EVALUATION OF ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY, ANTINOCEPTIVE AND WOUND-HEALING ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOLIC AND AQUEOUS ROOT EXTRACTS OF COMBRETUM GLUTINOSUM PERR. EX DC
HTML Full TextEVALUATION OF ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY, ANTINOCEPTIVE AND WOUND-HEALING ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOLIC AND AQUEOUS ROOT EXTRACTS OF COMBRETUM GLUTINOSUM PERR. EX DC
Tahiri *, C. Yaya and D. Bini Kouamé
University Jean Lorougnon Guédé Daloa, UFR Environment Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Ivory Coast.
ABSTRACT: In Ivory Coast, the use of traditional medicinal plants is common because it’s low cost and also the scarcity and expensive nature of hospitals for so-called modern drugs. In addition, different types of herbal and others are used to heal wounds. Among these medicinal plants, the root of Combretum glutinosum is strongly recommended by traditional activists even though their in-vivo wound healing activity is not reported. Phytochemical screening of Combretum glutinosum revealed the presence of sterols and polyterpenes, polyphenols, flavonoids, catechic tannins, gallic tannins, alkaloids, saponosides, anthraquinones terpenoids, and anthocyanins. Some researchers claim that these bioactive compounds obtained from the phytochemical analysis may be responsible for pharmaceutical activity. All plant extracts studied had LD50 values greater than 3000 mg/kg body weight and were therefore considered harmless. The study showed that the aqueous and ethanolic root extracts of Combretum glutinosum (AECG and EECG) have analgesic effects. Hence, they have the potential to offer safe pain-relieving compounds. The aqueous and ethanolic root extracts of Combretum glutinosumwith Cocoa butter (AECG_25% and EECG_25%) have been shown to support traditional wound healing claims, as evidenced by an increase in the rate of wound contraction and tensile strength, thus translating to a decrease in wound healing.
Keywords: Combretum glutinosum, Phytochemical, Analgesic, LD50, wound
INTRODUCTION: Combretum glutinosum Perr. Ex DC (Combretaceae family), is a small tree or bushy shrub, about 8 to 12 m high. The plant is present in Ivory Coast; it is called in Malinké "Naniaragbwé" and is used to treat common ailments including hepato-biliary ailments, urinary ailments, edema, arterial hypertension, cough, fever, malaria and spasms, diarrhea, dysentery, and constipation.
The dried and crushed leaves are used in post-circumcision hemorrhages. The pounded roots are applied to the wounds. An infusion of the roots is used for washing wounds 1. Wounds are major problems for poor populations who prefer treatment with medicinal plants. The majority of drugs currently available for the treatment of wounds are expensive; researchers need to intensify the botanical investigations in order to provide healing products that are affordable, effective, and safe 2.
Traditional African healers use medicinal plants such as Combretum glutinosum for its healing power. This study aims to characterize chemical groups, acute oral toxicity, analgesic effects and wound healing activity in ethanolic and aqueous root extracts of Combretum glutinosum.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Plant Material: Dry roots of Combretum glutinosum were provided by a traditional therapist in July 2019 (Abidjan, Ivory Coast). It was identified and authenticated by the botanists of the laboratory. The roots were crushed, and a brown powder was obtained. The powder was stored in a jar.
Animals: The animals composed of albino mice and rats were supplied by the University animal store. They were fasted for 24 hours before the experiments and weighed periodically before and after each experiment.
Extraction of Plant: It is the technique of maceration employed to extract chemical elements present in the roots of Combretum glutinosum. Two solvents are used to carry out this kind of solid-liquid extraction, namely distilled water and ethanol 3.
Qualitative Phytochemical Screening: The qualitative phytochemical screening was performed on the two root extracts of Combretum glutinosum using the standard procedures described in Table 1 to determine the phytochemicals 4. AECG = Aqueous root extract of Combretum glutinosum and EECG = Ethanolic root extract of Combretum glutinosum.
