole plant parts / Methanol | |
7,8-Dimethoxy-2-D-glucopyranosyl oxyflavone (30) | Leaves / Ethanol
|
Anti proliferative 63, 59 |
7-O-methyl-dihydrowogonin (31) | ||
Skullcapavone-1,2’methoxylether (32) | ||
5,4’-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-8- O--D-glucopyranosyloxy flavone (33) | ||
5,7,8-Trimethoxydihydroflavone (34) | ||
7,8-dimethoxy 2 hydroxy-5-O- 𝛽 –dglucopyranosyloxyflavone , (35) | ||
Andrographidine A, (36) | ||
Andrographidine C, (37) | ||
Luteolin, (38) | ||
7,8,2’,5’-Tetramethoxy 5-O- 𝛽 -D-glucopyranosyloxyflavone, (39) | ||
5,4’-Dihydroxy-7-O- 𝛽 -D pyranglycuronate butyl ester, (40) | ||
5,4'-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-8- 𝛽 -D-glucopyranosyloxyflavone (41) | ||
Xanthones | ||
1,2-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy-xanthone (42) | Roots / Petroleum Ether , Methanol, CHCl3 and water | Antimalarial 65
|
1,8-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethoxyxanthen-9-one (43) | ||
8-hydroxy-1,2,6-trimethoxyxanthen-9-one (44) | ||
4,8-dihydroxy-2,7-di-methoxy-xanthene-9-one (45) | ||
3,4-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (46) | Whole Plant parts /Methanol | Anti platelet aggregator 66 |
Fig. 2: Chemical Structures of Bioactive Constituents of Andrographis paniculata
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
|||||||||||
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
|||||||||||
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
|||||||||||
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
|||||||||||
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
||||||||||
Flavonoids | |||||||||||||||
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
|||||||||||
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
|||||||||||
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
||||||||||||
Xanthones | |||||||||||||||
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
|||||||||||
Pharmacological Properties: Andrographis paniculata crude extracts and its isolated chemical constituents show a numerous medicinal activities 67-68.
It includes antioxidant activity 69, anti-bacterial 46 and anti-microbial activities 47, anti-malarial, cold and fever, anti-venom activity, anti-diarrhoeal activity, anticancer activity 70, urinary tract infection and antidiabetic activity, cardiovascular activity, immunomodulatory activity etc.
CONCLUSION: The primary bioactive constituents in the herb are flavonoids, diterpenoids and polyphenols. Extensive literature review and experimental data analysis suggest that Andrographis paniculata are traditionally used for treating fever and several infections. The plant improves the activities of the heart and liver by treating cardiovascular illness and preventing liver damage. According to reports, andrographis reduces fertility in both male and female animals as well as people. In addition, it has enormous benefits for the functioning of the brain and central nervous system, allergic reactions and respiratory problems. Due to its enormous medicinal potential, Andrographis paniculata demand has significantly surged in recent years.
Numerous clinical trials were conducted successfully and without any negative effects, proving that the plant is a valuable and safe medical resource for people. Cultivation could be an excellent solution to make Andrographis paniculata available for research in order to satisfy commercial demand. More research is still required to learn more about the novel bioactive compounds and improve the bioactivity of the original chemicals.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: I appreciate my institution's head giving me all the assistance to complete this review. I also express my gratitude to my friends, who have supported and inspired me throughout the investigation.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
REFERENCES:
- Joshi RK, Satya IP and Setzer WN: Himalayan aromatic medicinal plants: a review of their ethnopharmacology, volatile phytochemistry and biological activities. Medicines 2016; 3(1): 1-55.
- Dhull SB, Punia S, Sandhu KS, Chawla P, Kaur R and Singh A: Effect of debittered fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) flour addition on physical, nutritional, antioxidant, and sensory properties of wheat flour rusk. Legume Sci 2019; 21.
- Mintah SO, Agyei A T and Archer MA: Medicinal Plants for Treatment of Prevalent Diseases 2019; DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.8204.
- Dhull SB, Punia S, Kumar R, Kumar M, Nain KB, Jangra K and Chudamani C: Solid state fermentation of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum): implications on bioactive compounds, mineral content and in-vitro J Food Sci Technol 2020.
- Joselin J and Jeeva S: Andrographis paniculata: A Review of its Traditional uses, Phytochemistry and pharmacology, Medicine Aromatic Plants 2014; 3(4): 169. DOI: 10.4172/2167-0412.1000169.
- Daniel AD, Sylvia Urban and Roessner Ute: A Historical Overview of Natural Products in Drug Discovery. Metabolities 2012; 2(2): 303–336.
