DALBERGIA SISSOO LINN. AN OVERVIEW MORPHOLOGY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY

DALBERGIA SISSOO LINN. AN OVERVIEW MORPHOLOGY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY

Rohit Kumar Bijauliya ^*1, S. K. Jain¹, Shashi Alok ¹, V.K. Dixit ¹, Devender Singh ¹ and Man Singh ²

Institute of Pharmacy ¹, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi – 284128, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Department of Pharmacy ², Motilal Nehru Medical College, Allahabad - 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India.

ABSTRACT: The present review is, therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its pharamacognosy, phytochemistry, traditional uses and pharmacological studies of the plant Dalbergia sissoo. The genus consists of 300 species among which 25 species occur in India. The generic name Dalbergia honors the Swedish brothers Nils and Carl Dalberg, who lived in the 18th century.  Dalbergia sissoo is an important timber species around the world. Besides this, it has been utilized as medicines for thousands of years and now there is a growing demand for plant based medicines, health products, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Dalbergia sissoo is a widely growing plant which is used traditionally as anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic and antimicrobial agent. Several phytoconstituents have been isolated and identified from different parts of the plant belonging to the category of alkaloids, glycosides, flavanols, tannins, saponins, sterols and terpenoids. A review of plant description, phytochemical constituents present and their pharmacological activities are given in the present article.

Dalbergia sissoo, Phytochemical constituent, Pharmacological activity

INTRODUCTION: Medicinal plants have been the part and parcel of human society to combat diseases since the dawn of human society to combat diseases since the dawn of human civilization. The earliest description of curative properties of medicinal plants were described in the Rigveda (2500-1800 BC), Charak Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. Herbal medicine remains one of the most common forms of therapy widely available throughout the world population. ^1-3 Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. belongs to Leguminoseae plant family which is native to India and had been long cultivated in Egypt has shade tree on the banks of irrigation canals. ⁴

Dalbergia sissoo is the state tree of Punjab state (India) and the provincial tree of Punjab province (Pakistan). It is found growing along river banks below 900 metres (3,000 ft) elevation, but can range naturally up to 1,300 m (4,300 ft). It can withstand average annual rainfall up to 2,000 millimetres (79 in) and droughts of 3–4 months. It prefers soils from pure sand and gravel to rich alluvium of river banks. Shisham can grow in slightly saline soils. Seedlings are intolerant of shade. ⁵

Synonyms: Amerimnon sissoo (Roxb.) Kuntze, Coroya Pierre, Amerimnon P. Browne, Ecastaphyllum P. Browne, Miscolobium Vogel, Triptolemea Mart. ⁶

Common names: Sanskrit (Shinshapa, aguru), English (Indian Rosewood, Bombay blackwood), Hindi (Shisham, sissu, sisam), Tamil (Sisso, gette), Bengali (Shishu), French (Ébénier juane), Arabic (Arabic). ⁶

Scientific Classification: ⁷

Kingdom - Plantae

Unranked - Angiosperma

Unraked -   Ecidicots

Unranked - Rosids

Order -      Fabales

Family -   Fabaceae

Sub Family - Faboideae

Tribe -           Dalbergia

Genus -        Dalbergia

Species –    Sissoo

Taxonomical Classification: ⁸

Domain - Eukaryota

Kingdom - Plantae

Division - Magnoliophyta

Phylum - Tracheophyta

Tribe - Dalbergieae

Genus - Dalbergia

Species - Sissoo

Binomial Name - Dalbergia Sissoo DC.

Botanical Discription: Dalbergia sissoo is a medium to large tree of about 25 meters high with grey yellow trunk, 2-3 meters in diameter. ⁹

FIG. 1: DALBERGIA SISSOO TREE

6.1 Leaves are leathery, pinnately compound, alternate leaflets, petiolated leaf stalk, measures about 15 cm long, each leaflet widest at the base, to 6 cm long with a fine pointed tip. ⁹

FIG. 2: DALBERGIA SISSOO LEAVES

6.2 Flowers are whitish to pink, fragrant, nearly sessile, and in dense clusters. ⁹

FIG. 3: DALBERGIA SISSOO FLOWERS

6.3 Pods are oblong, flat, thin, strap-like 4–8 cm long, 1 cm wide and light brown. They contain 1–5 flat bean-shaped seeds 8–10 mm long. It has a long taproot and numerous surface roots which produce suckers. Young shoots are downy and drooping, stems have light brown to dark grey bark up to 2.5 cm (0.98 in) thick, shed in narrow strips, large upper branches support a spreading crown. ¹⁰

FIG. 4: DALBERGIA SISSOO PODS

6.4 Seeds are 6-8 x 4-5 mm, kidney shaped, thin and flat, light brown. The fruit is dry and hard. The sapwood is white to pale brown in colour and the heartwood is golden to dark brown in colour. It develops a long taproot from an early age, and numerous lateral ramifying roots.^11-12

FIG. 5: DALBERGIA SISSOO SEEDS

List of species of in dalbergia genus: ^13-14

TABLE 1: SPECIES OF IN DALBERGIA GENUS

8. Geographical Distribution:

8.1 Exotic range: Afghanistna, Bangladesh Bhutan, India, Malaysia, Pakistan. ¹⁵

8.2 Native Range: Cameroon, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel, Kenya, Mauritius Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, US, Zimbabwe.¹⁵