TABLE 1: USUAL METHODS OF PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING
Secondary metabolite | Reagent of identification | Indicator (positive reaction) |
Anthocyanin | H2SO4 and NH4OH | Black color |
Anthraquinones | NH4OH | Yellow color |
Saponins | Foam index | Persistent foam |
Free quinones | NH4OH | Red to purple color |
Polyphenols | FeCl3 (2%) | Dark blue or greenish color |
Flavonoids | Hydrochloric alcohol, Magnesium shavings and Iso-amyl alcohol | Pink-orange or purplish color |
Catechic tannins | Formalin and HCl | Gelatinous precipitate |
Gallic tannins | Sodium acetate and FeCl3 | Blue-black color |
Alkaloids | HgCl2 and KI (Mayer) | Reddish-brown precipitate Creamy-white precipitate |
Picric acid (Hager) I2 and KI (Wagner) | ||
Coumarins | KOH and HCl | Trouble or precipitate |
Sterols and
polyterpenes |
Acetic anhydride acid
and H2SO4 |
Color from purple to blue
or green |
Terpenoids | CHCl3, H2SO4 | Brown color |
Mucilage | Absolute ethanol | Flocculent precipitate |
Volatile oils | NaOH and HCl | Black color |
Acute Oral Toxicity Study: The acute toxicity study was performed on aqueous and ethanolic root extracts of Combretum glutinosum (AECG and EECG) in accordance with OECD recommendations 5. To begin with, a total of 25 mice (5 mice per batch) were randomly selected. The mice were divided into 5 groups of 5; GP 1: control (normal saline solution), GP 2: treated with 100 mg/kg bw, GP 3: treated with 250 mg/kg bw, GP 4: treated with 500 mg/kg bw, GP 5: treated with 3000 mg/kg bw. Careful observation was made to study changes in behavior and mortality for hours per time interval and then over a period of two weeks.
Antinociceptive Activity: The study of the analgesic effects of aqueous and ethanolic roots extracts of Combretum glutinosum were evaluated using the method of contortion induced by acetic acid on mice. A total of 50 mice (5 mice per batch) were randomly selected and marked for identification. The mice were divided into 10 groups of 5: GP 1: negative control (1.2 mL/100 g, distilled water), GP 2: positive control (150 mg/kg bw, Ibuprofen), GP 3: treated with 100 mg/kg bw of AEGC, GP 4: treated with 150 mg/kg bw of AEGC, GP 5: treated with 300 mg/kg bw of AEGC, GP 6: treated with 500 mg/kg bw of AEGC, GP 3 ': treated with 100 mg/kg bw of EEGC, GP 4': treated with 150 mg/kg bw of EEGC, GP 5 ': treated with 300 mg/kg bw of EEPO, GP 6': treated with 500 mg/kg bw of EECG. The mean number of writhes and the percentage inhibition of writhes were calculated as an indicator of analgesic activity according to equation 6.
Percentage of writhing inhibition = (Wct-Wes) / Wct × 100
With Wct=the mean a number of writhes in the negative control and Wex = the mean number of writhes inthe experimental.
Wound-Healing Activity: The excision wound model and Incision wound model were used to assess the wound healing activity of aqueous and ethanolic roots extracts of Combretum glutinosum (AECG and EECG),
Excision Wound Model: A full-thickness circular excisional wound measuring approximately 500 mm2 and 1.6 mm in depth was performed on the shaved dorsal thoracic region of the experimental rats while observing all laboratory safety guidelines. The rats were divided into 3 groups of 5: GP 1: placebo-control (Cocoa Butter), GP 2: treated with the ointment 25% of the aqueous root extracts of Combretum glutinosum (AECG_25%), GP 3: treated with the 25% ointment of the ethanolic root extract of Combretum glutinosum (EEGC_25%). The rate of wound closure was assessed by measuring the wound on days 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 18, and 20. The percentage of wound contraction at each time interval was calculated 7:
Percentage of wound contraction = (Wound 0h - Wound th) / (wound 0h) × 100
With: wound 0h = wound area at 0 hour, wound th = wound area at particular time, t
Ointment’s Formulation: One single ointment (cocoa butter) and two mixed ointments were prepared according to the formula described in Table 2. Cocoa butter, aqueous, and ethanolic root extract of Combretum glutinosum(AECG and EECG) and calcium benzoate (preservative = E213) were triturated in a mortar with a pestle to obtain a homogeneous paste. The AECG_25% and EEPO_25% ointments obtained were packaged in jars and stored at room temperature 8.
