CRATAEVA TAPIA LINN. – AN IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANT: A REVIEW OF ITS TRADITIONAL USES, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
HTML Full TextCRATAEVA TAPIA LINN. - AN IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANT: A REVIEW OF ITS TRADITIONAL USES, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Priyanka Sharma*1, Darshana Patil 2 and Avinash Patil 1
Department of Botany, Herbal Sciences, Birla College 1, Kalyan, Maharashtra, India
Smt. C.H.M. College 2, Ulhasnagar, Maharashtra, India
ABSTRACT
Medicinal plants, since times immemorial, have been used in virtually all cultures as a source of medicine. Interest in herbal drugs is growing due to their efficiency, low toxicity and absence/minimal side effects. Crataeva tapia L. (Family-Capparaceae) is a branched tree, commonly called as ‘Varuna’. The plant has been reported to possess several medicinal uses which include anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-arthritic, anti-fertility, anti-mycotic, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-diarrhoeal, wound healing, anti-helminthic, urolithic property, nephrolithic, hepatoprotective and cardio protective. Given the importance of the tree the present review illustrates the medicinal uses of the plant along with its pharmacognostic characteristics, phytochemistry, pharmacological actions and commercial uses. The innumerable medicinal properties and pharmacological studies establish a scientific basis for therapeutic use of this plant.
Keywords: |
Crataeva tapia L., Varuna, Capparaceae, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology
INTRODUCTION: Nature has bestowed India with an enormous wealth of medicinal plants; therefore India has often been referred to as ‘Medicinal Garden of the World’ 1. Recently there has been a shift in universal trend from synthetic to herbal medicine, which we can say as ‘Return to Nature’. Medicinal plants have been known for millennia and are highly esteemed all over the world as a rich source of therapeutic agents for prevention of diseases and ailments 1.
Medicinal plants play a vital role for the development of new drugs 2. Interest in herbal drugs is growing due to their efficiency, low toxicity and absence of side effects 3. Crataeva tapia Linn. ssp. odora (Jacob.) Almedia (syn. C. religiosa var. nurvula Hook. f.) (henceforth written as Crataeva tapia L.) belonging to family Capparaceae is a much branched deciduous tree, commonly called as ‘Varuna’ 4.
The present review is in view of the growing interest in medicinal plants. It also emphasizes (along with medicinal properties) pharmacognostic characteristics, phytochemistry, pharmacological actions and commercial uses of Crataeva tapia L. and its marketed formulations.
Botanical Description: The name Crataeva is derived from ‘Crataevas’, a Greek Botanist and the specific name ‘religiosa’ has been given probably because the plant is often grown near religious places 5. Roots are long, cylindrical and woody. The outer surface of root and root bark is yellowish brown, longitudinally wrinkled, rough due to the presence of lenticels and lateral roots; the cork exfoliates in the mature bark. Inner surface is smooth, yellow, longitudinally striated, taste slightly bitter, odour indistinct 5.
The outer surface of mature bark is ash colored and rough due to presence of numerous small lenticels and transverse wrinkles 5. The wood is shiny yellowish white, moderately hard, smooth and closed grained. It is liable to insect attack 6. Leaves are deciduous, tri-foliate, ovate, lanceolate or obovate, acute or acuminate, attenuate at the base, entire, glabrous on both surfaces, pale beneath and reticulately veined 7.
Flowers are large, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, hypogynous and complete, whitish to milky white in terminal dense corymbs 4, 8. Filaments of the stamen are purple or white when young, lilac when old, gynophore is lilac, sepals green when young, yellow or pale pink when old., petals whitish when young, yellowish when old. Stamens longer than the petals, spreading 7. It flowers profusely during March to May when it sheds all its leaves 8.
Fruits are globose or ovoid, woody, smooth or scurfy berry on the thickened gynophores. Seeds are embedded in pulp, nearly smooth brown 7.