9. Traditional Uses: Various parts of Dalbergia sissoo are traditionally used in treating different diseases and are mentioned below.¹⁶

9.1 Seeds: Sissoo oil is used to treat blue itching, burning on the skin, and scabies.¹⁶

9.2 Leaves: Finely ground paste of 8-10 leaves of sissoo and 25gm of palm candy taken in the morning alleviates profuse menstruation. 50-100ml decoction of the leaves taken thrice in a day is useful in Painful micturition and to cure boils and pimples. 10-15 ml juice (leaves) taken thrice in a day helps in eliminating pus in urine and in treating jaundice. The leaves warmed and tied on breast, and consuming the decoction of the leaves removes swelling of the breast.¹⁶

9.3 Bark: 3-6gm powdered bark or decoction of the leaves is helpful in gonorrhea. Decoction of the bark and leaf is given in leprosy. Make a decoction of 10gm sissoo bark with 500gm of water and it should be boiled till the liquid reduces to half. Mix the juice of the bark and consume for forty days every morning which helps in leprosy.¹⁶

9.4 Sissoo nectar: Take 20gm of sissoo nectar, 320gm water, and 160 gm milk. Boil it till only milk remains. Consume 3 times a day. This milk cures any type of fever.¹⁶

Chemical constituents:

10.1 Leaves: Sissotrin and Isoflavone-O-Glycoside. ¹⁷

10.2 Flowers: Biochanin A, Tectorigenin, 7, 4-Dimethyl Tectorigenin and 7-O-Methyl tectorigenin.¹⁷

10.3 Green pods: Meso-Inisitol, 7-O-Methyltectorigenin and 4´-Rhamnoglucoside. ¹⁷

 10.4 Mature pods: Isocaviumin, Tectorigenin, Dalbergin, Biochanin A, 7-Hydroxy-4-Methyl Coumarin, 7-O-Glucosides of Tectorigenin, Caviunin and Tannins.¹⁷

10.5 Stem bark: Dalberginone, Dalbergin, Methyldalbergin, 4-Phenylchromene, Dalbergi chromene and Isotectorigenin. ¹⁷

10.6 Heartwood: Dalbergin, Nordalbergenones, Dalbergichromene 3, 5-Dihydorxytrans- Stilbene, Biochanin A, Allylphenol of Latifolin Type – Dalbergiphenol and Fixed Oil. ¹⁷

Chemical Structure: ¹⁸

FIG. 6: CHEMICAL STRUCTURES OF IMPORTANT CONSTITUENTS IN GREEN LEAVES OF DALBERGIA SISSOO

TABLE 2: CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF VARIOUS PART OF PLANT DALBERGIA SISSOO ^19-38

Phytochemistry of Dalbergia sissoo: ^39-50

By using Silica gel column chromatography and Spectral analysis isoflavones, biochanin-A, muningin, sissotrin, amyrin, stigmasterol were isolated from aerial parts of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb, 13 fatty acids were identified. The alcoholic leaf extract showed inhibitory effect on motility of rabbit duodenum, analgesic, antipyretic activity. ³⁹ Farag and his co-authors isolated isoflavone glycoside, biochanin A, tectorigenin from methanolic extract of leaves of Dalbergia sissoo using Reverse phase liquid chromatography on ODS. Two isoflavone glycosides, biochanin A 7-O-[b-d-apiofuranosyl-(1-5)-b-dapiofuranosyl-(1-6)-b-d-glucopyranoside] and tectorigenin 7-O-[b-d-apiofuranosyl-(1-6)-bd- glucopyranoside], were isolated from Dalbergia sissoo using reverse phase liquid chromatography using ODS column. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of UV and NMR spectral and chemical evidence. ⁴⁰ From the methyl acetate extract of root bark of Dalbergia sissoo, Reddy et al., have reported to isolate new chalcone, hydroxyl chalcone, isoflavone, methyl isoflavone, biochanin A, dehydroamorphigenin. ⁴¹ Several water soluble polysaccharides were reported to isolated leaves of Dalbergia sissoo by Gel permeation chromatography, Paper chromatography, Gas liquid chromatography which further revealed the presence of Rhamnose, galactose, glucuronic acid in leaf extract. ⁴² The extract of heartwood of Dalbergia odorifera of same genus found to contain sesquiterpenes 1 & 2 which are having strong antiplatelet and poor antithrombic activity.⁴³

The stem-bark of Dalbergio sissoo has yielded the known compounds dalbergenone, dalbergin and methyl dalbergin and a new 4-phenyl chromenedalbergichromene. Its structure has been determined as 7-mahoxy-6-hydroxy-4-phenyl chrom-3-ene by spectral and degradative experiments. Reinvestigation of the heartwood shows that in addition to the known compounds the plant also contains dalbergichromenenordalbergin and isodalbergin as minor constituents.⁴⁴

