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COMPARITIVE REVIEW ON ANTI-ULCER ACTIVITY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS

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COMPARITIVE REVIEW ON ANTI-ULCER ACTIVITY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS

Leela Kalyani Martha, Ekshita Sai Thummuru, Vinitha Vemishetty, Sai Sruthi Perabattula and Anil Kumar Sagi *

Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

ABSTRACT: Peptic ulcer is an excavation of mucosa and may extend to the submucosal layer. The bacterium Helicobacter pylori is regarded as the most common cause of infection. Long-term use of NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory disease drugs) like Aspirin, Diclofenac, and Naproxen and stress were also regarded as causes of ulceration. Ancient technology of synthesizing and utilizing plant-based medicine is known from time immemorial. Chronic and complicated diseases have been cured with plant-based products. Considering their importance in manufacturing new medicines, their efficacy and safety have become a major concern. This literature review reviews some investigated plants that have shown promising results in mitigating peptic ulcers at different doses. Preliminary phytochemical screening of these herbs has shown the presence of important secondary metabolites like flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins which are responsible for the anti-ulcer activity. Acute toxicity studies have proved the safety of the selected plant extracts. This article reviews the overall active constituents, anti-ulcer, gastro protective activity of some medicinal plants investigated between 2015-2022.

Keywords: Peptic ulcer, Plant extracts, Anti-ulcer, Gastro protective

INTRODUCTION: Peptic ulcers are generally caused due to an imbalance between destructive and defensive factors in the stomach. The destructive factors include HCl, pepsin, ethanol, NSAIDs, stress, smoking, and H-pylori infection. The defensive factors include mucus-bicarbonate barrier, mucin secretion, prostaglandins, and anti-oxidant enzymes 1.

Treatment for ulcers includes either antagonizing the destructive factors or stimulating the defensive factors 2. The present pharmacological treatment includes histamine type 2 receptor antagonists such as ranitidine, cimetidine, or proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole 3.

Side effects and relapse of ulcers are major concerns for these medicines. A wide range of plants contains phytochemicals like flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids that help in the treatment of ulcers as they have antioxidant activity and antibiotic activity with less or no side effects. This article gives information about some medicinal plants which were proved to have antiulcer activity.

