EVALUATION OF ANTICANCER EFFECT OF BRASSICA RAPA CHINENSIS LINN. USING IN VIVO MODEL

EVALUATION OF ANTICANCER EFFECT OF BRASSICA RAPA CHINENSIS LINN. USING IN VIVO MODEL

Dharani Mayilsamy^* and Kalaivani Krishnaswamy

Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore - 641029, Tamilnadu, India

ABSTRACT: Aim: Dalton’s Lymphoma Ascites cells (DLA) are a cancer of the lymphocytes, a type of cell that forms part of the immune system. The present study aims to evaluate the anticancer effect of methanolic extract of bokchoy (Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves) using in vivo model in mice. Methods: The experimental mice were divided to 5 groups. The methanolic extract (800 mg/kg) and nanoparticles of methanolic extract (1mg/kg) of Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves, was administered to mice of group III and IV respectively. The mice were induced with DLA. Group I mice served as normal control and group II as DLA control. Cyclophosphamide at 3mg/kg b.wt was administered to group V. Results: Treatment with methanolic extract and nanoparticles of methanolic extract of Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves (800, 1mg/kg, orally) against Dalton’s Lymphoma  Ascites (DLA) in mice by the activities of marker enzymes as Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), Alkanine phosphatase (ALP), Acid phosphatase (ACP), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), γ Glutamyl transpeptidase (γGT), 5’Nucleotidase, β-D-Glucuronidase, β-D-Galactosidase and Cathepsin D levels in serum. The extract also enhanced in a dose dependent manner with 3mg dose revealing more defending effect in line with the standard drug, Cyclophosphamide. Conclusion: The observed results indicate that the Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves extract at both the doses were effective in curbing the toxic insult of DLA.

Dalton’s Lymphoma Ascites, Brassica rapa Chinensis, Marker enzymes.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer is one of the most common devastating disease affecting millions of people per year ¹.  Tumor or neoplasm is usually defined as a growth of an abnormal mass of tissue due to uncontrolled cellular growth; the term is malignant tumors ². Cancer is a preventable disease, can be reduced by avoidance of cancer-causing biological, chemical, and physical agents, in addition to the habitual consumption of cancer protective foods ³.

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. There are many different kinds of cancers. Cancer can develop in almost any organ or tissue, lung, colon, breast, skin, bones or nerve tissue ⁴.

Lymphoma is a relatively rare cancer in the general population; it is one of the most common cancer diagnosed in young person’s ⁵. Lymphoma is a variety of cancer specific to the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is an important network of glands and vessels which make up the body’s main line of defense against disease (immune system).

The network manufactures and circulates lymph throughout the body. Lymphoma is a cancer of certain types of blood cells (WBCs) called lymphocytes. These cells circulate throughout the body in the stream and in the lymphatic system, which is part of the body’s immune system. The network is bean- shaped organs called lymph nodes or glands. The nodes are responsible for the manufacture and storage of these infection- fighting cells. Lymph nodes are clustered in the neck, under the arms, in the groin and abdomen and may swell and become tender when the body is fighting infection (such as mono or strep throat).

Oxidative stress in the cells or tissues refers to the enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or depletion in the antioxidant defense system, causing an imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants. This imbalance can ultimately result in damage to molecules, including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and DNA. ROS would assault on important biological molecules such as DNA, protein or lipid leading to many degenerative diseases, such as cancer, Alzheimer’s, arthritis and ischemic reperfusion ⁶.  Recently, natural foods and food-derived antioxidants, such as vitamins and phenolic phytochemicals, against oxidative damage are considered beneficial for human health ⁷.

Traditional medicine is an important source of potentially useful new compounds for the development of chemotherapeutic agents ⁸.