Dalbergia sissoo is most valued not only for the durability of its timber but also for its resistance to attack by insects and micro-organisms. They have provided a large number of neoflavonoid and isoflavonoid derivatives. The neoflavonoids can be placed under 5 major groups as follows: 4-phenylcoumarins, dalbergiquinols, dalbergi quinones and brazilins. Largest group among neoflavonoids and contains a number of complex derivatives. There are only a few compounds with substituents in the 4-phenyl ring. The presence of isoprene units and their incorporation into new rings leads to the complexity of products; such compounds are present in oil seed in Dalbergia woods species. ⁴⁵

A new isoflavoneglucoside from the mature pods of Dalbergia sissoo has been isolated and identified as caviunin 7-0-gentiobioside, i.e. the 7-gentiobioside of 5, 7-dihydroxy-6, 2’, 4’, 5’-tetramethoxyisoflavone. The ethanolic extract was column chromatographed (Si gel). The EtOAc-MeOH (4: 1) eluate contained, in addition to the polymeric impurities, a compound which gave dim red fluorescence. It was obtained in pure form by precipitation with in ethanol and methanol (1: l). ⁴⁶

A new isoflavonediglucoside, isocaviunin 7-0-gentiobioside has been isolated from Dalbergia sissoo. On Silica gel TLC with solvent systems CHCl₃,-MeOH (7:3); and EtOAc-MeOH (1: 1) it showed on exposure to iodine vapours a single yellow colour spot which on keeping changed to green. Hydrolysis with sulphuric acid yielded glucose and an aglycone. The molecules were characterized by UV and NMR spectroscopy. ⁴⁷

Thirteen rosewood (Dalbergia) species produced a purple quinonemethide pigment in the callus that was apparently identical between the species. The pigment was first purified from D. retusa cell culture and its structure was elucidated by mass, infrared, and detailed 1H and 13C NMR and NOE spectroscopic studies including 2D experiments (COSY, NOESY, HMQC, and HMBC). ⁴⁸

From the methyl acetate of root bark of Dalbergia sissoo extract a chalcone, 2,3- dimethoxy-40-g,g-dimethylallyloxy-20-hydroxychalcone (1) and an isoflavone, 7-g,g-dimethylallyloxy- 5-hydroxy-40-methoxyisoflavone (2) together with a known flavone, 7-hydroxy-6-methoxyflavone (3), a known isoflavone, biochanin A (4) and a known rotenoid, dehydroamorphigenin (5) were isolated by silica gel as stationary phase with solvents like n-hexane and ethyl acetate in gradient step method. The structures of compounds 1–5 were elucidated on the basis of spectral and chemical studies. ⁴⁹

Several water soluble polysaccharides were reported to isolate from leaves of Dalbergia sissoo by gel permeation chromatography, paper chromatography, gas liquid chromatography which further revealed the presence of rhamnose, galactose, glucuronic acid in leaf extract. ⁵⁰

Phytochemical Screening of ethanolic extract of stem bark of plant Dalbergia sissoo: ^51-52 Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo was carried out using standard procedures to assess the different types of phytochemical constituents present in the bark of D. sissoo using different chemical tests. Screenings were carried out for carbohydrates, glycosides, proteins, amino acids, phytosterols, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins.

13.1 Test for Reducing Sugars (Fehling’s test): The ethanol extract (0.5 g in 5 mL of water) was added to boiling Fehling’s solution (A and B) in a test tube. The solution was observed for a colour reaction (a purple ring at the junction of two liquids).

13.2 Test for Anthraquinones: 0.5 g of the extract was boiled with 10 mL of sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) and filtered while hot. The filtrate was shaken in 5 mL of chloroform. The chloroform layer was pipetted into another test tube, and 1 mL of dilute ammonia was added. The resulting solution was observed for colour changes.

13.3 Test for Terpenoids (Salkowski's test): 2 mL of chloroform was added to 0.5 g of the extract. Concentrated H₂SO₄ (3 mL) was carefully added to form a layer, and the solution was observed for a reddish brown colouration at the interface, which indicated the presence of terpenoids.

13.4 Test for Flavonoids: Three methods were used to test for flavonoids. (i) Dilute ammonia (5 mL) was added to a portion of an aqueous filtrate of the extract. Concentrated sulphuric acid (1 mL) was then added. A yellow colouration that disappeared on standing indicated the presence of flavonoids. (ii) A few drops of 1% aluminium solution was added to a portion of the filtrate. A yellow colouration indicated the presence of flavonoids. (iii) A portion of the extract was heated with 10 mL of ethyl acetate over a steam bath for 3 min. The mixture was filtered, and 4 mL of the filtrate was shaken with 1 mL of dilute ammonia solution. A yellow colouration indicated the presence of flavonoids.

13.5 Test for Saponins: 5 mL of distilled water was added to 0.5 g of extract in a test tube. The solution was shaken vigorously and observed for a stable persistent froth. The froth was mixed with three drops of olive oil and shaken vigorously, after which it was observed for the formation of an emulsion.

13.6 Test for Phenolic Compounds: 50 mg of extract was dissolved in distilled water and to this; 3 mL of 10% lead acetate solution was added. Formation of a bulky white precipitate indicated the presence of phenolic compounds (lead acetate test). 50 mg of extract dissolved in 5 mL of distilled water and to this; 2 mL of a 1% solution of gelatin containing 10% sodium chloride was added. The appearance of white precipitates indicated the presence of phenolic compounds (gelatin test).