TABLE 2: COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT OINTMENTS
Composition | Placebo Cocoa butter | Ointment AECG_25% | Ointment EECG_25% |
AECG (g) | 0 | 14 | 0 |
EECG (g) | 0 | 0 | 14 |
Cocoa butter (g) | 55 | 41 | 41 |
Calciumbenzoate (g) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Total (g) | 56 | 56 | 56 |
Incision Wound Model: As with the previous model, a longitudinal paravertebral incision of 4 cm in length was made and sutured by 1 cm 9. After 24 h of wound creation, the rats were divided into 3 groups of 6. GP 1: placebo-control (Cocoa butter + E 213), GP 2: treated with the 25% ointment of the aqueous root extract of Combretum glutinosum (AECG_25%), and GP 3: treated with the 25% ointment of the ethanolic root extract of Combretum glutinosum (EECG_25%). The sutures were removed on day 8 post-incision and the treatment was continued. Then, the tensile strength was measured on the 10th day and calculated using weight technique 10.
Percentage of tensile strength = (Tensile st exp-tensile st ct) / (Tensile st ct) × 100
With tensile st ct = the mean tensile strength of placebo control and tensile st exp = the mean the tensile strength of group treated.
Data Analysis: The experimental result was expressed as the standard error of the mean. The analysis of variance was used to compare the averages between more than two groups.
Values with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Graphs were obtained using the Microsoft Excel 2013 spreadsheet. Statistical analyzes were performed in GraphPad Prism for Windows.
RESULTS:
Yield of Extracts: The percentage yield of ethanolic and aqueous root extracts of Combretum glutinosum is presented in Table 3.
TABLE 3: YIELD OF ETHANOLIC AND AQUEOUS ROOT EXTRACTS OF COMBRETUM GLUTINOSUM
Extract | Mass (g) | Yield (%) |
EECG | 4.45 | 8.90 |
EACG | 5.25 | 10.50 |
Phytochemical’s Analysis: Phytochemical screening of the ethanolic and aqueous root extracts of Combretum glutinosum (AEGC and EEGC) was done to qualitatively identify the presence or absence of secondary metabolites, and the results were presented in Table 4.
TABLE 4: RESULTS OF PHYTOCHEMICALS SCREENING
Secondary metabolite | AEGC | EEGC |
Flavonoids | + | + |
Gallic tannins | + | + |
Free quinones | - | - |
Saponins | + | + |
Alkaloids | + | + |
Coumarins | - | - |
Anthraquinones | + | + |
Terpenoids | + | + |
Mucilages | - | - |
Anthocyanins | + | + |
Volatile oils | - | - |
Catechic tannins | + | + |
Cardiac glycosides | - | - |
Sterols and polyterpenes | + | + |
Polyphenols | + | + |
+ = Positive means present, - = Negative means absent |
Acute Oral Toxicity Study: The results of the oral acute toxicity study revealed that all tests of aqueous and ethanolic root extracts of Combretum glutinosum (AEPO and EEPO) were appeared safe to the dose of 3000 mg/kg as none of the mice was died and even did not show any.
Sign of toxicity during the observation period of 2 weeks. Therefore, LD50 of aqueous and ethanolic root extracts of Combretum glutinosumare greater than 3000 mg/kg.
Analgesic Study: The results of the analgesic effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts are presented in Table 5. The aqueous and ethanolic root extracts of Combretum glutinosum showed significant analgesic activity. This activity reduced number of writhing induced by acetic acid Fig. 1.
