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CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF PLANT CARDIOPROTECTIVES: A REVIEW

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CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF PLANT CARDIOPROTECTIVES: A REVIEW

Vikrant Arya* and Vivek Kumar Gupta

Department of Pharmacognosy, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial Post Graduate College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab, India

ABSTRACT

Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of death in most industrialized countries. Therefore, finding ways to reduce the mortality of cardiovascular disease remains an important public health goal. This review deals with medicinal plants possessing cardioprotective and cardiotonic activity. This review work explains chemical and pharmacological status of various cardioprotective plants including phytoconstituents responsible for cardioprotection, extract employed, dosage, pharmacological screening model and mechanism involved in cardioprotection. This review work definitely potentiates the work on cardioprotective plants.

Keywords:

Cardioprotection,

Myocardial,

Antioxidant,

Extract

INTRODUCTION: There is a large and increasing global burden of cardiovascular disease. Approximately 14 million individuals died of cardiovascular disease in 1990, and this is projected to rise to about 25 million by 2020 1. The global burden of disease due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is escalating, principally due to a sharp rise in the developing countries which are experiencing rapid health transition 2. The continuous increase in incidences of cardiovascular disease is a manifestation of chronic poor diet and lifestyle choices, which lead to diabetes and obesity 3.

More than 2000 plants have been listed in the Traditional (Herbal/Alternative) systems of medicine and some of these are providing comprehensive relief to the people suffering from cardio-vascular diseases, specially “hyperlipidemia” and “ischemic heart disease”. WHO reports indicate that around eighty percent of the global population still relies on botanical drugs and several herbal medicines have advanced to clinical use in modern times 4. The use of Western medicinal drugs for the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure and post myocardial infarction are widely accepted.

Although, some traditional Chinese Medicines have been used in mainland, Hong Kong, Taiwan of China in clinics and other Chinese communities worldwide for centuries 5. For cardiovascular diseases, herbal treatments have been used in patients with congestive heart failure, systolic hypertension, angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, cerebral insufficiency, venous insufficiency and arrhythmia 6. A brief description of some cardioprotective plants has been shown in table 1.

Chemistry of Natural Cardioprotectives: Various phytoconstituents from plants were responsible for cardioprotective activity including carotenoids (Eugenia uniflora); triterpenes (Ganoderma lucidum); flavonoids (Anacardium occidentale, Nelumbo nucifera); cardiac glycosides (Digitalis purpurea, Antiaris toxicaria); alkaloids (Desmodium gangeticum, Erythroxylon coca Tinospora cordifolia); saponins (Asparagus racemosus, Vaccaria pyramidata); terpenoids (Ginkgo biloba); fatty acids (Elaeis guineensis) etc 7-81. Various reported phytoconstituents from plant sources has been shown in figure 1.

Fig 2  Fig4

 

Fig 3

 

 

FIG. 1: VARIOUS CARDIOPROTECTIVE PHYTOCONSTITUENTS FROM PLANTS

TABLE 1: A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF COMMON CARDIOPROTECTIVE PLANTS 7-38

Plant name Family Chemical Constituents
Allium sativum Liliaceae Allicin, sulphur compounds
Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Flavonoids, carotenoids
Antiaris toxicaria Moraceae Cardiac glycosides
Asparagus racemosus Asparagaceae Saponins-Shatavarins I–IV
Cinnamomum tamala Lauraceae Cinnamaldehyde
Delphinium denudatum Ranunculaceae Campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, cholesterol, deltaavenasterol and alkaloids
Digitalis purpurea Scrophulariaceae Cardiac glycosides
Eugenia uniflora Orchidaceae Carotenoids, flavonoids
Ganoderma lucidum Ganodermataceae Triterpenes
Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Ginko flavone glycosides, terpenoids (ginkgolides and bilobalide)
Hemidesmus indicus Asclepiadaceae Coumarino-lignoids, hemidesmine
Leptadenia pyrotechnica Asclepiadaceae Triterpenoid
Nelumbo nucifera Nelumbonaceae Quercetin, luteolin, alkaloids
Onosma bracteatum Boraginaceae Tannins, Glycosides, resins, alkaloids
Elaeis guineensis Arecaceae Fatty acids, omega-3- fatty acid
Quercus resinosa Fagaceae Tannins
Rosa damascene Rosaceae Lycopene, rubixanthin, zeaxanthin, quercetin, kaempferol and cyanidin
Tinospora cordifolia Menispermaceae Alkaloidal constituents, including berberine; bitter principles, including columbin, chasmanthin, palmarin and tinosporon, tinosporic acid and tinosporol
Erythroxylon coca Erythroxylaceae Alkaloids including cocaine, tropacocaine, Cinnamoylcocaine
Hordeum vulgare Gramineae Vitamin C, β-glucan-enriched fraction
Citrus aurantium Rutaceae Volatile oil, alkaloid
Glycine max Papilionaceae Protein, lecithin, saponins
Aesculus hippocastanum Hippocastanaceae Hydroxycoumarin
Hippophae rhamnoides Elaeagnaceae Polyphenols
Raphanus sativus Cruciferae Caffeic acid
Vaccaria pyramidata Caryophyllaceae Saponins
Euryale ferox Nymphaeaceae Protein
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Verbenaceae Friedelin, stigmasterol, ursolic acid, hispidulin, scutellarein, choline, phenolic acids
Desmodium gangeticum Fabaceae Alkaloids