Classification:
Kingdom : Plantae
Division : Spermatophyta
Class : Dicotyledonae
Sub class : Polypetalae
Series : Thalamiflorae
Order : Parietales
Family : Capparaceae
Genus : Crataeva
Species : tapia
Distribution: Crataeva tapia L. is globally distributed in India, Myanmar, Indonesia and China. In India it is found in Peninsular India, Western India, Gangetic Plains and Eastern India upto Tripura and Manipur 4, wild or cultivated. It is often found along streams, but also in dry deep boulder formations in sub-Himalayan tract 7.
It is usually cultivated in vicinity of temples in Central India, Bengal and Assam 9. It has been recorded as indigenous to Madras, Kerala and Kanara 5.
Propagation: Propagation of this plant through conventional methods is difficult because the plant develops insect galls due to oviposition of Aschistonyx spp. As a result floral buds drop and seed production is hampered 10. Erratic seed germination, destructive harvesting and habitat loss from deforestation have endangered survival of this plant. As a result of this endangerment, in India the plant has been categorized as rare or vulnerable in natural environment 11. Over exploitation of the plant bark might lead to extinction of Crataeva tapia L. in the near future. Also, natural propagation of the plant is highly impeded because of poor seed set, germination and heavy infestation by insects 12. These factors necessitate conservation and propagation of this medicinal plant by an alternative technique like Plant Tissue Culture.
Plant Tissue Culture: Walia et al., have reported in vitro regeneration of Crataeva nurvula from seedling derived explants as well as adult tree derived explants. Seedling derived explants- cotyledonary nodes, epicotyl nodes, hypocotyls segments, first pair of leaves, cotyledons and root segments developed shoots on Murashige & Skoog (MS) basal media or the same supplemented with 6-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP). Nodal explants when cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.22 µM BAP produced multiple shoots, which elongated satisfactorily on same media 13, 14.
Inamdar et al., have reported the generation of somatic embryos from callus cultures of Crataeva nurvula Buch. Ham. from shoot apices cultured on MS media supplemented with 1 or 2 mg/litre of 2,4 Dichoro phenoxy acetic acid (2, 4 D). These embryos developed into plantlets when transferred to MS media with 0.5mg/litre of 5-Methyltryptophan (5MT) 15.
Basu et al., have reported in vitro propagation by multiple shoot induction. They have reported multiple shoot regeneration from apical bud on MS media fortified with 8mg/litre BAP 16. Shirin and Maravihave reported clonal propagation using stem node segments from axillary branches.
They reported shoot multiplication rate of 3.54 fold on MS media supplemented with 10 µM 6-Benzyladenine and significantly higher root initiation on MS media with 15 µM Indole 3-Acetic Acid (IAA) 17.
Phytochemistry: Preliminary phytochemical screening of the stem bark shows the presence of triterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, flavonols and saponins 18, 19. Patil and Gaikwad have also reported the presence of secondary metabolites higher in apical stem bark than middle and mature stem bark 20.
Chemical constituents isolated from the stem bark of this plant include; lupeol (the major bioactive triterpenoid), lupeol acetate, spinasterol acetate, taxarsterol, 3-epilupeol, cadabacine, cadabacine acetate, catechin, epicatechin-5-glucoside, - (-) epifzelechin and glucocapparin 21. Haque et al., have isolated two triterpenoids, phragmalin triacetate and lupeol from ethyl acetate extract of stem bark of Crataeva nurvula 22. Shumaia et al., reported the presence of betulinic acid, lupeol, β-sitosterol and stigmasterol from chloroform fraction obtained from crude rectified spirit extract of Crataeva nurvula stem bark. Root bark contains rutin, quercitin, lupeol, varunol and β-sitosterol 23.
Different chemical compounds such as carbohydrate, protein, amino acids, tannin, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides and alkaloids have been detected in C. tapia leaf extracts 24. Chemical investigation of leaves has resulted in the isolation of four compounds- dodecanoic anhydride, methyl pentacosanoate, kaemferol-3-O-α-D glucoside and quercitin-3-O-α D glucoside 25.