TABLE 1: EXTRACTION WITH NON-AQUEOUS SOLVENTS

Botanical Name Family Parts used Solvent used Chemical constituents Animals used Screening method Reference
Aconitum heterophyllum Ranunculaceae Roots Ethanol Alkaloid, Phenol, Flavonoids, Saponin, Tannins, Protiens, Aminoacids, Terpenoids Albino Wistar rats Ethanol-induced ulcer Rasve VR et al., 2018 4
Annona reticulata Annonaceae Leaves Methanol Steroids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids Wistar albino rats Ethanol, indomethacin, pyrrolic ligation, water immersion stress induced Yadav K et al., 2019 5
Baccharis trimera Asteraceae Aerial parts Hydroethanolic Flavanoids, caffeoylquinic acids Adult Female wistar rats, Male or female swiss mice Ethanol, acetic acid, pyloric ligation induced dos Reis Lívero FA et al., 2016 6
Citrullus lanatus Cucurbitaceae Seeds Methanol Flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, steroids Albino rats Ethanol-induced Ukwuani-Kwaja AN et al., 2018 7
Coccinia grandis Cucurbitaceae Leaves Ethanol Flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, phytosterols, saponins Adult male wistar rats Indomethacin induced Datchanamurty B et al., 2019 8
Cordia Africana Boraginaceae Seeds Methanol Tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols Wistar albino rats Pyloric ligation induced Yismaw YE et al., 2020 9
Costus speciosus Zingiberaceae Rhizome Hydroalchol Flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, amino acids Adult swisswistar albino rats Pyrolic ligation induced Kujur N et al., 2019 10
Croton macrostachyus Euphorbiaceae Roots Methanol Tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, phenols, flavonoids Adult Sprague dawleyrats, swiss albino mice Pyloric ligation, ethanol/HCl induced Mekonnen AN et al., 2020 11
Ficus thonningii Moraceae Stem, bark Hydromethanolic Terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, phenols, flavonoids Female swiss albino mice, wistar rats Pyrolic ligation, Ehanol, indomethacin induced Adane H et al., 2021 12
Hannoa klaineana Simaroubaceae Leaves Methanol Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponin, terpenoids, steroids Wistar rats Ethanol, indomethacin induced Abubakar I et al., 2020 13
Indigofera tinctoria Fabaceae Leaves Ethanol Flavonoids, terpenoids, saponin, tannins, glycosides Albino rats Pyrolic ligation induced Venkatachalam D et al., 2018 14
Lactuca sativa Asteraceae Leaves Ethanol Tannins, glycosides,  phytosterols, phenols, saponins Wistar albino rats Ethanol, pyloric ligation induced Maheswari B et al.,2020 15
Lagenaria siceraria Cucurbitaceae Fruit Methanol flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, phenols, alkaloids Sprague Dwaley rats Pyloric ligation, aspirin, cold restraint stress, ethanol induced Srivastava V et al., 2021 16
Lilium candidum Liliaceae Flowers Hydroalcoholic Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics Wistar rats Aspirin induced Balmik M et al., 2019 17
Nymphaea alba Nymphaeaceae Flowers Ethanol Alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols Wistar albino rats Pyloric ligation, ethanol induced Paharia AK et al., 2020 18
Osyrisquadripartita Santalaceae Leaves Methanol Alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids Adult wistar albino rats Ethanol induced, pyloric ligation Abebaw M et al., 2017 19
Peltophorumpterocarpum Fabaceae Leaves Methanol Flavonoids, phenols, tannins Wistar Albino rats Indomethacin, Pyrolicligation induced Pradeepkumar B et al., 2017 20
Phyllanthus niruri Euphorbiaceae Leaves Methanol Saponins, steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavanoids, tannins, phenols, glycosides Swiss albino rats Ethanol -acid induced Mostofa R et al., 2017 21
Salvadora indica Salvadoraceae Leaves Ethanol Flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, aminoacids Male albino rats Pyrolic ligation, ethanol, cysteamine induced Sahoo SK et al., 2016 22
Spathodeacampanulata

 

 

 Bignoniaceae Leaves Ethanol Alkaloids, Glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins Wistar rats Aspirin induced

 

 Khatri S et al., 2019 23
Spondia smombin Anacardiaceae Leaves Ethanol Alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids Swiss mice and wistar rats Ethanol, Indomethacin, Acetic acid induced Brito SA et al., 2018 1
Terminalia bellirica Combretaceae Leaves Methanol Saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, coumarins Female Albino wistar rats Ethanol-acid induced Akter S et al., 2019 24