13.7 Test for Tannins: About 0.5 g of the extract was boiled in 10 mL of water in a test tube and then filtered. A few drops of 0.1% ferric chloride was added, and the solution was observed for brownish green or a blue-black colouration.

13.8 Test for Alkaloids: 0.5 g of the extract was diluted to 10 mL with acid alcohol, boiled and filtered. 2 mL of dilute ammonia was added to 5 mL of the filtrate, followed by the addition of 5 mL of chloroform. The mixture was shaken gently to extract the alkaloidal base, and the chloroform layer was extracted with 10 mL of acetic acid. The chloroform layer was divided into two portions. Mayer’s reagent was added to one portion and Draggendorff’s reagent to the other. The formation of a cream (with Mayer’s reagent) or reddish brown precipitate (with Draggendorff’sreagent) was regarded as positive for the presence of alkaloids.

13.9 Test for Cardiac Glycosides (Keller-Killiani test): 0.5 g of extract was diluted to 5 mL in water, and 2 mL of glacial acetic acid containing one drop of ferric chloride solution was added to it. 1 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid was added to form a layer, and the colour at the inter phase was recorded. A brown ring at the interface indicated the presence of a deoxy sugar characteristic of cardenolides. A violet ring may appear below the brown ring, while in the acetic acid layer, a greenish ring may form just above the brown ring and gradually spread throughout this layer.

14. Pharmacology activity:

TABLE 3: PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS PART OF PLANT DALBERGIA SISSOO ^53-72

14.1 Anthelmintic activity: The ethanolic extract of bark of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. was investigated for its activity against Indian earthworms Pheretima posthuma and nematode Ascardi galli. Various concentrations (10, 20, 50 mg/ml) of ethanolic extract were tested, which involved determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worms. It was compared with Piperazine citrate (15 mg/ml) and Albendazole (20 mg/ml) as standard reference and normal saline as control. The study indicated the potential usefulness of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. against helminthic infections.⁵³

14.2 Antimicrobial property:  In a study, a herbal preparation containing Dalbergia sissoo and Datura stramoium with cow urine (DSDS), was evaluated for its antibacterial potential against pathogenic strains of grampositive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria. Antibacterial activity was compared to standard antibiotic drugs i.e. Chloramphenicol (30 mcg), Ampicillin (10 mcg), Nalidixic acid (10 mcg) and Rifampicin (30 mcg). Cow urine extract was found to be most active against both gram-positive as well as gram-negative bacteria. Clinical isolate of S. aureus showed higher sensitivity towards cow urine extract of DSDS than standard strains, and inhibited growth on most regulatory levels such as inhibition of protein, DNA, RNA and peptide glycan synthesis. The results of the present study shows that the cow urine extract of DSDS may be used as a potent antiseptic preparation for prevention and treatment of chronic bacterial infections.⁵⁴

14.3 Anti-inflammatory activity:  The methanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb was investigated for anti-inflammatory activity in experimental animal models. Treatment with 70% methanolic extracts of Dalbergia sissoo demonstrate a diminished inflammation in rat hind paw when challenged with carrageenan induced paw edema. The methanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo root at 1000 mg/kg showed the most potent anti-inflammatory activity compared to the other groups (100 and 500 mg/kg) throughout the observation period. Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. was devoid of ulcerogenic effect on the gastric mucosa of rats in acute and chronic tests. It was concluded that the Dalbergia sissoo root extract possessed significant anti-inflammatory activity without any side effect on gastric mucosa. ⁵⁵

The possible anti-inflammatory activity of a 90% ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo bark was also studied in a model of inflammation using a right hind paw oedema method in Wistar rats. One percent carrageenan in 0.5% sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) was administered through the sub-plantar region of the right hind paw of the animals. CMC was used as a suspending agent because it does not produce evident changes in activity response. Phyto-chemical investigation of bark extract showed that it contained carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, tannins and flavonoids. After oral administration of ethanolic extract at different doses (300, 500 and 1000 mg/kg), inhibition of right hind paw oedema was observed at 30, 60, and 120 min time intervals. The anti-inflammatory effects of the extract were compared with a standard dose of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). In acute toxicity studies, the extract was found to be safe up to 3000 mg/kg, p.o. in the rats. The biological effects increased with increasing doses. The ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo bark at 1000 mg/kg showed the most potent anti-inflammatory activity compared to the other groups (300 and 500 mg/kg) throughout the observation period.⁵⁶

14.4 Analgesic and Antipyretic: The peripheral analgesic activity of Shisam seed extract (SSE) was studied using acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and by Randall-Selitto assay in rats. Further, the central analgesic activity of SSE was studied by tail-clip test and hot plate method in mice. The antipyretic activity of SSE was studied in Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. Results showed significant decreased writhing movements in mice by acetic acid-induced writhing test and significant increased in the pain threshold capacity in rats in Randall-Selitto assay and the reaction time in hot-plate test but not in tail-clip test for analgesic activity. Moreover, it also showed significant antipyretic activity in Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia in rats throughout the observation period of 6 h. Thus, SSE has moderate analgesic and remarkable antipyretic activities.^57-58

