COMPARITIVE REVIEW ON ANTI-ULCER ACTIVITY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS
HTML Full TextCOMPARITIVE REVIEW ON ANTI-ULCER ACTIVITY OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS
Leela Kalyani Martha, Ekshita Sai Thummuru, Vinitha Vemishetty, Sai Sruthi Perabattula and Anil Kumar Sagi *
Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.
ABSTRACT: Peptic ulcer is an excavation of mucosa and may extend to the submucosal layer. The bacterium Helicobacter pylori is regarded as the most common cause of infection. Long-term use of NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory disease drugs) like Aspirin, Diclofenac, and Naproxen and stress were also regarded as causes of ulceration. Ancient technology of synthesizing and utilizing plant-based medicine is known from time immemorial. Chronic and complicated diseases have been cured with plant-based products. Considering their importance in manufacturing new medicines, their efficacy and safety have become a major concern. This literature review reviews some investigated plants that have shown promising results in mitigating peptic ulcers at different doses. Preliminary phytochemical screening of these herbs has shown the presence of important secondary metabolites like flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins which are responsible for the anti-ulcer activity. Acute toxicity studies have proved the safety of the selected plant extracts. This article reviews the overall active constituents, anti-ulcer, gastro protective activity of some medicinal plants investigated between 2015-2022.
Keywords: Peptic ulcer, Plant extracts, Anti-ulcer, Gastro protective
INTRODUCTION: Peptic ulcers are generally caused due to an imbalance between destructive and defensive factors in the stomach. The destructive factors include HCl, pepsin, ethanol, NSAIDs, stress, smoking, and H-pylori infection. The defensive factors include mucus-bicarbonate barrier, mucin secretion, prostaglandins, and anti-oxidant enzymes 1.
Treatment for ulcers includes either antagonizing the destructive factors or stimulating the defensive factors 2. The present pharmacological treatment includes histamine type 2 receptor antagonists such as ranitidine, cimetidine, or proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole 3.
Side effects and relapse of ulcers are major concerns for these medicines. A wide range of plants contains phytochemicals like flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids that help in the treatment of ulcers as they have antioxidant activity and antibiotic activity with less or no side effects. This article gives information about some medicinal plants which were proved to have antiulcer activity.
TABLE 1: EXTRACTION WITH NON-AQUEOUS SOLVENTS
Botanical Name | Family | Parts used | Solvent used | Chemical constituents | Animals used | Screening method | Reference |
Aconitum heterophyllum | Ranunculaceae | Roots | Ethanol | Alkaloid, Phenol, Flavonoids, Saponin, Tannins, Protiens, Aminoacids, Terpenoids | Albino Wistar rats | Ethanol-induced ulcer | Rasve VR et al., 2018 4 |
Annona reticulata | Annonaceae | Leaves | Methanol | Steroids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids | Wistar albino rats | Ethanol, indomethacin, pyrrolic ligation, water immersion stress induced | Yadav K et al., 2019 5 |
Baccharis trimera | Asteraceae | Aerial parts | Hydroethanolic | Flavanoids, caffeoylquinic acids | Adult Female wistar rats, Male or female swiss mice | Ethanol, acetic acid, pyloric ligation induced | dos Reis Lívero FA et al., 2016 6 |
Citrullus lanatus | Cucurbitaceae | Seeds | Methanol | Flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, steroids | Albino rats | Ethanol-induced | Ukwuani-Kwaja AN et al., 2018 7 |
Coccinia grandis | Cucurbitaceae | Leaves | Ethanol | Flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, phytosterols, saponins | Adult male wistar rats | Indomethacin induced | Datchanamurty B et al., 2019 8 |
Cordia Africana | Boraginaceae | Seeds | Methanol | Tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols | Wistar albino rats | Pyloric ligation induced | Yismaw YE et al., 2020 9 |
Costus speciosus | Zingiberaceae | Rhizome | Hydroalchol | Flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, amino acids | Adult swisswistar albino rats | Pyrolic ligation induced | Kujur N et al., 2019 10 |