Phytochemicals derived from plants are excellent antioxidants. Antioxidants appear to act against diseases by raising the levels of endogenous defense, by up-regulating gene expressions of the antioxidant enzymes ^{9, 10}. The phytonutrients found in Bok choy are powerful antioxidants that are capable of strengthening the immune system. Intake of this vegetable could reduce the risk of osteoporosis.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anticancer effect of Bok choy, Brassica rapa Chinensis Linn against Dalton’s Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Preparation of methanolic extract: Bok choy, Brassica rapa Chinensis was obtained from local department store, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. The Fresh leaves were cleaned to remove adhering dust particles, washed under running tap water, and rinsed with distilled water. The leaves were shade dried and powdered. 15g of dried powder was extracted in 150ml of methanol for 6 hours using a series of soxhlet extractor. The extract was filtered through Whatmann No.1 filter paper. The filtered sample was concentrated and dried under room temperature, which is denoted as methanolic extract of Brassica rapa Chinensis. The extract yielded a green residue solid weighing 2.5g and was preserved in a refrigerator at 4°C until further experiments.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles:

Fresh leaves were collected and cleaned to remove adhering dust particles, washed under running tap water, gently blotted dry between folds of tissue paper and 10g of the leaf sample was weighed, cut into small pieces and added to 100ml of methanol. The flask was stored in the dark with mild shaking for 24 hours. The mixture was then filtered through whatman no.1 filter paper. The extract was stored at 4^oC until further experiments.

The leaf extract (10ml) was added to 90ml of 3mM silver nitrate (AgNo₃) Solution. The experimented for the synthesis of the nanoparticles as elaborated below. The extent of nanoparticle synthesis was monitored by measuring the absorption at 400-600nm.

To separate the synthesized silver nanoparticles, samples were centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 20 minutes under refrigeration and washed three times with deionized water. A dried powder of the silver nanoparticles was obtained by freeze-drying.

Confirmation of formation of silver nanoparticles:

The silver nanoparticles formation was confirmed using the modern analytical instrument, namely UV-Visble spectroscopy.

UV-Visible Spectrophotometer:

The reduction of pure Ag+ ions was monitored by measuring the UV-VIS spectrum of the reaction medium after overnight incubation and after diluting a small aliquot of the sample into distilled water. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are soluble in distilled water and the colour changes were observed visually. A yellowish brown coloration was noticed at the synthesis phase. The concentration of AgNP produced was measured using a Systronics UV double beam spectrophotometer (model 2201), at a resolution of 1 nm, between 200 and 800 nm using 10-mm-optical-path-length quartz cuvettes.

Drugs and Chemicals                                             

Dalton ascites lymphoma cells (DLA) were obtained from KMCH, Coimbatore, India for the induction of DLA in mice and Cyclophosphamide was purchased from Alagu Pharmacy, Coimbatore, India. All other chemicals used in this study were obtained commercially and were of analytical grade.

Experimental Design:

The animals were divided into 5 groups of five animals each. Lymphoma cancer was induced with (i.p) DLA (1×10⁶ cells). The institutional animal ethics committee no. 659/02/a/CPCSEA approved the experimental design.

Group I             :  Control

Group II            :  DLA control

Group III: DLA induced+ treatment with methanolic extract of Brassica rapa Chinensis   (MEBRC) leaves at 800mg/kg body weight from the next day of the induction for 20 days orally.

Group IV:  DLA induced+ treatment with nanoparticles of methanolic extract of Brassica rapa Chinensis (MNBRC) leaves at 1mg/kg body weight from the next day of the induction for 20 days orally.

Group V:  DLA induced+ treatment with drug cyclophosphamide at 3mg/kg body weight from the next day of the induction for 20 days orally.

Biochemical Analysis:

On 21^stday the experimental animals were sacrificed after an overnight fast by decapitation for analysis of biochemical parameters and histological studies. The blood was collected, centrifuged and serum was used for the estimation of cancer and liver marker enzymes such as serum Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT) by the method of Reitman and Frankel ¹¹., Acid phosphatase (ACP), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was determined by King and Armstrong ¹², Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) by King ¹³, γ Glutamyl transpeptidase (γGT) by Persijn and Vanderslik ¹⁴, 5’Nucleotidase and β-D-Glucuronidase by Campbell ¹⁵, β-D-Galactosidase by Kawai and Anno ¹⁶ and Cathepsin D by Biber¹⁷ were analyzed.