 

 

Pharmacology of cardioprotective plants: Phytoconstituents reported in cardioprotective plants significantly prevented the altered biochemical variation such as marker enzymes serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) or alanine transaminase (ALT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) or aspartate transaminase (AST), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), alkaline phosphatise (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lipid profile including low density lipoprotein (LDL), VLDL (very low density lipoprotein), triglycerides (TGs), high density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol and antioxidant parameters including Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), MDA (malonaldialdehyde) and glutathione reductase (GR) come to near normal status. Cardioprotective activity was evaluated using various pharmacological screening models like isoprenaline induced myocardial necrosis in rats, doxorubicin (DOX) induced cardiotoxicity in albino rats, cyclophosphamide induced oxidative myocardial injury in a rat model, ischemia-reperfusion-induced myocardial infarction in albino rats, cigarette Smoke-exposed Rats, adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy in rats etc 36-78. Pharmacological status of some cardioprotective plants has been mentioned in table 2 given below.

 

TABLE 2:  PHARMACOLOGY OF CARDIOPROTECTIVE PLANTS 39-81

Plant/Family name Dose administered mg/kg Extract In vitro/in vivo model Mechanism involved and observation
Andrographis       paniculata,

Acanthaceae

 Dose-dependent Crude Neonatal rat cardiomyocyte (NRC) Pretreatment with andrographolide protected the cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/ reoxygenation injury and up-regulated the cellular-reduced glutathione (GSH) level and antioxidant enzyme activities. Andrographolide activated both the GCLC – (catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase) and the modifier subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLM) promoters in the transfected rat H9C2 cardiomyocyte cell line
Azadirachta indica, Meliaceae 250, 500,  1000 Leaf extract Isoprenalin induced myocardial necrosis in rats A. indica extract and vitamin E significantly restores most of the haemodynamic, biochemical and histopathalogical parameters in infected rats
Bacopa monnieri, Scrophulariaceae 50, 100, 150, 200 Hydroalcoholc Isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis in rats Antioxidant components (Bacosides Aand B) caused significant rise in endogenous antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GSH) and decrease in MDA
Buchanania axillaries, Anacardiaceae 250, 500 Ethanolic Doxorubicin (DOX)

induced cardiotoxicity in albino rats

 Ethanolic extract of B. axillaries significantly prevented the altered biochemical variation such as marker enzymes (SGPT, SGOT,CPK, alkaline phosphatase , LDH), lipid profile (LDL, VLDL, TGs, HDL, Total cholesterol) and antioxidant parameters SOD), GSH, CAT, GPx, MDA, and GR come to near normal status
Calotropis procera, Asclepiadaceae 300 Alcoholic Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in albino rats Pretreatment pretreatment,
n the protocols required before beginning therapy, usually of a diagnostic nature; before treatment.pretreatment estimate,
n See predetermination.  with an ethanolic latex extract of C. procera significantly reduced the elevated marker enzyme levels in serum and heart homogenates in rats with isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction. Histopathological observation revealed a marked protection by the extract in myocardial necrotic damage
Cassia fistula, Caesalpiniaceae 400 Methanolic Doxorubicin (DOX)

induced cardiotoxicity in wistar rats

 Significant decrease in serum enzymes (SGOT, SGPT, LDH and creatine kinase MB isoenzyme)
Cocos nucifera,