- Okhuarobo A, Falodun JE, Erharuyi O, Imieje V, Falodun A and Langer P: Harnessing the medicinal properties of Andrographis paniculatafor diseases and beyond: a review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 2014; 4(3): 213–22. doi: 10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60509-0. PMCID: PMC4032030.
- Humbal A, Chaudhary N, Vaise S and Pathak B: A Brief Review on phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of andrographis paniculata. LOJ Phar & Cli Res 2021; 2(5): 264-269.
- Sreevani P: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activities of Andrographis Paniculata: A Review Int J Sci Res 2015; 4(1): 1887-1890.
- Shahid Akbar: Andrographis paniculata: A review of pharmacological activities and clinical effects. Alternative Medicine Review 2011; 16(1): 66-77.
- Pholphana N, Rangkadilok N, Saehun J, Ritruechai S and Satayavivad J: Changes in the contents of four active diterpenoids at different growth stages in Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees (Chuanxinlian). Chin Med. 2013; 18(1): 2. doi: 10.1186/1749-8546-8-2. PMID: 23320627; PMCID: PMC3552871.
- Parichatikanond W, Suthisisang C, Dhepakson P and Herunsalee A: Study of anti-inflammatory activities of the pure compounds from Andrographis paniculata (burm.f.) Nees and their effects on gene expression. International Immunopharmacology 2010; 10(11): 1361–1373.
- Subramanian R, Asmawi MZ and Sadikun A: Effect of andrographolide and ethanol extract of Andrographis paniculata on liver glycolytic, gluconeogenic and lipogenic enzymes in a type 2 diabetic rat model. Pharmaceutical Biology 2008; 46(10-11): 772–780.
- Zhang XF and Tan BKH: Antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant properties of Andrographis paniculata in normal and diabetic rats. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 2000; 27(5-6): 358–363.
- Akbarsha MA and Murugaian P: Aspects of the male reproductive toxicity/male antifertility property of andrographolide in albino rats: effect on the testes and the cauda epididymal spermatozoa. Phytother Res 2000; 14: 432-435.
- Zhang CY and Tan BK: Mechanism of cardiovascular activity of Andrographis paniculata in the anesthetized rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1997; 56: 97-101.
- Shi MD, Lin HH, Lee YC, Chao JK Lin RA and Chen JH: Inhibition of cell-cycle progression in human colorectal carcinoma Lovo cells by andrographolide. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2008; 174(3): 201–210.
- Hossain S, Urbi Z, Sule A and Rahman KMH: Andrographis paniculata (Burm., F.) wall Ex nees: a review of ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology, Sci World J 2014; 274905.
- Gan L, Zheng Y, Deng L, Sun P, Ye J, Wei X, Liu F, Yu L, Ye W, Fan C, Liu J and Zhang W: Diterpenoid lactones with anti-inflammatory effects from the aerial parts of Andrographis paniculata,. Molecules 2019; 24(15): 272-6.
- Samy PR, Thwin MM and Gopal krishnakone P: Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Use of Andrographis paniculata. Natural Product Communications 2007; 2(5): 607-18.
- Wang CH, Li W, Qiu RX, Jiang MM and Li GQ: A new diterpenoid from the aerial parts of Andrographis paniculata. Nat. Prod. Commun 2014; 9(1): 13–14.
- Wen Q, Jin X, Lu Y and Chen DF: Anticomplement ent-labdane diterpenoids from the aerial parts of Andrographis paniculata. Fitoterapia 2020; 142: 104528.
- Wang GY, Wen T, Liu FF, Tian HY, Chun-Lin F, Huang XJ, Ye WC and Wang Y: Two new diterpenoid lactones isolated from Andrographis paniculata. Chin J Nat Med 2017; 15(6): 458–462.
- Hanh T, My N, Cham PT, Quang TH, Cuong NX, Huong TT, Nam NH and Minh CV: Diterpenoids and flavonoids from Andrographis paniculata. Chem Pharm Bull 2020; 68(1): 96–99.
- Zhang L, Liu Q, Yu J, Zeng H, Jiang S and Chen: Separation of five compounds from leaves of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees by offline two-dimensional high-speed counter-current chromatography combined with gradient and recycling elution. J Sep Sci 2015; 38(9): 1476–1483.
- Wang T, Liu B, Zhang W, Wilson B and Hong JS: Andrographolide reduces inflammation-mediated dopaminergic neurodegeneration in mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures by inhibiting microglial activation. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2004; 308(3): 975–983.
- Qin LH, Kong L, Shi GJ, Wang ZT and Ge BX: Andrographolide inhibits the production of TNF-𝛼 and interleukin 12 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages: role of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2006; 29(2): 220–224.
- Kapil A, Koul IB, Banerjee SK and Gupta BD: Antihepatotoxic effects of major diterpenoid constituents of Andrographis paniculata. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 46: 182-185.