Histopathological Examination:

The liver tissue of each animal were dissected out and then fixed in buffered formalin for 12 hours and processed for histopathological examination. Four μm-thick paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for light microscope examination using conventional protocol.

Statistical Analysis:

The data are expressed as mean ± S.D. Statistical comparison was done at significance level, p<0.05 using SPSS package version 10.0. One way ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis of LSD was performed.

RESULTS: The synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were analyzed periodically using UV Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. The absorbance of the NPs was measured in the range 400-800nm. UV-Spectrum of silver nanoparticles synthesized by nanoparticles of methanolic extract of Brassica rapa Chinensis leaf powder reaction mixture after 48 hours incubation at room temperature.

FIG. 1: UV- VISIBLE SPECTRA OF REDUCTION OF Ag IONS TO SILVER NANOPARTICLES

In the present investigation, the peak specific for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles was obtained at 416nm by UV-Visible spectroscopy (Fig. 1) which was specific for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Thus the formations of silver nanoparticles of methanolic extract of Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves was further confirmed by UV-Visible spectroscopic method.

The levels of AST, ALT, ALP, ACP & LDH (Table 1) and γ Glutamyl transpeptidase,            5’ Nucleotidase, β-D-Glucuronidase, β-D-Galactosidase & Cathepsin D (Table 2) in the serum of DLA tumor bearing mice (Group II) significant (P<0.05) increase when compared with Group I animals. Methanolic extract of Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves treated mice (Group III) showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease (P<0.05) when compared with Group II animals. Nanoparticles of methanolic extract of Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves treated mice (Group IV) exhibited a significant (P<0.05) decrease when compared with Group II animals. Cyclophosphamide treated (Group V) animals also showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease when compared with Group II animals. Nanoparticles of methanolic extract of Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves treated mice (Group IV) significant (P<0.05) increase when compared with Group III animals. Cyclophosphamide treated (Group V) animals showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease when compared with Group III animals.

TABLE 1: EFFECT OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF BRASSICA RAPA CHINENSIS LEAVES ON AST, ALT, ACP, ALP AND LDH IN SERUM OF CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n=5)

Group comparison significant at 5% (p<0.05)

1. a) G-II vs G-I b) G-III vs G-II c) G-IV vs G-II        d) G-V vs G-II                   e) G-IV vs G-III        f) G-V vs G-III

Units: Serum- AST, ALT and LDH - µmoles of pyruvate liberated/min/L.; ACP and ALP- µmoles of phenol liberated/min/L.

TABLE 2: EFFFECT OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF BRASSICA RAPA CHINENSIS LEAVES ON δ-GT, 5’ NUCLEOTIDASE, β-D GLUCURONIDASE, β-D GALACTOSIDASE AND CATHEPSIN-D IN SERUM OF CONTROL AND EXPERIMENTAL MICE

Values are expressed as mean ± SD (n=5)

Group comparison Significant at 5% (p<0.05):  a) G-II vs G-I          b) G-III vs G-II       c) G-IV vs G-II       d) G-V vs G-II        e) G-IV vs G-III      f) G-V vs G-III

Units : δ-GT- µmoles of p-nitroanilide liberated/min/L or mg protein; 5’ Nucleotidase - µmoles of phosphate liberated/L;  β-D-Glucuronidase- µmoles of p-nitrophenol  liberated/hour/protein; β-D-Galactosidase µmoles of p-nitrophenol liberated/min/mg protein; Cathepsin-D µmoles of tyrosine liberated/min/mg protein.

