EVALUATION OF ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF LITSEA FLORIBUNDA (BL.) GAMBLE – LAURACEAE USING ANIMAL MODELS
HTML Full TextEVALUATION OF ANTIDEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF LITSEA FLORIBUNDA (BL.) GAMBLE - LAURACEAE USING ANIMAL MODELS
Mruthyunjaya Devika 1 and Monnanda Somaiah Nalini * 2
Department of Botany 1, Sarada Vilas College, Krishnamurthypuram, Mysore - 570004, Karnataka, India.
Department of Studies in Botany 2, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore - 570006, Karnataka, India.
ABSTRACT: The genus Litsea, is used in traditional and indigenous Indian and Chinese medicines for the treatment of diarrhoea, stomach ache, dyspepsia, gastroenteritis, diabetes, edema, arthritis etc. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antidepressant activity of leaf and stem bark aqueous and ethanol extracts of L. floribunda (LF) as well as its interaction with conventional antidepressant drugs using Forced Swimming Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST) in mice. Albino mice were treated with extracts of L. floribunda (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and standard drug Imipramine (20 mg/kg, i.p.) for 14 days and after last dose administration on 14th day, all behavioural studies were performed and evaluated. The standard drug treated animals (20 mg/kg i.p.) evidently showed much less immobility time. Thus in FST model the antidepressant effect produced by group IV, group V, group VI, VII, VIII and X (100 and 200 mg/kg. p.o.) was comparable to that of group II i.e. standard drug Imipramine group where as in TST model, the antidepressant effect produced by groups IV, VIII, IX and X was comparable to that of group II i.e. standard drug-Imipramine group. In conclusion, L. floribunda extracts possessed potential antidepressant effects which could be of therapeutic interest for using in the treatment of depressive disorders.
Keywords: |
L. floribunda, Anti-depressant, Ethanolic, Aqueous, Extracts, Models
INTRODUCTION: Depression is a chronic mental illness that affects a person’s physical and mental health whose symptoms include biological and emotional components 1. According to World Health Report 2, 450 million people suffer from mental and behaviour disorders of which depression and anxiety are the two common psychiatric disorders and of the two depression may become the second leading cause of premature death or disability by the year 2020 next to heart diseases 3, 4.
These mental and behaviour disorders may rise from the existing 12.5% to 15% of human population by 2020 5. Synthetic antidepressant drugs such as tricyclic antidepressants are used to treat depression but have lot of side effects which include rebound insomnia, sedation, muscle relaxation, drowsiness etc. Numerous traditionally used plants exhibit pharmacological properties with great potential for therapeutic applications in the treatment of central nervous system disorders. Hence there is a search for new herbal drugs from plant sources with greater efficacy, lesser undesirable effects with minimum or no tolerance and dependence 6.
The Lauraceae (Laurel family) comprises aromatic trees or shrubs with about 55 genera with perhaps as many as 4000 species world-wide, mostly from warm or tropical regions, especially Southeast Asia and South America. The members of Lauraceae are important components of tropical forests ranging from low-lying to montane and they form laurel forests. Litsea is a genus of the family Lauraceae comprising about 200 species mainly growing in the tropical and subtropical Asia, some distributed in Australia and from North America to subtropical South America. Out of 200 species of Litsea in the world, 45 are found in India and 18 of them are endemic to India. Since ancient times, plant parts of genus Litsea such as the leaf and bark are being used in traditional medicine 7.
The genus Litsea, has been used in traditional and indigenous Chinese medicines for the treatment of diarrhoea, stomachache, dyspepsia, gastroenteritis, diabetes, edema, arthritis, pain etc. 8 Litsea is a rich source of antioxidants containing structurally diverse and biologically active phytochemicals with broad-spectral biological activities (alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins) showing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, antidepressant, antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, anti-diabetic, anti HIV activity, cardioprotective and cytotoxic activity 9. Litsea gaucescens is used in Mexican traditional medicine for treating of sadness and the essential oil of this species has antidepressant like activity 10.