- Handa SS and Sharma A: Hepatoprotective activity of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata against carbon tetrachloride. The Indian Journal of Medical Research 1990; 92: 276–283.
- Subramanian R, Asmawi MZ and Sadikun A: Effect of ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) nees on a combination of fat-fed diet and low dose streptozotocin induced chronic insulin resistance in rats. Diabetologia Croatica 2008; 37(1): 13–22.
- Yu BC, Chang CK, Su CF and Cheng JT: Mediation of 𝛽-endorphin in andrographolide-induced plasma glucose lowering action in type I diabetes-like animals. Naunyn Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 2008; 377(4-5): 529–540.
- Lee TY, Lee KC and Chang HH: Modulation of the cannabinoid receptors by andrographolide attenuates hepatic apoptosis following bile duct ligation in rats with fibrosis. Apoptosis 2010; 15(8): 904–914.
- Chen JX, Xue HJ and YeW C: Activity of andrographolide and its derivatives against influenza virus in-vivo and in-vitro. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2009; 32(8): 1385–1391.
- Lee YC, Lin HH, Hsu CH, Wang CJ, Chiang TA and Chen JHS: Inhibitory effects of andrographolide on migration and invasion in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells via down-regulation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. European Journal of Pharmacology 2010; 632 (1–3): 23–32.
- Zhou J, Ong CN, Hur GM and Shen HM: Inhibition of the JAK-STAT3 pathway by andrographolide enhances chemosensitivity of cancer cells to doxorubicin. Biochemical Pharmacology 2010; 79(9):1242–1250.
- Lee S, Morita H and Tezuka Y: Preferentially cytotoxic constituents of Andrographis paniculata and their preferential cytotoxicity against human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Nat Prod Commun 2015; 10(7): 1153–1158.
- Tan M, Kuroyanagi M, Sulaiman S, Najimudin N and Muhammad TT: Cytotoxic activities of major diterpenoid constituents of Andrographis paniculata in a panel of human tumor cell line. Pharmaceutical Biology 2005; 43(6): 501– 508.
- Wiart C, Kumar K, Yusof MY, Hamimah H, Fauzi ZM, and Sulaiman M: Antiviral properties of ent-labdene diterpenes of Andrographis paniculata Nees, inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type-1. Phytotherapy Research 2005; 19(12): 1069–1070.
- Reddy VLN, Reddy SM and Ravikanth V: A new bis andrographolide ether from Andrographis paniculata nees and evaluation of anti-HIV activity. Natural Product Research 2005; 19(3): 223–230.
- Madav S, Tripathi HC and Mishra SK: Analgesic, antipyretic and antiulcerogenic effects of andrographolide. Indian J of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1995; 57(3): 121–125.
- Sheeja K, Guruvayoorappan C and Kuttan G: Antiangiogenic activity of Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide. International Immuno-pharmacology 2007; 7(2): 211–221.
- Woo AYH, Waye MMY, Tsui SKW, Yeung STW and Cheng CH: Andrographolide up-regulates cellular reduced glutathione level and protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 2008; 325(1): 226–235.
- Shukla B, Visen PK, Patnaik GK and Dhawan BN: Choleretic effect of andrographolide in rats and guinea pigs. Planta Med 1992; 58: 146-149.
- Roy DN, Mandal S, Sen G, Mukhopadhyay S and Biswas T: 14-Deoxyandrographolide desensitizes hepatocytes to tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis through calcium dependent tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A release via the NO/cGMP pathway. British J of Pharma 2010; 160(7): 1823–1843.
- Sule A, Ahmed QU and Latip J: Antifungal activity of Andrographis paniculata extracts and active principles against skin pathogenic fungal strains in-vitro. Pharmaceutical Biology 2012; 50(7): 850–856.
- Sule A, Ahmed QU and Samah OA: Bioassay guided isolation of antibacterial compounds from Andrographis paniculata. The American Journal of Applied Sciences 2011; 8(6): 525– 534.
- Naik S R and Hule A: Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of an extract of andrographolides from Andographis paniculata, Planta Medica 2009; 75(8): 785–791.
- Burgos RA, Hidalgo MA, Monsalve J, Labranche TP, Eyre P and Hancke JL: 14-Deoxyandrographolide as a platelet activating factor antagonist in bovine neutrophils. Planta Medica 2005; 71(7): 604–608.
- Burgos RA, Loyola M, Hidalgo MA, Labranche TP and Hancke JL: Effect of 14-deoxyandrographolide on calcium mediated rat uterine smooth muscle contractility. Phytotherapy Research 2003; 17(9): 1011–1015.
- Liu J, Wang ZT, Ji LL and Ge BX: Inhibitory effects of neoandrographolide on nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in LPS-stimulated murine macrophage. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 2007; 298(1-2): 49–57.