TABLE 5: EFFECTS OF AEGC AND EEGC ON ACETIC ACID-INDUCED WRITHING
Groups | Writhing frequency | Inhibition of writhing (%) |
GP 1: Negative control with 1.2 mL/100 g bw of Distilled water | 95.71 ±1.65 | 0 |
GP 2: Positive control with 150 mg/kg bw of Ibuprofen, | 10.91± 1.74 | 88.60 |
GP 3: Group treated with100 mg/kg bw of AEGC | 38.12±1.35 | 60.17 |
GP 4: Group treated with150 mg/kg bw of AEGC | 21.56±1.19 | 77.47 |
GP 5: Group treated with300 mg/kg bw of AEGC | 08.39±1.56 | 91.23 |
GP 6: Group treated with 500 mg/kg bw of AEGC | 05.58±1.49 | 94.17 |
GP 3’: Group treated with100 mg/kg bw of EEGC | 32.68±1.21 | 65.85 |
GP 4’: Group treated with150 mg/kg bw of EEGC | 17.69±1.42 | 81.52 |
GP 5’: Group treated with300 mg/kg bw of EEGC | 09.53±1.22 | 90.04 |
GP 6’: Group treated with 500 mg/kg bw of EEGC | 07.31±1.18 | 92.36 |
FIG. 1: COMPARISON BETWEEN THE EFFECTS OF AEGC, EEGC AND IBUPROFEN ON ACETIC ACID-INDUCED WRITHING
Wound-healing Activity:
Excision Wound Model: Based on the data in Table 6, AECG_25% and EECG_25% showed significant wound contraction compared to plain cocoa butter since the start of treatment.
The data in Table 6 confirmed that a considerably shorter healing time was recorded by AECG_25% and EECG_25% compared to cocoa butter Fig. 2.
TABLE 6: WOUND-HEALING EFFECT OF COMBRETUM GLUTINOSUM IN EXCISION WOUND MODEL
Parameter Wound area (mm2) and wound contraction (%) | |||
Post-wounding days | Control | AECG_25% | EECG_25% |
Day 0 | 501.25 ± 1.28 | 502.30 ± 1.47 | 501.50 ± 1.42 |
Day 2 | 459.70 ± 1.34 (8.29%) | 456.50 ± 1.21 (9.12%) | 454.80 ± 1.38 (9.31%) |
Day 4 | 414.80 ± 1.42 (17.25%) | 389.90 ± 1.36 (22.38%) | 382.50 ± 1.48 (23.73%) |
Day 8 | 329.90 ± 1.41 (34.18%) | 254.50 ± 1.47 (49.33%) | 224.80 ± 1.54 (55.17%) |
Day 12 | 209.50 ± 1.39 (58.20%) | 104.80 ± 1.38 (79.13%) | 96.76 ± 1.57 (80.70%) |
Day 16 | 74.67 ± 1.43 (85.10%) | 19.16 ± 1.23 (96.18%) | 9.50 ± 1.29 (98.10%) |
Day 18 | 19.35 ± 1.38 (96.14%) | 3.57 ± 1.43 (99.29%) | 00 ± 00 (100%) |
Day 20 | 7.97 ± 1.24 (98.41%) | 00 ± 00 (100%) | 00 ± 00 (100%) |
Period of epithelialization (day) | 20.45 ± 1.50 | 18.35 ± 1.40 | 16.50 ± 1.50 |
FIG. 2: WOUND AREA CONTRACTION (%) WITHCOCOA BUTTER, AECG_25%, EECG_25% IN EXCISION WOUND MODEL
Incision Wound Model: As shown in Table 7, AECG_25% and EECG_25% effectively increased the breaking strength of healing wound. Compared with Cocoa butter, AECG_25% and EECG_25% had a greater increasing effect on the tensile strength.
TABLE 7: WOUND-HEALING EFFECT OF COCOA BUTTER, AECG_25%, AND EECG_25% IN INCISION WOUND MODEL
Breaking strength (g) | Tensile strength (%) | |
Cocoa butter | 345.78±1.63 | 0 |
AECG_25% | 538.14±1.58 | 55.63 |
EECG_25% | 617.32±1.43 | 78.53 |
DISCUSSION: Phytochemical screening test of ethanolic and aqueous root extracts of Combretum glutinosum (EECG and AECG) revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, gallic tannins, saponins, alkaloids, anthraquinones, terpenoids, anthocyanins, catechic tannins, sterols, polyterpenes, and polyphenols. These biologically active compounds are responsible for antioxidant, anti-infective, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and anticancer activities 11, 12. Flavonoids are sometimes used to try to promote the healing of leg ulcers. As for tannins, researchers claim that they encourage the wound healing process by promoting wound contraction 13, 14. Based on the acute oral toxicity test results, the median lethal doses (LD50) were greater than 3000 mg/kg. The ethanolic and aqueous root extracts of Combretum glutinosum (EECG and AECG) can be designated as safe 15.