Palmae

 100 g/ body weight Water Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in albino rats Decrease in serum enzymes(CPK, LDH, SGOT, SGPT) and very little myocardial damage in isoproterenol treated rats fed tender coconut water
Cichorium intybus, Compositae 500 Aqueous Ageing myocardium of albino rats Cichorium extract was found to ameliorate the age induced injury and offered protection to the heart

from oxidative damage and also found to decrease  serum enzymes
Colebrookea oppositifolia,

Lamiaceae

 250, 500 Methanolic Doxorubicin (DOX)

induced cardiotoxicity in albino rats

 The study of lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidant enzymes reveled that the malondialdehyde level was decreased,  GSH, SOD and CAT levels were significantly rised in C. oppositifolia extract treated group
Commiphora mukul, Burseraceae 50 Gum resin Isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis in rats (in vivo); effect of Guggulsterone on Lipid Peroxidation

and Oxygen Free Radical Generation (in vitro)

 Guggulsterone isomers inhibited oxidative degradation of lipids in human low-density lipoprotein in vivo and rat liver microsomes induced by metal ions in vitro
Crataegus oxycantha, Rosaceae 0.5 mL/100 g Tincture Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in albino rats Tincture prevented the isoproterenol-induced decrease in antioxidant enzymes in the heart and increased the rate of ADP-stimulated oxygen uptake and respiratory coupling ratio. C. oxycantha tincture protected against pathological changes induced by isoproterenol in rat heart
Crocus sativus,

Iridaceae

 5, 10, 20 Aqueous Isoproterenol induced cardiotoxicity rats Crocin modulated  the activities of myocardial creatine CK-MB isoenzyme, LDH and cause rise in antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and reduced GSH
Cucumis trigonus, Cucurbitaceae 75, 150 Ethanolic Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in albino rats Orally administered ethanolic extract showed a decrease in serum enzyme levels and the ECG changes brought to the near normal values. The observed results were further confirmed by histopathological findings
Curcuma longa, Zingiberaceae 100 Hydroalcoholic Isoproterenol induced hemodynamic, biochemical and

histopathological alternations in rats

 Administration of hydroalcoholic extract causes myocardial adaptation by augmenting endogenous antioxidants and protects rat hearts from decline in cardiac function and oxidative stress associated with isoproterenol induced myocardial injury
Cynodon dactylon, Poaceae 25, 50, 100, 200 μg/ml Hydroalcoholic Ischemia/reperfusion- (I/R )induced arrhythmias C. dactylon produce protective effects against I/R-induced arrhythmias in isolated rat hearts probably by increase in the myocardial contractility and as a result by improvement of hemodynamic factors
Daucus carota, Umbeliferae 250, 500 Aqueous Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in albino rats Aqueous extract showed a decrease in serum aspartate

Transaminase(AST), alanine transaminase(ALT), lipid peroxidase, lactate dehydrogenase levels and cardiac total protein  lipid peroxidase, and lactate dehydrogenase
Dracocephalum moldavica,

Labiatae

 25-200 μg/ml Total extract (Methanol-water) Ischemia/Reperfusion induced arrhythmias and infarct size in the isolated rat heart Total extract of D. moldavica caused a significant reduction in the number of ventricular tachycardia (VT), total ventricular ectopic beats (VEBs) and VT duration in ischemic and reperfusion periods
Embelica ribes, Myrsinaceae 100 Aqueous Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in albino rats Pretreatment pretreatment,
n the protocols required before beginning therapy, usually of a diagnostic nature; before treatment.pretreatment estimate,
n See predetermination.  with an aqueous extract of E. ribes, significantly reduced the elevated marker enzyme levels in serum and heart homogenates and also enhances the antioxidant defence system against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction
Ficus hispida,

Moraceae

 400 mg/kg Methanolic Cyclophosphamide induced oxidative myocardial injury in a rat model Methanolic extract of F. hispida protected the cardiac tissue by scavenging the free radicals, which was proved by normalisation of biochemical parameters

 
Glycyrrhiza glabra, Papilionaceae 20 Isoliquiritigenin extract Metallothiein mediates             cardiac protection Isoliquiritigenin extract protected myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury through activation of Janus kinase 2 /signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (JAK 2/STAT 3) signal transduction pathway, which might be involved in mediating the upregulation of metallothionein (MT) expression