Gagandeep et al. 26 have reported the presence of pentadecane, octanamide, 12- tricosanone and friedelin from fruits. Ceryl alcohol, tricontate, tricontanol, β-sitosterol and glucocapparin have also been isolated from fruits 5.
Pharmacognosy: Pharmacognostic profile of any plant helps in identification as well as standardization of the quality and purity of the plant drug. The total ash, water soluble ash and acid insoluble ash of leaves have been reported to be 12.35%, 5.45% and 0.91% respectively and the extractive values for water, ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether and benzene as 27.80%, 19.46%, 16.26%, 9.10% and 8.60% respectively. The anatomical markers of the leaf are presence of anomocytic stomata and spiral thickening. Powder microscopy of leaf shows presence of stomata, spiral thickening and parenchymatous cell. The histochemical test reveals presence of lignins, tannin and starch. Presence of collenchyma and vascular bundle are few of the characteristics of petiole and petiolule 24.
Total ash, acid insoluble ash and extractive values for alcohol and water has been reported to be 10.36%, 0.254%, 6.08% and 15.94% respectively in stem bark 5.
Medicinally significant parts: Root bark, stem bark, leaves and fruits.
Medicinal Uses: ‘Varuna’ is one of the important drugs of Ayurveda; commonly applied to regulate equilibrium among Vata, Pitta and Kapha in Ayurvedic system. Plant is used ethnopharmacologically as diuretic, laxative, lithnotriptic, anti-rheumatic, antiperiodic, tonic, rubefacient and counter-irritant 4. Whole plant powder improves tone of urinary bladder. The drug has been found to be useful in early obstructive uropathy and in controlling symptoms produced by urinary tract infections (UTI) 5. Whole plant powder is also cholinergic in smooth muscles including urinary bladder 27.
The root bark is rubefacient and counter-irritant 6. Extract of the root bark mixed with honey, is applied to scrofulous enlargement of glands 27.
The stem bark is hot, bitter at first and then sweet sharp taste, easy to digest, stomachic, laxative, antilithic, vesicant, antihelminthic, detergent, bechic, expectorant; removes “vata”, good in strangury, disease of chest, blood, tuberculous glands; causes biliousness. It is demulcent, antipyretic, sedative, alternative and tonic. The bark is useful in some cases of urinary complaints, fever, mild form of skin disease, relieves vomiting, symptoms of gastric irritation, promotes appetite and decreases secretion of bile and phlegm 7. The stem bark also exhibits anti-inflammatory activity, stimulates bile secretion, appetite and bowel movement.
Bark is diuretic, finds application in urinary disorders; including urolithiasis, prostatic hypertrophy, urinary infections, uterine and gastro intestinal problems 27.
In arthritis, paste of bark powder is prepared and applied externally. In abscess, bark decoction and honey is taken orally. Bark scrubbed in curd is applied to remove black spots from the skin. Patalkot healers prepare a decoction of bark powder, Gokhru (Tribulus terrestris), Adrak (Zingiber officinale), along with jaggery which is given to patients suffering from urinary calculi, kidney stones and diabetes 28.
The bark contains tannin and saponin; is bitter, anti-periodic, tonic, demulcent and has a stimulating effect on the liver. An extract of it is given as laxative and for promoting appetite. It is also useful in calculus and other affections of the urinary organs 6.
In North east of Brazil, Crataeva tapia bark infusions have been used in popular medicine as hypoglycemic agent 29. The bark of the root and stem constitute a principal drug material which is used for calculous affections 5.
Bruised well with a little vinegar, lime juice or hot water and applied to the skin in the form of poultice or paste, the fresh leaves act as rubefacient and vesicant. In Ceylon the leaves are used for gouty swellings. In Bombay they are used as a remedy for swelling of feet, and a burning sensation in the soles of feet. In Kokan the juice is given in case of rheumatism 7.
