CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA (BURM.F) NEES: A REVIEW

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA (BURM.F) NEES: A REVIEW

Anju Bhatnagar

Department of Chemistry, D. B. S. (PG) College, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.

ABSTRACT: Andrographis paniculata Nees is a valuable medicinal herb of Acanthaceae family, is used for centuries to treat several diseases including viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, malaria and diabetes. This medicinal plant has hepato-protective, immunological, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and antithrombotic qualities. It has many important bioactive compounds such as diterpenoids, flavonoids and polyphenols. Diterpenoids, including andrographolide, neoandro-grapholide and dehydroandrographolide are the main determinants of Andrographis paniculata quality. The most common and abundant form is andrographolide. Numerous human ailments are treated and prevented by it. Due to its various therapeutic applications, it is widely cultivated in many parts of the world and its relevance as a medicinal plant is constantly increasing. A comprehensive bibliographic search was conducted using offline and Online Databases. The current review aims to offer an updated and thorough analysis of the chemical components, explore their pharmacological potential and lay the basis for further research.

Keywords: Chemical constitutents, Diterpenoids, Flavonoids, Polyphenols, Biological activity hepato-protective, Andrographolide

INTRODUCTION: From ancient times, medicinal plants have been used to treat various ailments and disorders. Worldwide, around 80,000 plant species have been recognized and utilized as medicines. In India, 7500 medicinal plants have been recognized for therapeutic use for curing different diseases ^{1, 2}. Natural ingredients derived from medicinal plants, used as sources of drug. In spite of tremendous development of synthetic drugs and antibiotics during the 20th century, plant still constitute one of the major sources of drugs in the modern and traditional system of medicine throughout the world.

The largely rural population relies on medicinal plants as a source of treatments or to meet their healthcare needs for several reasons, including accessibility, affordability, and low cost ^{3, 4}. It is advantageous to the nature of healthy human life ^{5, 6}. Andrographis paniculata , often referred to as Kalmegh, is commonly used as traditional medicine in Asian countries to treat various diseases such as upper respiratory infections, fever, herpes, sore throats, and several chronic ailments ⁷.

The plant is widely used in Indian traditional medicine, including Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha, as a home cure for many illnesses. It has many bioactive compounds like diterpenoids, lactones, diterpenes glycosides, flavonoids, and flavonoid glycosides ⁸. A significant chemical andrographolide is a diterpenoid lactone having several pharmacological properties ^9-10. The amount of andrographolide is highest in the leaves (2.39 %) and lowest in the seeds of Andrographis ¹¹. It cures and prevents several diseases such as cold, fever and colic pain, and it is active against inflammatory ¹², antidiabetic activity ¹³, antioxidant ¹⁴, antifertility ¹⁵, cardiovascular ¹⁶, hepatoprotective ¹⁷, anti-cancer properties ^36-38 and anti-virus including inhibited HIV ³⁹. This study provides the most current information about phytochemical components, pharmacological potentials and research needs relevant to Andrographis paniculata.

About the Genus Andrographis: Genus Andrographis includes 28 species of small  herbs basically dispensed in tropical and subtropical Asia as well as some other countries such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Laos, Cambodia, Pakistan, Myanmar and the Caribbean islands. Some species, such as Andrographis paniculata, are recognized to have healing properties ¹⁸. It belongs to the Acanthaceae family, a potent herb utilized for the number of Ayurvedic, Siddha and homoeopathic formulations.

Andrographis paniculata is commonly used in indigenous medicine, especially as a bitter tonic, to treat fevers, diarrhoea and to get rid of intestinal worms. The herb is utilized as a liver tonic, blood purifier, and stomachic ¹⁹.

The annual herb Andrographis paniculata are found in different habitats including forests, plains, hill area and wetlands. It abundantly grows up to 1 m height with dark green slender stem, glabrous leaves in lanceolate arranged and tiny, hairy, white to pink small flowers. It is very abundant in South East Asia, India and Sri Lanka. Especially, In India, Andrographis paniculata are found in southern part such Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. The plant's leaves and other parts, including the root, have been used medicinally ²⁰. It is grown as a kharif (rainy season) crop in India. Heat and humidity with lots of sunshine are the ideal climate conditions for the plant Fig. 1.

FIG. 1: AERIAL PARTS OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA PLANT

Bioactive Constituents of Andrographis paniculata: All parts of this plant are used to extract the active photochemical. Active components mainly isolated from ethanol or methanol extract of leaves, stems, roots, and whole plant of Andrographis paniculata, which include diterpenes, lactones, flavonoids, and xanthones ^21-23. But the compositions of phytoconstituents widely differ from one part to another. Flavonoids are mostly found in the roots of plants ^24-25. Alkanes, ketones and aldehydes are also present in the aerial components.

Chemistry of Andrographolide: In 1896, Boorsma first isolated Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata and Gorter identified it as a lactone in 1911. It has a bitter taste and is a light yellow or colourless crystal compound. The chemical name of andrographolide is 3-[2-[decahydro – 6 – hydroxyl – 5 - (hydroxymethyl) -5, 8a – dimethyl – 2 - methylene-1-napthalenyl] ethylidene] dihydro- 4-hydroxy-2(3H)-furanone Fig. 2(1). Its molecular formula is C₂₀H₃₀O₅ and molecular mass 350.4 (C= 68.5%, H= 8.6%, O = 22.8%) is the major phyto-constituent mainly concentrated in leaves of Andrographis paniculata plant. It is insoluble in water but soluble in acetone, ether, chloroform and hot ethanol. Crystalline Andrographolide is highly stable even at 70°C for three months, its UV absorption maxima in methanol or ethanol at 222-224 nm.

In this review, we described the information of 47 main bioactive constituents isolated from Andrographis paniculata and extraction mode with the plant part listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1: BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA

Fig. 2: Chemical Structures of Bioactive Constituents of Andrographis paniculata

Flavonoids

Xanthones

Pharmacological Properties: Andrographis paniculata crude extracts and its isolated chemical constituents show a numerous medicinal activities ^67-68.

It includes antioxidant activity ⁶⁹, anti-bacterial ⁴⁶ and anti-microbial activities ⁴⁷, anti-malarial, cold and fever, anti-venom activity, anti-diarrhoeal activity, anticancer activity ⁷⁰, urinary tract infection and antidiabetic activity, cardiovascular activity, immunomodulatory activity etc.

CONCLUSION: The primary bioactive constituents in the herb are flavonoids, diterpenoids and polyphenols. Extensive literature review and experimental data analysis suggest that Andrographis paniculata are traditionally used for treating fever and several infections. The plant improves the activities of the heart and liver by treating cardiovascular illness and preventing liver damage. According to reports, andrographis reduces fertility in both male and female animals as well as people. In addition, it has enormous benefits for the functioning of the brain and central nervous system, allergic reactions and respiratory problems. Due to its enormous medicinal potential, Andrographis paniculata demand has significantly surged in recent years.

Numerous clinical trials were conducted successfully and without any negative effects, proving that the plant is a valuable and safe medical resource for people. Cultivation could be an excellent solution to make Andrographis paniculata available for research in order to satisfy commercial demand. More research is still required to learn more about the novel bioactive compounds and improve the bioactivity of the original chemicals.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: I appreciate my institution's head giving me all the assistance to complete this review. I also express my gratitude to my friends, who have supported and inspired me throughout the investigation.

Funding: This research received no external funding.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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    Bhatnagar A: Chemical constituents of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F) Nees: a review. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2023; 14(7):3238-45. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.14(7).3238-45.

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