14.5 Antinociceptive activity: The antinociceptive activity of ethanolic extract of the plant bark of Dalbergia sissoo was evaluated using tail flick method on Wistar rats. Three different dose levels (300, 500, and 1000 mg/kg) in 0.5% carboxyl methyl cellulose were administered. The antinociceptive extract activities of the all doses were compared with that of the standard drug asprin (300 mg/kg). The results were found to be significant (P<0.01). At the above doses, the extract possesses significant dose-dependent anti nociceptive activity. Phyto-chemical investigation of the ethanolic extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, phenolic compounds, and flavanoids. The antinociceptive activity of the bark extract may be due to the presence of phytochemical constituents such as flavanoids.⁵⁹

14.6 Osteogenic activity: One new isoflavone glucoside, caviunin 7-O-[β-D- apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside] and a new itaconic derivative, (E)-4-methoxy-2-(3, 4- dihydroxy benzylidene)-4-oxobutanoic acid along with series of isoflavones and flavonols with their glucosides and a lignan glucoside were isolated from the ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo leaves and were assessed for osteogenic activity in primary calvarial osteoblast cultures. Result showed that compounds exhibited significant osteogenic activity.⁶⁰

14.7 Antioxidant potential: Stem bark of Dalbegia sissoo were evaluated for its antioxidant potential. Finally results shown, among the different extracts of stem bark of the plant, chloroform extract exhibited marked antioxidant activity, whereas methanolic extract shown moderate activity in different in vitro anti-oxidant assays.^{61, 62}

14.8 Antidiarroheal activity: Antibacterial, anti-protozoal, and antiviral activities of the plant Dalbergia sissoo were checked by agar dilution method, tube dilution method, and neutral red uptake assay, respectively. Cholera toxin (CT) and Escherichia coli labile toxin (LT) were assayed by ganglioside monosialic acid receptor ELISA. Suckling mouse assay was used to assess E. coli stable toxin (ST). As a measure of colonisation, the effect against adherence of E. coli and invasion of E. coli and Shigella flexneri to HEp-2 cells were studied. It reduced the production and the binding of CT and bacterial adherence and invasion. This study showed that D. sissoo is anti-diarrhoeal as it affects bacterial virulence.^63-64

14.9 Anti-spermatogenic activity: A study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-spermatogenic efficacy of ethanol extract of stem bark of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. For the in vitro study, semen samples were obtained from 15 healthy fertile men aged 25–35 years. Sperm motility was examined by the Sander-Cramer method. A dose-dependent and time-dependent effect of ethanol extract on sperm motility and sperm viability were observed. Various concentrations affected the motility of sperm. Ethanol extract at a concentration of 20 mg/mL caused complete immobilization within 3 minutes. Sperm viability and hypo-osmotic swelling was significantly reduced at this concentration. The in vivo studies were carried out on Swiss male albino mice. Ethanol extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight resulted in a significant decrease (p<0.001) in weight of the testis and epididymis. A significant decrease (p<0.01) in sperm motility and sperm count in the epididymis were observed. Histological changes in the epididymis and testis were also investigated.⁶⁵

14.10 Anti-diabetic potential: Pankaj singh niranjan et al conducted a study in 2010 to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo leaves in alloxan induced diabetic rats. They concluded that the ethanolic extract of the leaves are 12% more effective in reducing the blood glucose level compared to standard Glibenclamide.^{66, 67}

14.11 Molluscicidal activities: In the search for molluscicidal compounds from plants, crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts from different parts of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. were evaluated against egg masses and adults of Biomphalaria pfeifferi and the snail intermediate host of Schistosoma manson in Nigeria. Laboratory-bred adult B. pfeifferi and their viable 0–24 h old egg masses were separately exposed to five different concentrations (7.81–2000 mg l−1) each, of the crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the fruits, leaves, roots and stem bark of D. sissoo, for 24 h. The LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of each extract for the target organisms were calculated using probit analysis. Only the ethanolic extracts of the fruits and roots showed significant activities against the adult snails (24 h LC₉₀<100 mg l−1: 74.33 and 93.93 mg l−1, respectively) and their egg masses (LC₉₀: 89.29 and 114.29 mg l−1, respectively) while all other extracts demonstrated weak molluscicidal and ovicidal activities (24 h LC₉₀ > 100 mg l−1). There were concentration-dependent behavioural changes in snails exposed to test extracts, while egg mortalities, manifested at the gastrula/exogastrula stage and or the prehatch snail stage of development, were similarly concentration-dependent. The crude ethanolic extracts of D. sissoo fruits and roots exhibited promising molluscicidal activities (LC₉₀ values<100 mg l−1) against adult B. pfeifferi with additional toxicities towards its 0–24 h-old egg masses. ^68-69

14.12 Anti-termite activity: Anti-termite activity of heartwood of Dalbergia sissoo was evaluated. It was concluded that the plant extracts can be used as an alternative for synthetic pesticides for the control of termite in buildings. ⁷⁰

14.13 Anti-larvicidal activity: Studies were carried out to evaluate the growth inhibitor, repellent action & anti larvicidal action of D. sissoo oil against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus under laboratory conditions. The oil also showed strong repellent action when oil was applied on exposed parts of human volunteers. They were protected from mosquito bites for 8±11 h. The protection obtained with sissoo oil was comparable to that with commercial Mylol oil consisting of di-butyl and di-methyl phthalates. ⁷¹