Leaves are also employed in guinea worm disease, malaria 28. Fresh leaves and roots mixed with coconut milk and ghee is used as a food to reduce corpulence and in rheumatism. In Sri Lanka, the leaves are used for gouty swellings. A decoction of leaves and stem has been reported to be used in dysentery and diarrhoea 5.
Flowers are astringent and cholagogue. Fruit is sweet and oily; laxative; removes “vata”, “pita” and “kapha” 7. Fruiting occurs in April-June. Seeds are embedded in yellow pulp. Rind of the fruit is used as a mordant in dyeing 26. In Northeast of Brazil, the fruits are used as tonic and febrifuge 30.
Commercial Uses: According to Patankar et al., Ayurvedic formulation ‘Herbmed ’ which is made up of ‘Varuna’ (Crataeva nurvula) and banana (Musa paradisiaca) shows promise for upper urinary tract calculi, especially renal calculi 31.
PR-2000, herbal formulation is used in treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia contains Crataeva nurvula, Tribulus terrestris, Caesalpinia bonducella, Asparagus racemosus and Areca catechu 32. Renomet, a polyherbal formulation is used in the treatment of nephrolithiasis contains Crataeva nurvula, Saxifraga lingulata, Tribulus terrestris and Dolichos biflorus 33.
Stem bark of Crataeva nurvula is being used in churna form (along with 27 other ingredients) in preparation of Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation- Nyagrodhadhi churna, which is used to treat all types of polyuria including Diabetes mellitus 34. Samiolla and Harish studied diuretic effects of polyherbal formulations- NR-AG-I and NR-AG-II both containing aqueous extracts of Crataeva nurvula. Between the two NR-AG-II shows a good diuretic property than NR-AG-I on healthy albino rats 35. The bark is also used in the form of Varunadya churna, Varunadya guda, Varunadya ghrita and Taila 5.
Pharmacological Profile: Alam et al., have reported that the ethanolic extract of Crataeva nurvula stem bark possesses antinociceptive property on mice when tested by ‘acetic acid’ analgesic method. Further they suggested that the antinociceptive effects are peripherally and centrally mediated 36. Ethanolic extract of Crataeva nurvula shows wound healing property on ether anaesthetized albino Wistar rats using incision, excision, dead space wound model 37.
Inayathulla et al.,evaluated the effect of ethanolic extracts of Crataeva nurvula for its anti-diarrhoeal potential using castor oil induced diarrhoea model in rats. They found it to produce a statistically significant reduction in severity and frequency of diarrhea produced by castor oil 38.
Tripathy et al.,studied acute and chronic anti-inflammatory potential of Crataeva religiosa in rats and concluded that the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of stem bark possess significant anti-inflammatory activity in rats 39.
Anti- diabetic activity of Crataeva nurvula stem bark was studied in alloxan induced diabetic albino rats, the ethanolic and petroleum ether extract were found to have potent anti-diabetic effect 18.
Sahoo et al., reported that the ethanolic extract of Crataeva religiosa significantly inhibited fungal pathogens viz. Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Cryptococcus marinus and Aspergillus niger, indicating its use as a potent antifungal agent 40. Chandra and Guptahave reported antibacterial activity of Crataeva nurvula bark against bacterial strains causing urinary tract infection (UTI) 41.
Patil and Gaikwad found methanolic extract of apical bark more effective than middle and mature bark in inhibiting growth of bacterial species like Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis and Micrococcus 19. Ethanolic extract of the roots of Crataeva nurvula showed anti-helminthic activity against earthworms (Pheretima posthuma), tapeworms (Raillietina spiralis) and roundworms (Ascaridia galli). Anti helminthic activity was observed in a dose dependent manner giving shortest time of paralysis (P) and death (D) with 50 mg/ml concentration in all types of worms 42.
Ethanolic extract of roots of Crataeva nurvula (10, 20 and 50 mg/ml) showed anti microbial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The extract showed inhibition of the test bacteria in a concentration dependent manner. Among these Staphylococcus aureus was found to be more susceptible followed by Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 42.