 
Vitis vinifera,

Verbenaceae

 50, 100, 150 Grape seed proanthocyanidins(GSP) Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in albino rats Pretreatment with GSP  positively altered the levels of all the parameters studied and restored normal mitochondrial function when compared with isoproterenol -induced rats
Hydrocotyle asiatica, Umbelliferae 100-1000 Alcoholic Ischemia-reperfusion induced myocardial infarction in rats A reduction in percent left ventricle necrosis (PLVN) as well as in lipid peroxide levels was observed in rats treated with alcoholic extract of H. asiatica
Inula racemosa, Compositae 100 Hydroalcoholic Myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury Significantly restored  the   myocardial antioxidant status evidented by increased  SOD, CAT, and reduced glutathione and also prevented leakage of cardiospecific enzymes CK-MB and MDA
Lagenaria Siceraria, Cucurbitaceous 10 mL Fruit juice Doxorubicin (DOX)

induced cardiotoxicity in albino rats

 Administration of fruit juice prevented DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and decreased myocardial injury by preservation of endogenous antioxidants and reduction of lipid peroxidation in rat heart
Mangifera indica, Anacardiaceae 100 mg/g Magniferin Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in albino rats Magniferin administration  prevented isoproterenol induced cardiotoxicity and decreased lipid peroxide formation and retained the myocardial enzymes at the normal level
Moringa oleifera, Moringaceae 200 Hydroalcohol

 

 Isoproterenol induced myocardial damage in albino rats Moringa treatment significantly prevented the rise in lipid peroxidation in myocardial tissue. Furthermore, M. oleifera also prevented the deleterious histopathological and ultrastructural perturbations caused by Isoproterenol
Muntingia calabura, Elaeocarpaceae 100, 200, 300 Leaf extract Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats Muntingia leaf extract had a significant effect on the activities of marker enzymes compared to the other groups. Serum uric acid level, which increased on isoproterenol administration, registered near normal values on treatment with the leaf extract under study
Nardostachys jatamansi, Valerianaceae 85

 

 Hydroalcoholic Isoproterenol

induced cardiotoxicity

 Orally administered ethanolic extract showed a decrease in serum enzyme levels
Ocimum sanctum,

Labiatae

 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 400 Hydroalcoholic Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in albino rats Hydroalcoholic extract reduced significantly modulates various biochemical parameters like GSH, SOD and LDH levels. It also inhibited the lipid peroxidation
Picrorrhiza kurroa, Scrofulariaceae 50 Ethanolic Adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy

in rats

 Picrorrhiza extract showed a decrease in serum enzyme levels and protect against cardiotoxicity
Piper betle,

Piperaceae

 75, 150, 300 Leaf extract Isoproterenol induced cardiotoxicity in rats Significant increase in myocardial antioxidants SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, reduced the leakage of CK-MB isoenzyme and LDH along with decreased lipid peroxidation in heart
Premna serratifolia, Verbenaceae 100 mg/100g Ethanolic Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in  rats Presence of Phytoconstituents like iridoid glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids and phenolic compounds might caused significant cardioprotection
Semecarpus anacardium, Anacardiaceae 150 Hydroalcoholic Isoproterenol induced myocardial damage in rats Hydroalcoholic extract caused significant elevation in SOD and CAT activities The creatine phosphokinase -MB activities and LDH were fallen in serum

 
Sesbania grandiflora, Papilionaceae 1000 Aqueous Cigarette Smoke–exposed Rats Aqueous suspension of S. grandiflora restored the antioxidant status and retained the levels of micronutrients in rats exposed to cigarette smoke
Sida cordifolia,