Croton macrostachyus | Euphorbiaceae | Roots | Methanol | Tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, phenols, flavonoids | Adult Sprague dawleyrats, swiss albino mice | Pyloric ligation, ethanol/HCl induced | Mekonnen AN et al., 2020 11 |
Ficus thonningii | Moraceae | Stem, bark | Hydromethanolic | Terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, phenols, flavonoids | Female swiss albino mice, wistar rats | Pyrolic ligation, Ehanol, indomethacin induced | Adane H et al., 2021 12 |
Hannoa klaineana | Simaroubaceae | Leaves | Methanol | Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponin, terpenoids, steroids | Wistar rats | Ethanol, indomethacin induced | Abubakar I et al., 2020 13 |
Indigofera tinctoria | Fabaceae | Leaves | Ethanol | Flavonoids, terpenoids, saponin, tannins, glycosides | Albino rats | Pyrolic ligation induced | Venkatachalam D et al., 2018 14 |
Lactuca sativa | Asteraceae | Leaves | Ethanol | Tannins, glycosides, phytosterols, phenols, saponins | Wistar albino rats | Ethanol, pyloric ligation induced | Maheswari B et al.,2020 15 |
Lagenaria siceraria | Cucurbitaceae | Fruit | Methanol | flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, phenols, alkaloids | Sprague Dwaley rats | Pyloric ligation, aspirin, cold restraint stress, ethanol induced | Srivastava V et al., 2021 16 |
Lilium candidum | Liliaceae | Flowers | Hydroalcoholic | Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics | Wistar rats | Aspirin induced | Balmik M et al., 2019 17 |
Nymphaea alba | Nymphaeaceae | Flowers | Ethanol | Alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols | Wistar albino rats | Pyloric ligation, ethanol induced | Paharia AK et al., 2020 18 |
Osyrisquadripartita | Santalaceae | Leaves | Methanol | Alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids | Adult wistar albino rats | Ethanol induced, pyloric ligation | Abebaw M et al., 2017 19 |
Peltophorumpterocarpum | Fabaceae | Leaves | Methanol | Flavonoids, phenols, tannins | Wistar Albino rats | Indomethacin, Pyrolicligation induced | Pradeepkumar B et al., 2017 20 |
Phyllanthus niruri | Euphorbiaceae | Leaves | Methanol | Saponins, steroids, alkaloids, terpenoids, flavanoids, tannins, phenols, glycosides | Swiss albino rats | Ethanol -acid induced | Mostofa R et al., 2017 21 |
Salvadora indica | Salvadoraceae | Leaves | Ethanol | Flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, aminoacids | Male albino rats | Pyrolic ligation, ethanol, cysteamine induced | Sahoo SK et al., 2016 22 |
Spathodeacampanulata
|
Bignoniaceae | Leaves | Ethanol | Alkaloids, Glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins | Wistar rats | Aspirin induced
|
Khatri S et al., 2019 23 |
Spondia smombin | Anacardiaceae | Leaves | Ethanol | Alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids | Swiss mice and wistar rats | Ethanol, Indomethacin, Acetic acid induced | Brito SA et al., 2018 1 |
Terminalia bellirica | Combretaceae | Leaves | Methanol | Saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, coumarins | Female Albino wistar rats | Ethanol-acid induced | Akter S et al., 2019 24 |
TABLE 2: EXTRACTION WITH AQUEOUS SOLVENT
Botanical Name | Family | Parts used | Chemical constituents | Animals used | Screening method | Reference |
Azadirachta indica | Meliaceae | Leaves | Flavonoids, saponin, alkaloids, tannins | Male Wistar rats | Pyloric ligation, aspirin, cold restraint stress-induced | Bhajoni PS et al., 2016 25 |
Balanites aegyptiaca | Zygophyllaceae | Stem, bark | Flavonoids, polyphenols | Wistar rats | Ethanol, indomethacin, pyrolic ligation, acetic acid-induced | Ugwah MO et al., 2019 26 |
Bryophyllumpinnatum | Crassulaceae | Leaves | Flavonoids | FemaleWistar rats, swiss albino mice | Ethanol, Acetic acid, indomethacin-induced | De Araújo ER et al., 2021 27 |
Carica papaya | Caricaceae | Seeds | Flavonoids, tannins, saponins | Male albino rats | Indomethacin induced | Oloyede HO et al., 2015 28 |
Citrus sinensis | Rutaceae | Fruit peel | Flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins | Male wistar rats | Ethanol-induced | Selmi S et al., 201 73 |
Eremomastax speciosa | Acanthaceae | Leaves | Alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpinoids, phenols, tannins, saponins | Male albino wistar rats | HCl/ethanol, indomethacin, cold restraint stress induced, absolute ethanol | Amang AP et al., 2017 29 |
Macaranga barteri | Euphorbiaceae | Leaves | Polyphenols, Tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, sterols | Albino wistar rats | Ibuprofen, pyloric ligation, cold restraint stress, Hcl/ethanol induced | Hervé EE et al., 2018 30 |