During this method, acetic acid induces the release of mediators such as histamine, a biogenic amine acting as a chemical mediator of the inflammatory reaction. It is formed from the amino acid histidine. Histamine is released by the granules of basophilic granulocytes and by mast cells, for example, in the event of a cut in the skin or a microorganism. Histamine promotes vasodilation of blood vessels and their permeability 16. Thus, in the event of a lesion, the coagulation proteins access the cut area more easily, which facilitates scarring and healing. At the cerebral level, the release of serotonin by acetic acid is involved in regulating many physiological functions: sleep, appetite, mood, anxiety, and pain in particular 17.
Bradykinin also plays an important role in pain; it is the most powerful allogenous substance released by the body's tissues during an injury: this pain-generating action appears even at low levels of concentration, which contributes to hyperalgesia. In this case, there are high levels of bradykinin in pain. Bradykinin works in synergy with other substances such as histamine and serotonin. It causes the release of other mediators and prostaglandins 6. A wound can present different aspects, conditioning the healing. To manage a wound, two concepts are essential: its stage and its condition. There are four identified scarring stages: necrosis, fibrinous, budding, and epidermis 18. It is important to know that a wound evolves by following different states. It is, therefore, necessary to assess the state of the wound bed. There are also four well-identified conditions: dry, exuding, cavitary, and infected. The healing of a wound is an extremely complex phenomenon, specific to each organism. It involves the processes of repairing a localized lesion and regenerating tissue 19.
The physiological mechanisms of this process involve many cell types (fibroblasts and epithelial cells), successive cascades of intracellular messengers, and molecules involved in the general anabolism of organisms (GAG, fibronectin, collagen, etc.) 20. These phenomena are regulated by growth factors and the interactions between the extracellular matrix and inflammatory cells. The healing of a wound turns out to be more or less long, depending on the patient. A duration which varies according to the nature of the wound (acute, chronic, superficial, deep), but also of the general state of health of the patient and even of his habits of life 21, 22.
CONCLUSION: Experiments have shown that the ethanolic and aqueous root extracts of Combretum glutinosum (EECG and AECG) have LD50 values greater than 3000 mg/kg and are non-toxic. Both AECG and EECG have been shown to be effective as analgesics or pain relievers. The present study indicated that cocoa butter had better wound healing activity with AECG_25% and EECG_25%.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: The authors would like to acknowledge the Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technologies, UFR Environnement, and University Jean Lorougnon Guédé Daloa for providing the lab facility, model animals, reagents, and equipment for this study.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Nil
REFERENCES:
- Alowanou GG, Olounladé AP, Azando E, Dedehou V, Daga F & Hounzangbé-Adoté MS: A review of Bridelia ferruginea, Combretum glutinosum and Mitragina inermis plants used in zootherapeutic remedies in West Africa: historical origins, current uses and implications for conservation. Journal of Applied Biosciences 2015; 87: 8003-8014.
- Tessema Z and Molla Y: Evaluation of the wound healing activity of the crude extract of root bark of Brucea antidysentrica, the leaves of Dodonaea angustifolia and Rhamnus prinoides in mice. Heliyon 2021; 7: 05901.
- Ndjib RC, Djova SV, Kom CW, Agbor AG, Mamat A, Dibong SD and Nyegue MA: In-vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach and Thonn.) Mull. Arg. and antrocaryon klaineanum pierre extracts. International J of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2020; 12: 129-135.
- Valan MF and Oladimeji AV: Standardization and Phytochemical Screening activity of Abrus precatorius Linn Root Extracts. Nat Prod Chem Res 2021; 9: 1.
- Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), “Test no. 425: acute oral toxicity: up-and-down procedure. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals Section 2008; 4.
- Olela B, Mbaria J, Wachira T and Moriasi G: Acute oral toxicity and anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.). Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020; 5651390.
- Alemu BK, Misganaw D and Mengistu G: Wound Healing Effect of Acokanthera schimperi Schweinf (Apocynaceae) methanol leaf extract ointment in mice and its in-vitro antioxidant activity. Clin Pharmacol 2020; 12: 213-222.