Malvaceae

 100, 500 mg/kg Hydroalcoholic Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in  rats Hydroalcoholic extract of S. cordifolia cause marked decrease in the activities of CK-MB isoenzyme, LDH and cause rise in antioxidant enzymes like SOD,  CAT and reduced GSH Moreover, biochemical findings were supported by histopathological observations
Silybum marianum, Compositae 100 , 250, 500 Aqueous Ischemia-reperfusion-induced myocardial infarction

in albino rats

 The present study showed that silymarin protected the endogenous antioxidant enzymes, suppressed the neutrophil infiltration during ischemia-reperfusion and limited the infarct size. Pretreatment with silymarin also protected rat hearts from a further drop in mean arterial blood pressure during reperfusion and restored heart rate at the end of the reperfusion period
Syzygium cumini, Myrtaceae 500 Seeds Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in  rats Pretreatment with S. cumini extract had a more significant effect on the activities of marker enzymes. Serum uric acid level, also registered near normal values on treatment with S. cumini extract under study. Presence of multiple chemical constituents in the methanolic seeds extract might be responsible for its cardioprotection
Terminalia arjuna, Combretaceae 3.4, 6.75, 9.75 Alcoholic Isoproterenol induced myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury The present study demonstrates that the T. arjuna extract augments endogenous antioxidant compounds of the rat heart and also prevents the myocardium from isoproterenol induced myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury
Terminalia chebula, Combretaceae 250 Ethanolic Isoproterenol induced cardiac (lysosomal) membrane damage T. chebula extract pretreatment resulted in significantly lower activities of heart lysosomal enzymes compared with rats given isoproterenol alone
Tribulus terrestris, Zygophyllaceae 250 Hydroalcoholic Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in  rats T. terrestris hydroalcoholic extract decreased the leakage of CK-MB and LDH enzymes from myocardium. Presence of antioxidant constituents (flavanoids) in the extract might be responsible for its cardioprotection
Trichopus zeylanicus, Trichopodaceae 500 Ethanolic Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in  rats Significant decline was shown in the activities of cardiac markers such as ALT, AST, LDH and CK in the heart of acute isoproterenol-treated rats
Withania somnifera, Solanaceae 300 Ethanolic Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in  rats Significant decrease in serum enzymes
Zingiber officinale, Zingiberaceae 200 Ethanolic Isoproterenol induced oxidative myocardial necrosis in  rats Significant decline was shown in the activities of cardiac markers such as ALT, AST, LDH and CK

 

 

CONCLUSION: Secondary metabolites like carotenoids, triterpenes, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids saponins, polyphenols, terpenoids, fatty acids etc were responsible for cardioprotective activity at a particular dose which was evaluated using appropriate pharmacological screening approach.

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  4. Muralidharan P, Balamurugan G, Kumar P:  Inotropic and cardioprotective effects of Daucus carota on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2008; 3: 74-79.
  5. Najafi M, Ghasemian E, Fathiazad F, Garjani A: Effects of Total Extract of Dracocephalum moldavica on Ischemia/Reperfusion Induced Arrhythmias and Infarct Size in the Isolated Rat Heart. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 2009; 11: 229-235.
  6. Bhandari U, Ansari MN, and Islam F: Cardioprotective effect of aqueous extract of Embelica ribes fruits against Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in albino rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 2008; 46: 35-40.
  7. Shanmugarajan TS, Arunsundar M, Somasundaram I, Krishnakumar E, Sivaraman D, Ravichandiran V: Cardioprotective effect of Ficus hispidaI on Cyclophosphamide induced oxidative myocardial injury in a rat model. International Journal of Pharmacology 2008; 1-10.
  8. Wei AN, Jing Y, Ying AO: Metallothionein mediates cardioprotection of isoliquiritigenin against ischemia-reperfusion through JAK2/STAT3 activation. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2006; 27: 1431–1437.
  9. Karthikeyan K, Bai B R Sarala., Devaraj S Niranjali: Efficacy of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins on Cardioprotection During Isoproterenol-induced Myocardial Injury in Rats. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2009; 53: 109-115.
  10. Pragada RR, Veeravalli KK, Chowdary KPR, Routhu KV: Cardioprotective activity of Hydrocotyle asiatica in ischemia-reperfusion induced myocardial infarction in rats, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2004; 93: 105-108.
  11. Ojha S, Nandave M, Kumari S, Arya DS: Cardioprotection by Inula racemosa in experimental model of ischemic reperfusion injury, Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 2010; 48: 918-924.
  12. Fard MH, Naseh G, Bodhankar SL, Dikshit M: Cardioprotective Effect of Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley (Cucurbitaceae) Fruit Juice on Doxorubicin Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats. American Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2010; 5: 103-108.
  13. Prabhu S, Jainu M, Sabitha KE, and Devi CSS: Cardioprotective Effect of Mangiferin on Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 2006; 44: 209-215.