Mentha piperita | Lamiaceae | leaves | Terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins | Wistar rats | Ethanol-induced | Zangeneh MM et al., 2019 31 |
Myrtle berries | Myrtaceae | seeds | Polyphenols, flavonoids, linoleic acid, oleic acid | Adult male wistar rats | Ethanol-induced | Jabri MA et al., 2017 32 |
Plantago ovata | Plantaginaceae | Seeds | Polyphenols, flavonoids, fibers | Male albino rats | Indomethacin induced | Bagheri SM et al., 2018 33 |
Terminalia catappa | Combretaceae | leaves | Flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids | Male wistar rats | Absolute ethanol, ischemia-reperfusion induced | Silva LP et al., 2015 34 |
Ximenia americana | Olacaceae | Stem, bark | Flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, steroids | Rats | Absolute ethanol, Ethanol-acid, Indomethacin induced | Aragão TP et al., 2018 35 |
Ziziphus jujuba | Rhamnaceae | Stem, bark | Phenols, tannins, Flavanoids | Albino wistar rats | HCl/absolute ethanol induced | Hamedi S et al., 2015 36 |
TABLE 3: EXTRACTION WITH VARIOUS SOLVENTS
Botanical Name | Family | Parts used | Solvent used | Chemical constituents | Animals used | Screening method | Reference |
Averrhoa carambola | Oxalidaceae | Leaves | Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Ethanol, Distilled water | Tannins, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, sterols, fats, fixed oils | Wistar albino rats | Ethanol, pylorus ligation induced | Pal A et al., 2019 37 |
Citrus maxima | Rutaceae | Leaves | Ethanol, distilled water | Alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids.Tannins | Wistar albino rats | Ethanol, water immersion stress-induced | Sapkota B et al., 2021 38 |
Ficus religiosa | Moraceae | Stem, bark | Ethanol, acetone | Alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols | Adult wistar albino rats | Ethanol-induced | Panchawat S et al., 2020 39 |
Melia azedarach | Meliaceae | Leaves | Alcohol, aqueous | Alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids | Wistar albino rats | Aspirin, Pyrolic ligation | Kayande N et al., 2018 40 |
Moringa oleifera | Moringaceae | Flowers, seeds | Petroleum ether, acetone, methanol | Alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids | Male albino wistar rats | Acetic acid-induced | Patel VK, Lariya NK et al., 2019 41 |
DISCUSSION: This literature review consists of 40 medicinal plants belonging to different families having antiulcer activity. The most common plant parts used for the extract preparation were the leaves (52.5%), followed by the stem, bark (12.5%), seed (10%), flower (7.5%), roots (5.6%). The least used plant parts were fruits, rhizomes, aerial plants, and peels (2.5%). The most often preferred solvent for extract preparation was aqueous followed by methanol, ethanol, hydroalcoholic and petroleum ether.
The phytochemical screening of these extracts has shown the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids majorly, which are responsible for the anti-ulcer activity. In-vivo studies were also performed for all these plant extracts and satisfactory results were shown. Various screening methods were used for inducing ulcers in animals, of all, ethanol and pyloric ligation methods were mostly preferred. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
CONCLUSION: This review article concludes that the above-mentioned medicinal plants have shown significant antiulcer activity in animal models. Based on the above observations, the enlisted medicinal plants can also be considered for treatment or as adjunctive drugs to manage peptic ulcer disease.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The authors thank Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy for carrying out this review work.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Nil
REFERENCES:
- Brito SA, de Almeida CL and de Santana TI: Antiulcer Activity and Potential Mechanism of Action of the Leaves of Spondia smombin Oxidative Oedicine and Cellular Longevity 2018; 2018: 1-20.
- Borrelli F and Izzo AA: The plant kingdom as a source of anti‐ulcer remedies. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives 2000; 14(8): 581-91.
- Selmi S, Rtibi K and Grami D: Protective effects of orange (Citrus sinensis) peel aqueous extract and hesperidin on oxidative stress and peptic ulcer induced by alcohol in rat. Lipids in Health and Disease 2017; 16(1): 1-2.