Kumari and Kakkar screened the antioxidant potential of barks; Crataeva nurvula Buch-Ham, Buchanania lanzan Spreng; Aegle marmelos Corr., Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Ex DC., and Cedrela toona Roxb. by multiple in vitro assays. Bark of Crataeva nurvula was found to have the highest antioxidant capacity 43. Bhaskar et al. have reported ethanolic and aqueous extracts of dried stem bark to possess significant anti-fertility activity in rats 44. Prachi et al., have reported that bark decoction of Crataeva nurvula given twice for seven days helps in removal urinary tract stones 45.
Shelkea et al., suggested that the stem bark extract of Crataeva nurvula possesses nephroprotective potential and improves hematological derangements associated with Cisplastin nephrotoxicity 46. Anand et al., have tested Crataeva nurvula Buch-Ham. for its efficacy against urolithiasis and nephrolithiasis 47, 48. Experimental studies carried out on Crataeva nurvula showed it to be effective in preventing the deposition of stone material on glass beads in the urinary bladder of rats 49.
Agarwal et al.,have concluded that ‘Varuna’ prevents stone formation due to anti-lithogenic activity and anti-crystallization property. The drug decreases the urinary pH towards acidic. The diuretic action of this drug attributes the metabolic correction of the serum and urinary electrolyte levels in experimentally induced urolithiasis in albino rats, thus reducing the recurrence of urolithiasis 50. Bopana and Saxena have indicated that the plant has cardioprotective and hepatoprotective activities 11.
Lupeol, biologically active pentacyclic triterpene has been isolated from stem bark of Crataeva nurvula 22. It has been reported to possess anti-protozoal, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, anti-microbial, cardio-protective and hepatoprotective properties 51. Toxicity of lupeol is very low. Lupeol administered orally in a dose of 2g/kg produced no adverse effects in rats and mice and after 96 hours of observation no mortality is recorded 52. Mohammadhas reported Crataeva nurvula as a source of lupeol and its use as an anti cancer dietary triterpene 53.
Geetha and Varalaxmi have isolated lupeol from stem bark of Crataeva nurvula. Lupeol and its ester lupeol linoleate were tested for anti-inflammatory property in comparison with commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, Indomethacin in rats. Lupeol, lupeol linoleate and Indomethacin showed decrease in paw swelling by 39, 58 and 35% respectively in adjuvant arthritis 54.
Bani et al., reported suppression of T lymphocyte activity by lupeol isolated from Crataeva religiosa 55. Lupeol and 19 α-H lupeol isolated from petroleum ether extract of Strobilanthus callosus and S. ixiocephala respectively, exhibited significant anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic property 56.
Nascimento et al., have optimized extraction and purification of new thermostable plant lectin from Crataeva tapia bark using a reversed micelle system of the anionic surfactant sodium di (2-ethyl hexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) in isooctane 29. Araujo et al., have reported that lectin from Crateava tapia exerts anti tumor, anti inflammatory and analgesic activities 57.
CONCLUSION: Plants have been utilized with varying success to cure and prevent diseases throughout history. The present review highlights the pharma-cognostic characteristics, phytochemistry and pharma-cological actions of Crataeva tapia L. The plant bark possessing various medicinal properties has been over exploited due to presence of an important secondary metabolite lupeol, leading to its extinction. It is quite obvious that the plant is widely used in traditional medicinal system of India. But a systematic and scientific research is required to explore the maximum potential of this plant. It is expected that this review will encourage to find its new therapeutic uses and play a vital role in the development of a herbal drug.
REFERENCES:
- Sharma A, Shanker C, Tyagi KL, Singh M, Rao Ch.V: Herbal Medicine for Market Potential in India: An Overview. Academic Journal of Plant Sciences 2008; 1(2):26-36.
- Hasan ZS, Misra V, Singh S, Arora G, Sharma S, Sharma S: Current status of herbal drugs and their future perspectives. Biological Forum- An International Journal 2009; 1(1):12-17.