- Madièye S, Firmin SB, Abdou S, Alioune DF, Yacine N and Guata SY: Healing and topical anti-inflammatory activities of the total aqueous bark extract of Combretum glutinosum Perr. (Combretaceae). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2020; 14: 215-224.
- Ehrlich HP and Hunt TK: Effects of cortisone and vitamin A on wound healing. Annals of Surger 1968; 167: 324-28.
- Tessema Z and Molla Y: Evaluation of the wound healing activity of the crude extract of root bark of Brucea antidysenterica, the leaves of Dodonaea angustifolia and Rhamnus prinoides in mice. Heliyon 2021; 7(1): e05-901.
- Ghosia L, Asma S, Kafeel A and Jamila H: Phytochemical screening, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of daphne mucronata. J Tradit Chin Med 2019; 39(6): 764-771.
- Senhaji S, Lamchouri F and Toufik H: Phytochemical Content, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Potential of Endemic Plant Anabasis aretioïdes Coss & Moq. (Chenopodiaceae). Biomed Res Int 2020; 2020: 6152932.
- Bouabid K, Lamchouri F, Toufik H and Faouzi MEA: Phytochemical investigation, in-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant properties of aqueous and organic extracts of toxic plant: Atractylis gummifera J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 253: 112640.
- Aberoumand A: Screening of phytochemical compounds and toxic proteinaceous protease inhibitor in some lesser-known food-based plants and their effects and potential applications in food. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Engineering 2012; 2: 16-20.
- Yi-Chen, Wu MX proteinaceousprotease Jie-Liu: Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity studies of the aqueous extract from radix, radix with cortex and cortex of Psammosilene tunicoides in mice and rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 213: 199-209.
- Símaro GV, Lemos M proteinaceousprotease Mangabeira da Silva JJ: Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Copaifera pubiflora Benth oleoresin and its major metabolite ent-hardwickiic acid. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 271: 113883.
- Tekulu GH, Desta A, Hiben MG proteinaceousprotease Araya EM: Anti-Nociceptive and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Hygrophila schulli J Inflamm Res 2020; 13: 497-505.
- Belachew TF, Asrade S, Geta M and Fentahun E: In-vivo evaluation of wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of 80% methanol crude flower extract of Hagenia abyssinica (bruce) J.F. gmel in mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2020; 2020: 9645792.
- Lambebo MK, Kifle ZD, Gurji TB and Yesuf JS: Evaluation of Wound Healing Activity of Methanolic Crude Extract and Solvent Fractions of the Leaves of Vernonia auriculifera Hiern (Asteraceae) in Mice. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13: 677-692.
- Alemu BK, Ayalew Getahun K and Kahaliw W: In-vitro Antioxidant and in-vivo Wound Healing Activities of the 80% Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of Seeds of Brassica carinata Braun (Brassicaceae) in Mice. J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 12: 463-474.
- Tekleyes B, Huluka SA, Wondu K and Wondmkun YT: Wound Healing Activity of 80% Methanol Leaf Extract of Zehneria scabra (L.f) Sond (Cucurbitaceae) in Mice. Journal of Experimental Pharmacology 2021; 13: 537-544.
- Getahun A, Kifle ZD, Ambikar D and Atnafie SA: In-vivo evaluation of 80% methanolic leaves crude extract and solvent fractions of buddleja polystachya fresen (buddlejaceae) for wound healing activity in normal and diabetic mice. Metabol Open 2021; 11: 100110.
How to cite this article:
Tahiri S, Yaya C and Kouamé DB: Evaluation of acute oral toxicity, antinoceptive and wound-healing activities of ethanolic and aqueous root extracts of Combretum glutinosum Perr. Ex Dc. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2022; 13(7): 2655-61. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.13(7). 2655-61.
All © 2022 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Article Information
10
2655-2661
588 KB
475
English
IJPSR
S. Tahiri *, C. Yaya and D. Bini Kouamé
University Jean Lorougnon Guédé Daloa, UFR Environment Laboratory of Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Ivory Coast.
tahiri.sylla@ujlg.edu.ci
27 October 2021
16 December 2022
05 May 2022
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.13(7). 2655-61
01 July 2022