- Rasve VR, Paithankar VV and Shirsat MK: Evaluation of Antiulcer activity of Aconitum heterophyllum on experimental animal. World Journal Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science 2018; 7(2): 819-839.
- Yadav K, Nagarathna PK and Lou DM: Evaluation of anti-ulcer and analgesic activity of methanolic extract of leaves of Annona reticulata World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2019; 8(6): 981-1004.
- dos Reis Lívero FA, Da Silva LM and Ferreira DM: Hydroethanolic extract of Baccharis trimera promotes gastroprotection and healing of acute and chronic gastric ulcers induced by ethanol and acetic acid. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 2016; 389(9): 985-98.
- Ukwuani-Kwaja AN and Zakari A: Antiulcer activity of methanolic seed extract of Citrullus lanatus in albino rats. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2018; 7(2): 1254-6.
- Datchanamurty B, Mythireyi D and Divyashanthi CM: Evaluation of antiulcer activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Coccinia grandis in indomethacin induced gastric ulcer model. International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 2019; 8(4): 629-34.
- Yismaw YE, Abdelwuhab M and Ambikar DB: Phytochemical and antiulcer activity screening of seed extract of Cordia africana lam (boraginaceae) in pyloric ligated rats. Clinical Pharmacology: Advances and Applications 2020; 12: 67-73.
- Kujur N, Sharma H and Patel N: Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antiulcer and antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Costus speciosusEAS Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2019; 1(3): 76-82.
- Mekonnen AN, Asrade Atnafie S and Wahab Atta MA: Evaluation of antiulcer activity of 80% methanol extract and solvent fractions of the root of Croton macrostachyus Hocsht: Ex Del. (Euphorbiaceae) in rodents. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020; 2020: 1-11.
- Adane H, Atnafie SA and Kifle ZD: Evaluation of In Vivo Antiulcer Activity of Hydro-Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of the Stem Bark of Ficus thonningii (Moraceae) on Rodent Models. BioMed Research International 2021; 2021: 1-10.
- Abubakar I, Muhammad HY and Shuaibu YB: Anti-ulcer activity of methanol extract of the leaves of Hannoaklaineana in rats. The Journal of Phytopharmacology 2020; 9(4): 258-64.
- Venkatachalam D, Samuel Thavamani and Muddukrishnaiah: Evaluation of anti-ulcer activity of ethanolic extracts of indigofera tinctoria on albino rats. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 2018; 4(3): 2118-2122.
- Maheswari B, Devi PR and Ajith K: Evaluation of Antiulcer Activity of Ethanol Extract of Leaves of Lactuca sativa. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 2020 Jul 22; 10(4): 196-9.
- Srivastava V, Gupta P and Sharma D: Evaluation of Anti-ulcer Activity of Methanolic Extract of Lagenaria siceraria. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2021; 4(2): 15-20.
- Balmik M, Dubey G and Ghauary SK: Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Antiulcer Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Lilium candidum Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 2019; 9(4): 646-50.
- Paharia AK and Pandurangan A: Evaluation of Anti-ulcer activity of Ethanolic Extract of Nymphaea alba Linn Flower in experimental rats. American Journal of Pharm Tech Research 2020; 10(01): 1-14.
- Abebaw M, Mishra B and Gelayee DA: Evaluation of anti-ulcer activity of the leaf extract of Osyrisquadripartita Decne (Santalaceae) in rats. Journal of Experimental Pharmacology 2017; 9: 1-11.
- Pradeepkumar B, Bhavyamadhuri CP and Padmanabhareddy Y: Evaluation of antiulcer activity of Peltophorumpterocarpum. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2017; 11(6): 01-03.
- Mostofa R, Ahmed S and Begum M: Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and gastric anti-ulcer activity of Phyllanthus niruri (Euphorbiaceae) leaves in experimental rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017; 17(1): 1-10.
- Sahoo SK, Sahoo HB and Priyadarshini D: Antiulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Salvadora indica (W.) leaves on albino rats. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research 2016; 10(9): 07-10.
- Khatri S, Goswami RB and Jain S: Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antiulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Spathodea campanulata Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 2019; 9(4): 1012-5.
- Akter S, Begum T and Begum R: Phytochemical analysis and investigation of anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activity of Terminalia bellirica leaves extract. International Journal of Pharmacognosy 2019; 6: 54-65.