14.14 Anti-mollusicicidal activity: The crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts from different parts of Dalbergia sissoo were evaluated against egg masses and adults of Biomphalaria pfeifferi the snail intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni in Nigeria. Only the ethanolic extracts of the fruits and roots showed significant activities against the adult snails and their egg masses while all other extracts demonstrated weak molluscicidal and ovicidal activities. ⁷²

14.15 Neuroprotective action: This research was performedin 3- Nitropropionic acid induced neurotoxic rats to characterize the neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo leaves. The ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo leaves was administered 300 and 600mg/kg orally to neurotoxic rats. These results suggest that ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo leaves may have potential therapeutic value in various neurological disorders, probably by its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and estrogenic properties.⁷³

14.16 Gastro protective action: This study was conducted to evaluate the antiulcer effects of D.sissoo stem bark methanol extract (DSME) against the diclofenac sodium-induced ulceration in rats. The results of this study showed that DSME exhibits a potential gastro protective activity probably due to its antioxidant and cytoprotection ability.⁷⁴

CONCLUSION: The multiple benefits of Dalbergia sissoo it a true miracle of nature. Numerous studies have been conducted on different parts of Dalbergia sissoo, this plant has yet developed as a drug by pharmaceutical industries. These drug so few side effects with the higher doses administartion. A detailed and systematic study is required for identification, cataloguing and documentation of plants, which may provide a meaningful way for the promotion of the traditional knowledge of the herbal medicinal plant.

ACKNOWLEDGEMETS: The authors are grateful to Dr. Shashi Alok and Mr. Vighnesh Dixit Assistant Professor in Department of Pharmacy Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India for providing the necessary laboratory facilities and we are also thankful with our deepest core of heart to Dr. S. K. Jain for his valuable guidance.

REFERENCES:

1. Gupta SS. Prospects and Perspectives of natural plant products in medicine. Indian J Pharmacol 1994; 26: 1-12.
2. Shukla R, Sharma SB, Puri D, Prabhu KM, Murthy PS. Medicinal plants for treatment of diabetes mellitus, Indian J Clin Biochem, 2000; 15(1): 160-177.
3. Vaidya AB, Antarkar VDS, New drugs from medicinal plants and approaches, J Assoc Phyc India, 1994; 42(3): 221-222.
4. Shukla, S.P. Mistra, An introduction to taxonomy of Angiosperms. Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, New York 1st Ed. 1979; 196-205.
5. Bhattacharya M, Singh A, Ramrakhyani C: Dalbergia sissoo - An Important Medical plant Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Year: 2014; 2(2): 76-82.
6. Bharath M, Tulasi ELR, Sudhakar K and Eswaraiah CM: Dalbergia Sissoo An Important Medicinal Plant. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry 2013; 3(2): 384-388.
7. Pooja, Sharma P, Samanta KC, Garg V. Pharmacophore Evaluation of Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide Scavenging activity of Dalbergia Sissoo Roots. Pharmacophore 2010; 1(2):77-81.
8. Vikrant A, Arya ML. A Review on Anti-Inflammatory Plant Barks, International Journal of Pharm Tech Research 2011; 3(2):899-908.
9. Sheikh MI. A quick guide to useful nitrogen fixing trees from around the world, NFT Highlights, NFTA 89-07, December 1989.
10. Bhattacharya M, Singh A, Ramrakhyani C: Dalbergia sissoo - An Important Medical Plant. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Year: 2014; 2(2): 76-82.
11. E: Dalbergia sissooIndian Rosewood, Classification of Indian Rosewood, Medicinal properties of Indian Rosewood Eco India.htm.
12. Orwa et al, Agroforestry Database, 2009; 4: 1-5.
13. http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/D/Dalbergia_sissoo/
14. http://www.wooddatabase.com/lumberidentification/hardwoods/sissoo/
15. Asif M, Khan I, Hussani MH, Khan SN.Journal of Natural Science, Biology and Medicine 2011; 2(1):76-80.
16. Hari Shankar Lal and Sanjay Singh. Ethnomedicinal uses of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb in Jharkhand, International journal of ayurvedic and herbal medicine. (2012); 2(1): 198:2
17. Dalbergia sissoo [online]. 2012 Dec 9; Available from: URL:http://en.wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Dalbergia_sissoo Indian J Pharmacol 2000; 32:357-60.
18. Chandan Singh, Ritesh K. Baboota, Pradeep K, Naik, Harvinder Singh, Biocompatible synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles using leaf extract of Dalbergia sissoo Published online by the VBRI press in 2012; 3(4): 279-285.
19. Rana Vikas, Kumar Vineet, International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2011; 3(1): 483-487.
20. Rana Vikas, Kumar Vineet, Soni PL, Structure of the oligosaccharides isolated from Dalbergia sissoo leaf polysaccharide, Carbohydrate Polymers, 2009; 78(3): 520-525.
21. Shrestha SP, Amano Y, Narukawa Y and Takeda T, Nitric Oxide Production Inhibitory Activity of Flavonoids Contained in Trunk Exudates of Dalbergia sissoo, Journal of Natural Product, 2008; 71(1): 98–101.
22. Salwa et al, Isoflavonoid glycosides from Dalbergia sissoo, 2001; 57(8): 1263-1268.
23. Gupta JP, Enzymes Involved In Phenol Metabolism of Gall And Normal Tissues of Insect Induced Leaf Galls on Some Economically Important Plants in Rajasthan India, Bioscience Discovery, 2011; 2(3): 345-347.
24. Ahmad et al., Levels of Total Amino Acids, Soluble Proteins and Phenolic Compounds in Forages in Relation to Requirments of Ruminants Grazing in the Salt Range(Punjab), Pakistan, Pakistan Journal of Botany, 2009; 41(3): 1521-1526.
25. Mukerjee SK, Saroja T, Seshadri TR, Dalbergichromene : A new neoflavonoid from stem-bark and heartwood of Dalbergia sissoo, Tetrahedron, 1971; 27(4): 799-803.
26. Pooja, Sharma Priyanka, Samanta KC, Garg Vikas, Pharmacophore Evaluation of Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide Scavenging Activity of Dalbergia Sissoo Roots, Pharmacophore, 2010; 1(2): 77-81.
27. Arya Vikrant, Arya ML, A Review on Anti-Inflammatory Plant Barks, International Journal of PharmTech Research, 2011; 3(2): 899-908.
28. Asif Mohammad, Kumar Arum, Phytochemical Investigation and Evaluation of Antinociceptive Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Dalbergia Sissoo (Roxb.) Bark, 2011; 2(1):76-79.
29. Sharma A, Chibber SC, Chawla HM, Caviunin 7-O-gentiobioside from Dalbergia sissoo pods, Phytochemistry, 1979; 18(1): 1253-1253.
30. Chihiro Ito, New cinnamylphenols from Dalbergia species with cancer chemopreventive activity, J Nat Prod, 2003; 66(1):1574-1577.
31. Prasad, Sustainable Pests Management, 1^st edition, Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, 2007.
32. Celestino Santos-Buelga, Maria Teresa Escribano-Bailon, Vincenzo Lattanzio, Recent Advances in Polyphenol Research, 2nd edition, Wiley Publishers, United Kingdom, 2010.
33. Qadri R et al.: Comparative study of free amino acids from root nodules of four tree legume species, journal of applied botany and food sciences, 2010; 83(2): 148-150.
34. Hilditch TP, Williams PN, The Chemical Constitution Of Natural Fats, 4th edition, Spottiswoode, Ballantyne &Co. Ltd., Greatbritain 1964.
35. Wang et al.: Distribution, Synthesis and Biological Activity of Dalbergin, Natural Product Research and Development, 2009; 21(5): 900-904.
36. Ramireddy et al.: O-Prenylated flavonoids from Dalbergia sissoo, Phytochemistry 2008; 1l (1): 23-26.
37. Kumar SM, Kumud U, Anti-inflammatory Activity of Root of Dalbergia sissoo (Rox.b) in Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema in Rats, Pharmacognosy Journal, 2010; 2(11): 427–430.
38. Krishnamurty HG, Sarma KG, Seshadri TR, Dalbergenone from the heartwood of Dalbergia sissoo, Current science, 1963; 454-455.
39. Sarg T, Ateva AM, Ghani AA, Badr W, Shams G. Phytochemical and Pharmacological studies of Dalbergia sissoo growing in Egypt. Pharm Biol 1999; 37(1):54-62.
40. Farag SF, Ahmed S, Terashima K, Takaya Y, Niwa M. Isoflavanoid glycosides from Dalbergia sissoo. Phytochem 2001; 57(8):1263-8.
41. Reddy RV, Reddy PN, Khalivulla IS, Bhaskarreddy MV, Gunasekar D, Blond A et al. O-Prenylated flavonoids from Dalbergia sissoo. PhytochemLett 2008; 1:23-6.
42. Vikas R, Vineet K, Soni PL. Structure of the oligosaccharides isolated from Dalbergia sissoo Leaf polysaccharide. CarbohydrPolym 2009; 78(3): 520-5.
43. Yi Tao, Yi Wang. Bioactive sesquiterpenes isolated from the essential oil of Dalbergia odorifera. T Chen Fitoterpia 2010; 81(5): 393-6.
44. Mukerjee SK, Saroja T, Seshadri TR. Dalbergichromene, A new neoflavonoid from stem-bark and heartwood of Dalbergia sissoo. Tetrahedron 1971; 27:799-803.
45. Seshadri TR. Polyphenols of Pterocarpus and Dalbergia Phytochem 1972; 11: 881-98.
46. Sharma A, Chibber SS, Chawla HM. Caviunin 7-O-Gentiobioside from Dalbergia sissoo Phytochem 1979; 18:1253.
47. Sharma A, Chibber SS, Chawal HM. Isocaviunin 7-Gentiobioside, A new isoflavone glycoside from Dalbergia sissoo. Phytochem 1980; 19: 715.
48. Czako M, Marton L. A heartwood pigment in Dalbergia cell cultures. Phytochem 2001; 57: 1013-22.
49. Ramireddy V, Reddy NP, Khalivulla SI, Mopuru V et al.: O-Prenylated flavonoids from Dalbergia sissoo. Phytochem 2008; 1:23-6.
50. Rana V, Vineer K, Soni PL. Structural characterization of an acidic polysaccharide from Dalbergia sissoo leaves. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90(1):243-50.
51. Trease, G. E. & Evans, W. C. Pharmacognosy, 13th edition, 1989; pp. 176–180 (London: Bailliere Tindall).
52. Kokate, C.K., Purohit, A.P. & Gokhle, S.B. (Eds.). Pharmacognosy, 1st edition, 1990; 178–181. (Pune: Nirali Prakashan).
53. Upwar Nitin kumar, Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Dalbergia sissoo International Journal of Pharmaceuticla Science and Research 2011; 2(1): 171-174.
54. Yadav H., Antimicrobial Property of A Herbal Preparation Containing Dalbergia Sissoo and Datura Stramonium With Cow Urine Against Pathogenic Bacteria, International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 2008; 21(4): 1017-1024.
55. Kumar SM, Anti-inflammatory Activity of Root of Dalbergia sissoo (Rox.b) in Carrageenan-Induced Paw Edema in Rats, Pharmacognosy Journal, 2010; 2(11) :427-439.
56. Asif M, Kumar A, Anti-Inflammatory activity of ethanolic Extract of Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb.) bark, Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2009; 7(10): 39-50.
57. Hajare SW., et al.: Analgesic and Antipyretic Activities of Dalbergia Sissoo Leaves, Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 2000; 32: 357-360.
58. Mallinath HH, Kallappa MH, Mohmmad LA, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies of Ethanol Extract of Dalbergia Sissoo Seeds: An Approach for the in-vivo Analgesic And Antipyretic Activities, International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences, 2010; 1(4): 272-280.
59. Mohammad A, Kumar A: Phytochemical investigation and evaluation of antinociceptive activity of ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb.) bark, Journal of Natural Science Biology and medicine 2011; 2(1):76-79.
60. Dixit et al.: Constituents of Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb.) leaves with osteogenic activity, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 2012; 22(2): 890-897.
61. Kaur A, Singh S, Chandra P et al.: Evaluation of antioxidant potential of stem bark extract of Dalbergia sissoo, Journal of Pharmacy Research (2011); 4(10): 3439-3441.
62. Joseph NM, Sabharwal M, Alok S and Rawal Shruti, in-vitro and in-vivo Models for Antioxidant activity Evaluation: A Review, Int J Pharm Sci Res, 2010; 1(1): 1-11. 07. doi 10.13040/IJPSR. 0975-8232.1(1).1-11.
63. Brijesh S et al.: Studies on Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb.) leaves: Possible mechanism(s) of action in infectious diarrhoea, Indian J Pharmacol, 2006; 38(2):120-124.
64. Mujumdar AM , Misar AV, Upadhye AS, Antidiarrhoel activity of ethanol extract of the bark of Dalbergia lanceolaria, J Ethnopharmacol ,2005; 102(1): 213-216.
65. Vasudeva Neeru, Vats Manisha: Anti-spermatogenic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Dalbergia sissoo Stem Bark, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, 2011; 4(2): 116-122.
66. Niranjan PS, Singh D, Prajapati K and Jain SK: Antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo leaves in alloxan induced diabetic rats. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research (2010); 2(2): 24-27.
67. Varma A, Jain SK and Alok S: Hypoglycemic activity of Putranjiva roxburghii In alloxan induced diabetic rats. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2011; 2(1): 160-64-74.doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.2(1).160-64.