 

  1. Nandave M, Ojha SK, Joshi S, Kumari S, Arya DS: Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract Prevents Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Damage in Rats: Evidence for an Antioxidant, Antiperoxidative, and Cardioprotective Intervention. Journal of Medicinal Food 2009; 12: 47-55.
  2. Nivethetha M, Jayasri J, Brindha P: Effects of Muntingia calabura on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction. Singapore Med J. 2009; 50: 300-302.
  3. Krishnamoorthy G, Shabi MM, Ravindhran D, Uthrapathy S, Rajamanickam VG, Dubey GP: Nardostachys jatamansi: cardioprotective and hypolipidemic Herb, Journal of Pharmacy Research 2009; 2: 574-578.
  4. Sharma M, Kishore K, Gupta SK, Joshi S, Arya DS: Cardioprotective potential of Ocimum sanctum in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 2001; 225: 75-83.
  5. D Rajaprabhu, R Rajesh, R Jeyakumar, S Buddhan, B Ganesan, R Anandan: Protective effect of Picrorhiza kurroa on antioxidant defense status in adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy in rats. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research 2007; 1: 080-085.
  6. Arya DS, Arora S, Malik S, Nepal S, Kumari S, Ojha S: Effect of Piper betle on cardiac function, marker enzymes, and oxidative stress in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 2010; 20: 564-571.
  7. Rajendran R, Basha NS: Cardioprotective effect of ethanol extract of stem-bark and stem-wood of Premna serratifolia , (Verbenaceae). Research J. Pharm. and Tech. 2008; 1: 487-491.
  8. Asdaq SMB, Chakraborty M: Myocardial potency of Semecarpus anacardium nut extract against isoproterenol induced myocardial damage in rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 2010; 2: 10-13.
  9. Ramesh T, Mahesh R, Sureka C, Begum VH: Cardioprotective Effects of Sesbania grandiflora in Cigarette Smoke–exposed Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2008; 52: 338-343.
  10. Kubavat JB, Asdaq SMB: Role of Sida cordifolia leaves on biochemical and antioxidant profile during myocardial injury. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2009; 124: 162-165.
  11. Rao PR, Viswanath RK: Cardioprotective activity of silymarin in ischemia reperfusion-induced myocardial infarction in albino rats. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2007; 12: 179-187.
  12. Mastan SK, Chaitanya G, Latha LB, Srikanth A, Sumalatha G, and Kumar KE: Cardioprotective effect of methanolic extract of Syzygium cumini seeds on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Der Pharmacia Lettre. 2009; 1: 143-149.
  13. Karthikeyan K, Sarala Bai BR, Gauthaman K, Sathish KS, Devaraj SN: Cardioprotective effect of the alcoholic extract of Terminalia arjuna bark in an in vivo model of myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury. Life Sciences 2003; 73: 2727-2739.
  14. Suchalatha S, Shyamala Devi CS: Protective effect of Terminalia chebula against lysosomal enzyme alterations in isoproterenol induced cardiac damage in rats. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2005; 10: 91-95.
  15. Ojha SK, Nandave M, Arora S, Narang R, Dinda AK, Arya DS: Chronic administration of Tribulus terrestris improves cardiac function and attenuates myocardial infarction in rats. International Journal of Pharmacology 2008; 4: 1-10.

 

  1. Velavan S, Selvarani S, Adhithan A: Cardioprotective effect of Trichopus zeylanicus against myocardial ischemia induced by isoproterenol in rats. Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2009; 4: 88-91.
  2. Hamza A, Amin A, Daoud S: The protective effect of a purified extract of Withania somnifera against doxorubicin-induced cardiac toxicity in rats. Cell Biology and Toxicology 2008; 24: 63-73.
  3. Ansari MN, Bhandari U, Pillai KK: Ethanolic Zingiber officinale extract pretreatment elevates Isoproterenol induced oxidative myocardial necrosis in rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 2006; 44: 892-897.

Article Information

8

1156-1167

817

2594

25

English

Ijpsr

Vikrant Arya* and Vivek Kumar Gupta

Department of Pharmacognosy, Amar Shaheed Baba Ajit Singh Jujhar Singh Memorial Post Graduate College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, Punjab, India

08 February, 2011

24 March, 2011

18 April, 2011

http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.2(5).1156-67

01 May, 2011

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