- Bhajoni PS, Meshram GG and Lahkar M: Evaluation of the antiulcer activity of the leaves of Azadirachta indica: An experimental study. Integrative Medicine International 2016; 3(1-2): 10-16.
- Ugwah MO, Ugwah-Oguejiofor CJ and Etuk EU: Evaluation of the antiulcer activity of the aqueous stem bark extract of Balanites aegyptiaca L Delile in Wistar rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2019; 239: 1-27.
- De Araújo ER, Guerra GC and Andrade AW: Gastric Ulcer Healing Property of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf extract in chronic model in-vivo and gastroprotective activity of its major flavonoid. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2021; 12: 1-22.
- Oloyede HO, Adaja MC and Ajiboye TO: Anti-ulcerogenic activity of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed on indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer in male albino rats. Journal of Integrative Medicine 2015; 13(2): 105-14.
- Amang AP, Mezui C and Tchokomeni GS: Prophylactic and healing activities of the leaves aqueous extract of Eremomastax speciosa on gastric ulcers in rats. Journal of Advances in Biology 2017; 12(3): 1-3.
- Hervé EE, Bernard GN and Léandre KK: Acute toxicity and gastric anti-ulcer activity of an aqueous extract of the leaves of Macaranga barteri Arg (Euphorbiaceae) on rat models. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2018; 12(9): 96-105.
- Zangeneh MM, Salmani S and Zangeneh A: Antiulcer activity of aqueous extract of leaves of Mentha piperita in Wistar rats. Comparative Clinical Pathology 2019; 28(2): 411-8.
- Jabri MA, Rtibi K and Tounsi H: Fatty acid composition and mechanisms of the protective effects of myrtle berry seed aqueous extract in alcohol-induced peptic ulcer in rat. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 2017; 95(5): 510-21.
- Bagheri SM, Zare-Mohazabieh F and Momeni-Asl H: Antiulcer and hepatoprotective effects of aqueous extract of Plantago ovata seed on indomethacin-ulcerated rats. Biomedical Journal 2018; 41(1): 41-5.
- Silva LP, de Angelis CD and Bonamin F: Terminalia catappa L: a medicinal plant from the Caribbean pharmacopeia with anti-Helicobacter pylori and antiulcer action in experimental rodent models. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2015; 159: 285-95.
- Aragão TP, Prazeres LD and Brito SA: Contribution of secondary metabolites to the gastroprotective effect of aqueous extract of Ximenia americana(Olacaceae) stem bark in rats. Molecules 2018; 23(1): 1-18.
- Hamedi S, Arian AA and Farzaei MH: Gastroprotective effect of aqueous stem bark extract of Ziziphus jujuba against HCl/ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. J of traditional Chinese Medicine 2015; 35(6): 666-70.
- Pal A and Chinnaiyan SK: Anti-ulcer activity of leaves of Averrhoa carambola International Journal of Pharmacology Research 2019; 9(05): 1-6.
- Sapkota B, Prakash CK and Jain V: Evaluation of Anti-ulcer Activity of Citrus maxima (Brum.) Leaves Extract in Experimental Animals. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology 2021; 11: 1-6.
- Panchawat S and Pradhan J: Comparative Evaluation of Antiulcer Activity of Ficus religiosa (Stem Bark) Extracts Prepared by Different Methods of Extraction. Current Traditional Medicine 2020; 6(4): 351-9.
- Kayande N, Mahajan T and Sisodiya R: In-vitro evaluation of antiulcer activity of Melia azedarach linn leaves on wistar albino rats. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2018; 7(6): 514-523.
- Patel VK and Lariya NK: Evaluation of anti-ulcer activity of extract of Moringa oleifera using Acetic acid induced ulcer model. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 2019; 9(3): 23-8.
How to cite this article:
Martha LK, Thummuru ES, Vemishetty V, Perabattula SS and Sagi AK: Comparitive review on anti-ulcer activity of some medicinal plant extracts. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2023; 14(1): 50-55. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.14(1).50-55.
All © 2023 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Article Information
05
50-55
541 KB
704
English
IJPSR
Leela Kalyani Martha, Ekshita Sai Thummuru, Vinitha Vemishetty, Sai Sruthi Perabattula and Anil Kumar Sagi *
Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.
anilkumar@svcp.edu.in
20 April 2022
16 June 2022
30 June 2022
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.14(1).50-55
01 January 2023