- Mohammed A: Present Status of Herbal Medicines in India. Journal of Herbal Medicine and Toxicology 2009; 3(2) 1-7.
- Udaysing HP, Gaikwad DK: Medicinal Profile of a sacred drug in Ayurveda: Crataeva religiosa. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2011; 3(1): 923-929.
- Anonymous: Pharmacognosy of Indigenous Drugs. Published by Central Council For Research In Ayurveda and Siddha, New Delhi, Vol II, 2005.
- Anonymous: The Wealth of India- A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products. Published and Printed by: National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Delhi. Vol. II, 1950.
- Kirtikar KR, Basu BD: Indian Medicinal Plants. Dehra Dun publisher Ltd, India, 2nd edition Vol-I, 1995:190-193.
- Sharma SB, Rana A, Chauhan SVS: Reproductive biology of Crataeva religiosa Forst. Current Science 2006; 90 (5): 716-720.
- Sikarwar MS, Patil MB, Kokate CK, Sharma S, Bhat Vishnu: Pharmacognostical, phytochemical screening and acute toxicity study of Crateva nurvula stem bark. Phcog J 2009; 1(2):116-120.
- Anonymous: The Wealth of India. A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products. Published and Printed by: National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Delhi. Vol. I, 1948.
- Bopana N, Saxena S: Crataeva nurvula: A valuable medicinal plant. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 2008; 14(1-2): 107-127.
- Babbar SB, Walia N, Kaur A: Large-scale in vitro multiplication of Crataeva nurvula. Methods Mol. Biol. 2009; 547: 61-70.
- Walia N, Sinha S, Babbar SB: Micropropagation of Crataeva nurvula. Biologia Plant Arum 2003; 46(2):181-185.
- Walia N, Kaur A, Babbar SB: An efficient, in vitro cyclic production of shoots from adult trees of Crataeva nurvula Buch. Ham. Cell Biology and Morphogenesis 2007; 26:277-284.
- Inamdar JA, Nataraj M, Mohan JSS, Subramaniam RB: Somatic embryogenesis from callus cultures of Crataeva nurvula Buch. Ham. Phytomorphology 1990; 40 (3-4): 319-322.
- Basu MJ, Ramanathan R, Yogananth N, Baburaj S: Micropropagation of Crataeva religiosa Hook. F & Thoms. Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy 2009; 3(3): 287-290.
- Shirin F, Maravi S: Clonal propagation of an important medicinal tree Crataeva nurvula through enhanced axillary branching. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 2006; 12(1-2): 165-174.
- Sikarwar MS, Patil MB: Antidiabetic activity of Crataeva nurvula stem bark extracts in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Journal of Pharmacy & BioAllied Sciences 2010; 2(1):18-21.
- Udaysing HP, Dattatraya KG: Differential bactericidal potential and phytochemical evaluation of Crataeva religiosa stem bark. International Journal of Pharma. Research & Development 2012; 2(11):82-88.
- Udaysing HP, Gaikwad DK: Seasonal Alterations in the carbohydrate status and secondary metabolite contents of stem bark of Crataeva religiosa. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2011; 2(2): 581-587.
- Slipi C, Padmaa M P, Deepak M, Agarwal A: Phytochemical studies on stem bark of Crataeva nurvula Ham. Journal of Pharmacy Research 2011; 4(2): 401-402.
- Haque Md. E, Islam Md. N, Gupta DD, Hossain M, Hossain US, Biazid AS. Triterpenoids from the stem bark of Crataeva nurvula. J. Pharm. Sci. 2008; 7(1):71-74.
- Shumaia P, Kader MA, Muhit MA, Haque ME, Mosaddik MA, Ibne Wahed MI: Triterpenoids and phytosteroids from stem bark of Crataeva nurvula buch ham. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences 2011; 01(9): 47-50.