L. floribunda (Bl.) Gamble is an arborescent, endemic and predominant species of the shola vegetation in the Western Ghats, a biodiversity ‘hotspot’ of southern India. Species diversity of L. floribunda high in Western Ghats and Madikeri 11. Our previous study on L. floribunda has showed significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential in the aqueous and ethanolic leaf and stem bark extracts 12. Till date, there is no report on the antidepressant activity of Litsea species except L. gaucescens. Therefore, the present investigation is undertaken to test the effect of aqueous and ethanolic leaf and stem bark extracts of L. floribunda on the antidepressant activity in mice.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: L. floribunda (Bl.) Gamble was collected from the forests of Kodagu District, Karnataka and identified based on taxonomical parameters. A herbarium specimen of the species is deposited in the herbarium collection of the Department of Studies of Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore. Plant parts like healthy leaves and stem bark were collected in zip lock polythene bags and brought to the laboratory.
Sample Processing and Preparation of Extracts: The collected plant parts were washed with water to remove dust and then rinsed with distilled water. Later the plant parts were shade dried and then dried in a hot air oven at 40 ºC overnight until brittle and powdered. The powdered samples were stored in airtight poylthene bags and protected from sunlight until use. Fifty grams of dried leaf and bark powder were extracted with Soxhlet apparatus in the order of polarity of solvents (Hexane > chloroform > ethyl acetate > ethanol > methanol > water) 13. The aqueous extracts of leaf and stem bark were prepared by boiling 500 g of the powdered materials in distilled water with continuous stirring for an hour 14. The extract was filtered using a double layer cheese cloth and the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a temperature controlled water bath for 72 h. The dried powder was weighed and stored as dry aqueous extract and used for the study of biological activities. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of L. floribunda leaf and stem bark were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening 15.
Animals: Albino mice of either sex weighing 20 -28g were selected and maintained in the animal house of Sarada Vilas College of Pharmacy, Mysore. The animals were maintained at a temperature of 23 ± 2 ºC, relative humidity 55 ± 2% and light and dark cycles of 12L: 12D. They were provided with standardized pellet feed and drinking water ad libitum. The experimental protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) Reg. No. 706/CPCSEA dt. 1.10.2002. All the experimental procedures were carried out in accordance with the guidelines of CPCSEA.
Drugs and Chemicals: Imipramime hydrochloride (Sigma St. Louis, USA) was used as reference antidepressant drug and solvents and reagents used were of the analytical grade and purified. Imipramine and plant extracts were prepared in distilled water
Experimental Design and Treatment Schedule: The antidepressant activity of the test drug was evaluated using the following experimental models of depression such as Forced Swimming Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST). Thirty animals with body weight 20 - 28 g were divided into ten groups each consisting of 05 mice. All these mice were subjected to daily treatment for the period of 14 days as follows.
Forced Swimming Test (FST): Forced Swimming Test (FST) or behavioural despair test is the most commonly used pharmacological models for assessing the antidepressant activity in mice 16. This method was adopted on the observation of animals exposed to a situation of forced swimming in which they become passive and immobile after a period of vigorous swimming activity, producing only the movements required to keep the head above the water 17. The forced swimming test was conducted in such a way that the mice could not support themselves by touching the bottom of the cylinder with their feet 18. Swimming sessions were conducted after administration of last dose of drug on 14th day by placing mice in glass cylinder (35 cm × 25 cm) containing water (25 ± 1 ºC) having 27 cm depth. All mice were subjected to an initial 15 min pretest followed 25 h later by a 5 min test.
The standard drug and extracts were administered three times during the period between these two sessions, first immediately after pretest session and then, after 6 and 23 h of the first dose. In both the swimming sessions, the mice were dried before placing them back in their cages. In the test period, 24 h later, the animals were exposed to the experimental conditions for 5 min. The immobility period was recorded in the test session for 5 min and water in the cylinder was changed after every test. An animal is judged to be immobile whenever it remained floating passively in water in a slightly hunched but upright position with no activity but keeping its head just above the surface. All behavioural studies were recorded by a video camera (Sony Cyber Shot) and the video tapes were evaluated afterwards by an observer who was not informed about the kind of treatment each animal had received.
Tail Suspension Test (TST): For screening the antidepressant effect and other class of psychotropics a simple, rapid and reliable method is TST 19. This method was employed on the observation that a mouse suspended by the tail shows alternate agitation and immobility which is indicative of a state of depression. The TST was performed according to the method with slight modifications 20, 3. On the 14th day immediately after the administration of last dose, each mouse was individually suspended on the edge of the table 50 cm above the floor by adhesive tape placed 1 cm from the tip of the tail for the period of 5 minutes using stop watch and immobility duration was recorded using a video camera 17. During the experiment, each animal under test was both acoustically and visually isolated from other animals. Mice were considered immobile when they were just hanging and completely motionless 4. The principle of this test is that suspending mice upside down leads to characteristic behaviour of immobility which reflects depressive disorders in humans. The decrease in immobility is considered as behavioural profiles that indicated an antidepressant - like action. Clinically effective antidepressants reduce the immobility that mice display after active and unsuccessful attempts to escape when suspended by the tail.