68. Adenusi AA, Odaibo AA: Laboratory assessment of molluscicidal activity of crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Dalbergia sissoo plant parts against Biomphalaria pfeifferi, travel medicine and infectious disease, 2008; 6(4): 219-227.
69. Adenusi AA, Odaibo AA: Preliminary laboratory assessment of the crude aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Dalbergia sissoo plant parts for molluscicidal, ovicidal and cercaricidal activities, Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 2007; 5(6): 406.
70. Kharkwal H, Joshi DD, Kharkwal A, Panthari P et al.: Anti-termite activity of heartwood of Dalbergia sissoo Ex.Dc. Asian pacific journal of biomedicine 2012: 1-4.
71. Ansari MA, Razdan RK, Tandon M, Padma V. Larvicidal and repellent actions n of Dalbergia sissoo oil (F. Leguminosae) oil against mosquitoes. Bio Resour Technol 2000; 73:207-11.
72. Adenusi AA, Odaibo AB. Laboratory assessment of molluscicidal activity of crude aqueos and ethanolic extract of Dalbergia sissoo parts against Biomphalaria pfeifferi. Travel Med Inf Dis 2008; 6:219-27.
73. Swaroop VS, Suddhasatwa B, Mukund H. Neuroprotective evaluation of leaf extract of Dalbergia sissoo in 3-Nitropropionic acid induced neurotoxicity in rats. Int J of PharmaSci and Drug Res 2014; 6(1):41-7.
74. Muhammad IK, Muhammad RK. Gastroprotective potential of Dalbergia sissoo stem bark against Diclofenac-induced gastric damage in rats. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives 2013; 4(5): 271-7.
    

    ---

    How to cite this article:

    Bijauliya RK, Jain SK, Alok S, Dixit VK, Singh D and Singh M: Dalbergia sissoo Linn. An overview morphology, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2017; 8(4): 1522-33.doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.8(4).1522-33.

    ---

    All © 2013 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

    ---