- Patil AG, Koli SP, Patil DA, Naresh C: Pharmacognostical standardization and HPTLC fingerprint of Crateava tapia Linn. ssp. Odora (Jacob.) Almedia leaves. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences 2010; 1(2) 1-14.
- Gagandeep, Meera, Kalidhar SB: Chemical investigation of Crataeva nurvula (Buch-Ham) Leaves. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2006; 68(6): 804-806.
- Gagandeep, Meera, Kalidhar SB: Chemical investigation of Crataeva nurvula Buch. Ham. Fruits. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2009; 71(2):129-30.
- Khare CP (Ed.) Indian Medicinal Plants- An Illustrated Dictionary. Springer Science + Business Media; LLC 2007:177.
- Acharya D, Shrivastava A: Indigenous Herbal Medicines. Tribal Formulations and Traditional Herbal Practices. Aavishkar Publishers & Distributors, First Edition 2008.
- Cynthia ON, Romero MPBC, Regina MSA, Maria ECC, Luana CBBC, Patricia MGP, Jose AT, Maria TSC, Maria GCC: Optimized extraction of a lectin from Crateava tapia bark using AOT in isooctane reversed micelles. Process Biochemistry 2008; 43: 779-782.
- Agra MF, Silva KN, Basilio IJLD, Freitas PF, Barbosa-Filho JM : Survey of medicinal plants used in the region Northeast of Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy 2008; 18(3): 472-502.
- Suresh P, Satyen D, Manish B, Suparn K, Jayesh M: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Tolerability of Ayurvedic formulation “Varuna and Banana Stem” in the Management of Urinary Stones. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2008; 14(10): 1287-1290.
- Shukla GN, Nayak M, Kulkarni KS: Use of PR-2000, a Herbal Formulation in the medical management of Benign prostatic Hyperplasia. Indian Journal of Clinical Practice 2002; 13(2):53-56.
- Roy A, Adhikari A, Das SK, Banerjee D, De R, Debnath PK: Evaluation of efficacy and safety of Renomet, a polyherbal formulation in the treatment of urolithiasis: A double blind randomized study. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2012; 4(2):130-133.
- Simha GKR, Laxminarayana V: Standardization of Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation, Nyagrodhadhi churna. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 2007; 6(4):648-652.
- Samiulla DS, Harish MS: Effect of NR-AG-I and NR-AG-II (polyherbal formulations) on diuretic activity in rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2000; 32:112-113.
- Alam MA, Haque ME, Shilpi JA, Daulla KA: Antinociceptive effect of the crude ethanolic extract of Crataeva nurvula Buch. on mice. Bangl. J. Vet. Med 2006; 4(1):65-68.
- Asuti N: Wound healing property of alcoholic extract of root bark of Crataeva nurvula. Journal of Pharmacy Research 2010; 3(5): 1121-1123.
- Inayathulla, Shariff WR, Karigar AA, Sikarwar MS: Evaluation of anti- diarrhoeal activity of Crataeva nurvula root bark in experimental animals. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2010; 2(1):158-161.
- Tripathy S, Asha M, Pradhan D: Acute and chronic anti-inflammatory evaluation of Crataeva religiosa in rats. International Journal of Pharmacy & Technology 2010; 2(4): 1270-1279.
- Sahoo S, Mishra KS, Panda KP, Tripathy S, Mishra RS, Ellaiah P, Dash KS: Antimycotic potential of Crateava religiosa Hook and Forst against some selected fungal pathogens. Acta Poloniac Pharmaceutica 2008; 65(2): 245-247.
- Chandra S, Gupta CP: Antibacterial activity of medicinal plant Crataeva nurvula (bark) against bacterial strains causing urinary tract infection. Asian Journal of Chemistry 2001; 13(3): 1181-1186.
- Kamath R, Shetty D, Bhat P, Shabaraya AR, Hegde K: Evaluation of antibacterial and antihelminthic activity of root extract of Crataeva nurvula. Pharmacology online 2011; 1:617-622.