Histological Examination:

The results of the histopathological analysis of the lymphoma liver tissue of experimental animals are presented in Fig 2-6. Fig. 2 - The liver sections of normal mice showed the central veins, portal traids and heatocytes appears normal. Fig. 3- The DLA tumor bearing mice showed the liver has slight enlargement of hepatocytes, dilated sinusoidal spaces containing lymphocytes and portal traids showed collections of lymphocytes. Fig.4- The DLA tumor bearing mice treated with methanolic nanoparticles of Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves showed no enlargement of hepatocytes. Fig. 5- The DLA tumor bearing mice treated with methanolic nanoparticles of Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves showed almost near to normal histological appearance of hepatocytes. Fig. 6- The DLA tumor bearing mice treated with standard drug cyclophosphamide showed near normal architecture of the hepatocytes.

DISCUSSION: Longitudinal plasmon vibrations corresponding to AgNPs were convincing with UV spectral peak and with no absorption peak in control i.e. without reductant. In metal NPs, the conduction band and valence band lies very close to each other in which electrons move freely. These free electrons give rise to surface plasma resonance absorption band, occurring due to collective oscillation of electrons in resonance with light wave ¹⁸.

The magnitude of hepatic disease usually assessed by measuring the level of released cytosolic transaminases including ALT and AST in the circulation¹⁹. The rise in the serum level of ALP, AST and ALT as observed in the aqueous extract of Zizphus mauritiana fruit extract could be attributed to the damaged structural integrity of the liver, because these are cytoplasmic in location and are released into circulation after cellular damage ²⁰.

AST predominantly found in mitochondria of hepatocytes. ALT is more specific to liver, and thus is a better parameter for detecting liver injury. Serum ALP is also associated with liver cell damage. The ALT, AST and ALP activity and serum bilirubin level are largely used as most common biochemical markers to evaluate liver injury ^{21, 22}.

LDH is a protein that normally appears throughout the body in small amounts. Many cancers can raise LDH levels, LDH may be used as a tumor marker, but at the same time, it is not useful in identifying a cancer. Measuring LDH levels can be helpful in monitoring treatment for cancer. Noncancerous conditions that can raise LDH levels include heart failure, hypothyroidism, anemia, and lung or liver disease. LDH is often used as a marker of tissue breakdown as LDH is abundant in red blood cells and can function as a marker for hemolysis. A blood sample that has been handled incorrectly can show false-positively high levels of LDH due to erythrocyte damage ²³.

Acid phosphatase (ACP) is found in different organs, and their serum levels are used to evaluate the success of the surgical treatment of prostate cancer. In the past, they were also used to diagnose this type of cancer. High or low enzyme expression is seen as part of the pathophysiological process. This observation suggests that ACPs could be diagnostically useful as serological and histological markers of disease, and could also be of use in the investigation of the pathophysiology of the associated diseases ²⁴.

Plasma Gamma Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT) activity is higher in hepatocellular carcinoma. An increase in GGT activity paralleled with an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity is frequent in hepatocellular carcinoma. (Induction of GGT during hepatocarcinogenesis is frequent. An increased GGT activity causes resorption of GSH by preneoplastic foci rich in GGT that enhances cell proliferation and increases tumor promotion and favors transformation of preneoplastic foci to neoplasia ²⁵.

5'-Nucleotidase has been reported to be altered in the sera of patients with solid tumors. In human lymphoid system, 5'-nucleotidase is anchored to the plasma membrane and has been described as an important marker for differentiation of B-lymphocytes. In our study, 5'-nucleotidase has been increased significantly in the serum, hepatoma, hepatoma bearing rats. Have demonstrated elevated activity of 5'-Nucleotidase in carcinoma of liver, gastrointestinal tract and pancreas ²⁶.

β-D- glucuronidase is an enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of glucuronides in the lumen of the gut. This reaction generates toxic and carcinogenic substances which are detoxified by glucuronide formation in the liver and then enter the bowel via bile. In this way, toxic aglycones can be regenerated in situ in the bowel by bacterial β-glucuronidase. In humans, fecal β-glucuronidase activity has been shown to be higher in colorectal cancer patients as compared to healthy individuals suggesting a role of this enzyme in carcinogenesis ²⁷.