- Batkhuu J, Hattori K, Takano F, Fushiya S, Oshiman KI, and Fujimiya Y: Suppression of NO production in activated macrophages in-vitro and ex-vivo by neoandrographolide isolated from Andrographis paniculata. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2002; 25(9): 1169–1174.
- Kamdem RE, Sang S and Ho CT: Mechanism of the superoxide scavenging activity of neoandrographolide a natural product from Andrographis paniculata J of Agricul and Food Chemistry 2002; 50(16): 4662–4665.
- Misra P, Pal NL, Guru PY, Katiyar JC, Srivastava V and Tandon JS: Antimalarial activity of Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh) against Plasmodium berghei NK 65 in Mastomys natalensis. International Journal of Pharmacognosy 1992; 30(4): 263–274.
- Chander R, Srivastava V, Tandon JS and Kapoor NK: Antihepatotoxic activity of diterpenes of Andrographis paniculata (Kal-Megh) against Plasmodium berghei-induced hepatic damage in Mastomys natalensis. International J of Pharmacognosy 1995; 33(2): 135–138.
- Pfisterer PH, Rollinger J, Schyschka ML, Rudy A, Vollmar AM and Stuppner H: Neoandrographolide from Andrographis paniculata as a potential natural chemosensitizer. Planta Medica 2010; 76(15): 1698–1700.
- Lee MJ, Rao YK, Chen K, Lee YC, Chung YS and Tzeng YM: Andrographolide and 14-deoxy-11, 12-didehydroandrographolide from Andrographis paniculata attenuate high glucose-induced fibrosis and apoptosis in murine renal mesangeal cell lines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2010; 132(2): 497– 505.
- Akowuah GA, Zhari I, Mariam A, and Yam MF: Absorption of andrographolides from Andrographis paniculata and its effect on CCl4-induced oxidative stress in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2009; 47(9): 2321–2326.
- Manikam SD and Stanslas J: Andrographolide inhibit the growth of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells by inducing retinoic acid receptor-independent cell differentiation and apoptosis, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2009; 61(5): 69–78.
- He X, Zeng X, Hu H and Wu Y: Cytotoxic biotransformed products from andrographolide by Rhizopus stolonifer ATCC 12939. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 2010; 62(3-4): 242–247.
- [60] Matsuda T, Kuroyanagi M, Sugiyama S, Umehara K, Ueno A and Nishi K: Cell differentiation-inducing diterpenes from Andrographis paniculata Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 1994; 42(6):1216–1225.
- Liu J, Wang ZT and Ge B X: Andrograpanin, isolated from Andrographis paniculata, exhibits anti-inflammatory property in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage cells through down-regulating the p38 MAPKs signaling pathways. International Immunopharmaology 2008; 8(7): 951–958.
- Lala S, Nandy AK, Mahato SB and Basu MK: Delivery in-vivo of 14-deoxy-11-oxo andrographolide, an antileishmanial agent, by different drug carriers, Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2003; 40(3): 169–174.
- Chen LX, He H, Xia GY, Zhou KL and Qiu F: A new flavonoid from the aerial parts of Andrographis paniculata. Natural Product Research 2014; 28(3): 138–143.
- Hapuarachchi SD, Ali Z, Abe N, Sugandhika ST, Sandun ST and Khan IAG: Andrographidine, A new flavone glucoside from Andrographis paniculata. Nat Prod Commun 2013; 8(3): 333–334.
- Dua VK, Ojha VP and Roy R: Anti-malarial activity of some xanthones isolated from the roots of Andrographis paniculata. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2004; 95(2-3): 247–251
- Wu TS, Chern HJ and Damu AG: Flavonoids and entlabdane diterpenoids from Andrographis paniculata and their antiplatelet aggregatory and vasorelaxing effects. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research 2008; 10(1): 17–24.
- Radhika P, Prasad YR and Sowjanya K: A new diterpene from the leaves of Andrographis paniculata. Nees Nat Prod Commun 2012; 7(4): 485–486.
- Xu C, Chou GX, Wang CH and Wang ZT: Rare noriridoids from the roots of Andrographis paniculata. Phytochemistry 2012; 77: 275–279.
- Verma N and Vinayak M: Antioxidant action of Andrographis paniculata on lymphoma. Mol Biol Rep 2008; 35: 535-540.
- Suriyo T, Pholphana N, Rangkadilok N, Thiantanawat A, Watcharasit P and Satayavivad J: Andrographis paniculata extracts and major constituent diterpenoids inhibit growth of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Planta Med 2014; 80(7): 533–543.
How to cite this article:
Bhatnagar A: Chemical constituents of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F) Nees: a review. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2023; 14(7):3238-45. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.14(7).3238-45.
All © 2023 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.