- Kumari A, Kakkar P: Screening of antioxidant potential of selected barks of Indian medicinal plants by multiple in vitro assays. Biomedical and Environmental Science 2008; 21:24-29.
- Bhaskar, VH, Profulla, KM, Balakrishnan BR, Balakrishnan N, Sangameswaram B: Evaluation of the anti-fertility activity of stem bark of Crataeva nurvula buch-hum. African Journal of Biotechnology 2009; 8(22): 6453-6456.
- Prachi, Chauhan N, Kumar D, Kasana MS: Medicinal plants of Muzaffarnagar district in the treatment of urinary tract and kidney stones. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 2009; 8(2): 191-195.
- Shelkea TT, Bhaskarb VH, Adkara PP, Jhaa U, Oswala RJ: Nephroprotective activity of ethanolic extract of stem bark of Crataeva nurvula Buch Hum. IJPSR 2011, 2(10): 2712-2717.
- Anand R, Patnaik GK, Kulshreshtha DK, Dhawan BN: Antiurolithiatic activity of Tribulus terrestris and Crataeva nurvula in albino rats. Indian Pharmacological Society, Proceedings, Abstracts Papers, 21st Annual Conference, Dec. 29-31, Regional Research Laboratory, Hyderabad 1988.
- Anand R, Patnaik GK, Srimal RC, Dhawan BN: Effect of Crataeva nurvula on calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and hyperoxaluria. Indian Journal of Pharmacology, Proceedings, 1993; 25: 38-56.
- Yadav RD, Jain SK, Shashi A, Bharti JP, Jaiswal M: Herbal plants used in the treatment of urolithiasis: A Review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2011; 2(6): 1412-1420.
- Agarwal S, Gupta SJ, Saxena AK, Gupta N, Agarwal S: Urolithic property of Varuna (Crataeva nurvula): An experiment. Ayu 2010; 31(3): 361-366.
- Gallo BCM, Sarachine JM: Biological activities of Lupeol. International Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Global Science Books 2009; 3(1): 46-66.
- Patocka J: Biologically active pentacyclic triterpenes and their current medicine significance. Journal of Applied Biomedicine 2003; 1:7-12.
- Mohammad S: Lupeol, a novel anti inflammatory and anti- cancer dietary triterpene, Cancer Lett. Author manuscript available in PMC 2009; 285(2): 109-115.
- Geetha T, Varalakshmi P: Anti- inflammatory activity of lupeol and lupeol linoleate in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2001; 76:77-80.
- Bani S, Kaul A, Ahmad SF, Suri KA, Gupta BD, Satti NK, Qazi GN: Suppresion of T lymphocyte activity by lupeol isolated from Crataeva religiosa. Phytotherapy Research 2006; 20(4): 279-87.
- Agarwal RB, Rangari VD: Anti inflammatory and anti arthritic activities of Lupeol and 19 α-H Lupeol isolated from Strobilanthus callosus and Strobilanthus ixiocephala roots. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2003; 35: 384-387.
- Araujo MS Regina, Antonio FM Vaz, Jaciana SA, Luana CBB Coelho, Patricia MG Paiva, Ana M.M. Melo, Teresinha G. Silva, Maria TS Correia: Lectin from Crataeva tapia bark exerts antitumor, anti- inflammatory and analgesic activities. Nat. Prod. Bioprospect. 2011; 1: 97-100.
How to cite this article:
Sharma P, Patil D and Patil A: Crataeva tapia Linn. - An important Medicinal Plant: A review of its Traditional uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological properties. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2013; 4(2); 582-589.
Article Information
7
582-589
675KB
1655
English
IJPSR
Priyanka Sharma*, Darshana Patil and Avinash Patil
Research Scholar, Department of Botany- Herbal Sciences, Birla College, Kalyan- 421304, Maharashtra, India
priyanka.s1909@gmail.com
19 October, 2012
13 December, 2012
26 January, 2013
http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.4(2).582-89
01 February, 2013