β-D- galactosidase increase of lysosomal mass is characteristic for senescent cells leading to higher expression of the lysoso- mal enzyme acid. It cleaves β-linked terminal galactosyl residues from a wide range of naturally occurring substrates, such as gangliosides, glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans, as well as a number of artificial substrates. Furthermore, the cytochemically detectable senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-galactosidase) is widely used as a marker of cellular senescence in vitro and in vivo. A strong relationship between senescence and the increase in cellular lysoso- mal mass, β-galactosidase protein mass, β-galactosidase activity under various intracellular pH conditions, and SA-β-galactosidase cytochemical staining ²⁸.

Cathepsin-D (CD) plays a major role in the digestion of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and is implicated in tumor invasion and metastatis. CD plays a proteolytic role in the digestion of the ECM components and plays a crucial role in tumor metastatis. In most breast tumors, CD is over expressed from 2-50 fold compared to its concentration in other cell types such as fibroblasts or normal mammary glands ²⁹. CD is an independent prognostic parameter correlated with the incidence of metastatis, shorter survival times and poor prognosis of mammary cancer ³⁰.

The present investigation showed increased levels of tumor marker enzymes in DLA tumor bearing mice. On treatment with Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves, the levels of the marker enzymes decreased and this may be due to the presence of secondary metabolites like phenolic compounds such as flavonoids, and other phytochemicals present in plant extract.

CONCLUSION: The results observed thus suggest the antitumor effect of Brassica rapa Chinensis of methanolic extract and nanoparticles extract at doses (800 mg/kg b.wt and 1mg/kg b.wt) respectively against the Dalton ascites lymphoma cells (DLA).

The Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves may be a useful antitumor agent which might be due to the presence of the secondary metabolites and other phytochemicals. It was proposed that the additive and synergistic activity of phytochemicals present in Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves might be responsible for its antitumour activity which can be inferred from the increased lifespan of DLA tumor induced mice.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors are thankful to the Management of Kongunadu Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None

REFERENCES:

1. Nirmala JP, Samundeeswari A and Sankar DP. Natural plant resources in anti-cancer therapy-A review. Research in Plant Biology 2011; 1(3):1-14.
2. Kumar V, Abbas AK and Fausto N. Pathological Basis of Disease. Elsevier 2005; 269-323.
3. Amin AR, Kucuk O, Khuri FR and Shin DMJ. Perspectives for Cancer Prevention with Natural Compounds. Clin Oncol 2009; 27:2712-2725.
4. Moscow JA and Cowan KH. “Biology of cancer”, In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, editors. Cecil Medicine: Philadelphia. Saunders Elsevier; Edition 23, 2007: 187.
5. United States American Cancer Society. 2006.
6. Suja KP, Jayalekshmy A and Arumughan C. Free radical scavenging behavior of antioxidant compounds of sesame (Sesamumindicum L.) in DPPH system. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2004; 52:912-915.
7. Kumar AP and Kumar U. Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical investigation of aerial parts of Artemisia pallens Wall ex. Dc. Phcogj 2010; 2:285-288.
8. Elumalai EK, Ramachandran M, Thirumalai T and Vinothkumar P. Antibacterial activity of various leaf extracts of Merremiaemarginata. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011; 1:406-408.
9. Aruoma OI. Nutrition and health aspects of free radicals and antioxidants. Food Chemistry and Toxicology 1994; 32:671-683.
10. Kumaravelu P, Dakshinamoorthy DP, Subramaniam S, Devaraj H and Devaraj NS. Effect of eugenol on drug-metabolizing enzymes of carbon tetrachloride-intoxicated rat liver. Biochemistry and Pharmacology 1995; 49:1703-1707.
11. Reitman S and Frankel AS. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminase. Am J Clin Pathol 1957; 28:53-56.
12. King EJ and Armstrong AR. A convenient method for determining serum and bile phosphatase activity. Canadian Med Ass J 1934; 31:376-379.
13. King J. The hydrolases-acid and alkaline phosphatases. In: Van D editors. Pract Clin Enzymol Norstand Co Ltd. London, 1965: 191-208.
14. Persijn JP and Vanderslik W. A new method for the determination of γ-glutamyl transferase in serum. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1976;14:421-427.
15. Campbell DM and King EJ. Serum phosphatases and glycolytic enzyme in cancer of breast. Biochem 1962; 82:23-28.
16. Kawai Ya and Anno K. Mucopolysaccharides degrading enzymes from the liver of squid Ommastrephes solani pacaficus I. Hyaluronicae. Biochem Biophys Acta 1971; 242:428-436.
17. Biber J, Stiger B, Haase W and Murer H. A high yield preparation of rat kidney brush-border membranes, different behaviors of lysosomal markers. Biochem Biophys Acta 1981; 647:169-176.
18. Srivastava A, Tiwari R, Srivastava V, Singh TB and Asthana RK. Fresh Water CyanobacteriaGeitlerinema  CCC728 and Arthrospira sp. CCC729 as an Anticancer Drug Resource. PLoS ONE 2011; 10(9).
19. Gutierrezel RMP and Sois RV. Hepatoprotective and Inhibition of Oxidative Stress in Liver of Prostechea michuacana. Rec Nat Prod 2009; 3(1):46-51.
20. Recknagel RO, Glende Jr EA, Dolak JA and Waller RL. Mechanisms of carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Pharmacol Ther 1989; 43:139-154.
21. Kozer E, Evas S, Barr J, Greenberg R, Soriano I, Bulkowstein M, Petrov I, Chen-Levi Z, barzilay B and Berkovitch M. Br J ClinPharmacol 2003; 55(3):234-40.
22. Grish C, Kner BC, Jayanth S, Rao KR, Rajesh B and Pradhan SC. Indian J Med Re 2009; 129(5):569-578.
23. Stanford Cancer Center. "Cancer Diagnosis- Understanding Cancer". Understanding Cancer Stanford Medicine, 2006.
24. Nadler HL and Egan TJ. Deficiency of lysosomal acid phosphatase. A new familial metabolic disorder. N Engl J Med 1970; 282:302-307.
25. Stark AA, Zeiger E and Pagamo DA.Glutathione metabolism of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase leads to lipid peroxidation, characterization of the system and relevance to hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 1993; 14:183-189.
26. Rosi F, Tabucchi A, Carluci F, Galieni P and Laukia F. 5-nucleotidase activity in lymphocytes from patients affected by B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Biochem 1998; 31:269-272.
27. Kim DH and Jin YH. Intestinal bacterial beta-glucuronidase activity of patients with colon cancer. Arch Pharm Res 2001; 24:564-567.
28. David J Kurz, Stephanie Decary, Ying Hong and Jorge D. Erusalimsky. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase reflects an increase in lysosomal mass during replicative ageing of human endothelial cells. Journal of Cell Science 2000; 113:3613-3622.
29. Capony F, Rougeot C, Montcourrier P, Cavailles V, Salazar G and Rochefort H. Increased secretion altered processing, and glycosylation of pro-cathepsin D in human mammary cancer cells. Cancer Res1989; 49:3904-9.
30. Henry JA, McCarthy AL, Angus B, Westley BR, May FE and Nicholson S. Prognostic significance of the estrogen-regulated protein, cathepsin D, in breast cancer. An immunohistochemical study.Cancer 1990; 65:265-71.
    

    ---

    How to cite this article:

    Mayilsamy D and Krishnaswamy K: Evaluation of Anticancer Effect of Brassica Rapa Chinensis Linn. Using in vivo model. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2016; 7(11): 4516-22.doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.7(11).4516-22.

    ---

    All © 2013 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

    ---