TABLE 2: EXTRACTION WITH AQUEOUS SOLVENT

Botanical Name Family Parts used Chemical constituents Animals used Screening method Reference
Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Leaves Flavonoids, saponin, alkaloids, tannins Male Wistar rats Pyloric ligation, aspirin, cold restraint stress-induced Bhajoni PS et al., 2016 25
Balanites aegyptiaca Zygophyllaceae Stem, bark Flavonoids, polyphenols Wistar rats Ethanol, indomethacin, pyrolic ligation, acetic acid-induced Ugwah MO et al., 2019 26
Bryophyllumpinnatum Crassulaceae Leaves Flavonoids FemaleWistar rats, swiss albino mice Ethanol, Acetic acid, indomethacin-induced De Araújo ER et al., 2021 27
Carica papaya Caricaceae Seeds Flavonoids, tannins, saponins Male albino rats Indomethacin induced Oloyede HO et al., 2015 28
Citrus sinensis Rutaceae Fruit peel Flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins Male wistar rats Ethanol-induced Selmi S et al., 201 73
Eremomastax speciosa Acanthaceae Leaves Alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpinoids, phenols, tannins, saponins Male albino wistar rats HCl/ethanol, indomethacin, cold restraint stress induced, absolute ethanol Amang AP et al., 2017 29
Macaranga barteri Euphorbiaceae Leaves Polyphenols, Tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, sterols Albino wistar rats Ibuprofen, pyloric ligation, cold restraint stress, Hcl/ethanol induced Hervé EE et al., 2018 30
Mentha piperita Lamiaceae leaves Terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins Wistar rats Ethanol-induced Zangeneh MM et al., 2019 31
Myrtle berries Myrtaceae seeds Polyphenols, flavonoids, linoleic acid, oleic acid Adult male wistar rats Ethanol-induced Jabri MA et al., 2017 32
Plantago ovata Plantaginaceae Seeds Polyphenols, flavonoids, fibers Male albino rats Indomethacin induced Bagheri SM et al., 2018 33
Terminalia catappa Combretaceae leaves Flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids Male wistar rats Absolute ethanol, ischemia-reperfusion induced Silva LP et al., 2015 34
Ximenia americana Olacaceae Stem, bark Flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, steroids Rats Absolute ethanol, Ethanol-acid, Indomethacin induced Aragão TP et al., 2018 35
Ziziphus jujuba Rhamnaceae Stem, bark Phenols, tannins, Flavanoids Albino wistar rats HCl/absolute ethanol induced Hamedi S et al., 2015 36

TABLE 3: EXTRACTION WITH VARIOUS SOLVENTS

Botanical Name Family Parts used Solvent used Chemical constituents Animals used Screening method Reference
Averrhoa carambola Oxalidaceae Leaves Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Ethanol, Distilled water Tannins, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, sterols, fats, fixed oils Wistar albino rats Ethanol, pylorus ligation induced Pal A et al., 2019 37
Citrus maxima Rutaceae Leaves Ethanol, distilled water Alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids.Tannins Wistar albino rats Ethanol, water immersion stress-induced Sapkota B et al., 2021 38
Ficus religiosa Moraceae Stem, bark Ethanol, acetone Alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols Adult wistar  albino rats Ethanol-induced Panchawat S et al., 2020 39
Melia azedarach Meliaceae Leaves Alcohol, aqueous Alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids Wistar albino rats Aspirin, Pyrolic ligation Kayande N et al., 2018 40
Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Flowers, seeds Petroleum ether, acetone, methanol Alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids Male albino wistar rats Acetic acid-induced Patel VK, Lariya NK et al., 2019 41

DISCUSSION: This literature review consists of 40 medicinal plants belonging to different families having antiulcer activity. The most common plant parts used for the extract preparation were the leaves (52.5%), followed by the stem, bark (12.5%), seed (10%), flower (7.5%), roots (5.6%). The least used plant parts were fruits, rhizomes, aerial plants, and peels (2.5%). The most often preferred solvent for extract preparation was aqueous followed by methanol, ethanol, hydroalcoholic and petroleum ether.

The phytochemical screening of these extracts has shown the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids majorly, which are responsible for the anti-ulcer activity. In-vivo studies were also performed for all these plant extracts and satisfactory results were shown. Various screening methods were used for inducing ulcers in animals, of all, ethanol and pyloric ligation methods were mostly preferred. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

CONCLUSION: This review article concludes that the above-mentioned medicinal plants have shown significant antiulcer activity in animal models. Based on the above observations, the enlisted medicinal plants can also be considered for treatment or as adjunctive drugs to manage peptic ulcer disease.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The authors thank Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy for carrying out this review work.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Nil

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    How to cite this article:

    Martha LK, Thummuru ES, Vemishetty V, Perabattula SS and Sagi AK: Comparitive review on anti-ulcer activity of some medicinal plant extracts. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2023; 14(1): 50-55. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.14(1).50-55.

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IJPSR

Leela Kalyani Martha, Ekshita Sai Thummuru, Vinitha Vemishetty, Sai Sruthi Perabattula and Anil Kumar Sagi *

Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

anilkumar@svcp.edu.in

20 April 2022

16 June 2022

30 June 2022

10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.14(1).50-55

01 January 2023

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