Statistical Analysis: The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS program (version 16.0). The results were subjected to statistical analysis using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnets Post Hoc Test. The difference between groups were considered significant at a level of P < 0.05 which is considered as statistically significant. The data were expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5).
RESULTS:
Acute Toxicity Study: The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of L. floribunda leaf and stem bark did show any sign of toxicity till the oral dose of 2000 mg/kg hence the extracts were used in the range of 100 - 200 mg/kg orally assuming that LD50 dose is 2000 mg/kg.
Evaluation of Antidepressant Activity (FST): Table 1 shows antidepressant effects of control group, all the test groups and standard control groups in the experimental animals. The control group animals remained immobile for long duration during test session. Both leaf and stem bark extracts specially group IV, group V, group VI, VII, VIII and X showed dose dependent significant reduction in the immobility time of mice (p < 0.05), compared to control group. The standard drug Imipramine group animals (20 mg/kg i.p.) evidently showed much less immobility time. Thus the antidepressant effect produced by group IV, group V, group VI, VII, VIII and X (100 and 200 mg/kg. p.o.) was comparable to that of group II i.e. Imipramine group.
TABLE 1: EFFECT OF AQUEOUS AND ETHANOLIC LEAF AND STEM BARK EXTRACTS OF L. FLORIBUNDA ON IMMOBILITY PERIOD IN BEHAVIOUR DESPAIR TEST - FST
Animal groups | Treatment | Dose (mg/kg. p.o.) | Immobility period in seconds |
I | Control | - | 65.00 ± 12.58 |
II | Imipramine | 20 | 24.33 ± 10.41 |
III | LE | 100 | 77.33 ± 15.57 |
IV | LE | 200 | 30.00 ± 14.73 |
V | LA | 100 | 46.33 ± 17.47 |
VI | LA | 200 | 23.33 ± 4.40 |
VII | BE | 100 | 43.66 ± 10.80 |
VIII | BE | 200 | 27.66 ± 15.51 |
IX | BA | 100 | 78.66 ± 15.11 |
X | BA | 200 | 37.00 ± 16.62 |
Values are expressed by mean ± SD, P < 0.05 on the ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s Post-Hoc Test. LE = Leaf ethanol, LA = Leaf aqueous, BE = Stem bark ethanol, BA = Stem bark aqueous
Tail Suspension Test (TST): Table 2 shows antidepressant effects of control group, all the test groups and standard control groups in the experimental model - TST. The control group i.e. group I animals remained immobile for long duration during 5 min test session.
TABLE 2: EFFECT OF AQUEOUS AND ETHANOLIC LEAF AND STEM BARK EXTRACTS OF L. FLORIBUNDA ON IMMOBILITY PERIOD IN BEHAVIOUR DESPAIR TEST - TST
Animal groups | Treatment | Dose (mg/kg. p.o.) | Immobility
period in seconds |
I | Control | - | 94.33 ± 15.60 |
II | Imipramine | 20 | 43.33 ± 12.12 |
III | LE | 100 | 152.67 ± 15.33 |
IV | LE | 200 | 50.33 ± 3.92 |
V | LA | 100 | 108.33 ± 13.54 |
VI | LA | 200 | 131.67 ± 18.81 |
VII | BE | 100 | 102.33 ± 14.22 |
VIII | BE | 200 | 81.04 ± 15.87 |
IX | BA | 100 | 95.06 ± 17.66 |
X | BA | 200 | 54.08 ± 17.16 |
Values are expressed by mean ± SD. P < 0.05 on the ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s Post-Hoc Test. LE = Leaf ethanol, LA = Leaf aqueous , BE = Stem bark ethanol, BA = Stem bark aqueous
But the groups IV, VIII, IX and X showed dose dependent significant reduction in the immobility period of mice (p < 0.05) compared to control group and groups III, V, VI and VII. The standard drug Imipramine (20 mg/kg i.p.) shows clear reduction in the immobility period and the antidepressant effect produced by groups IV, VIII, IX and X was comparable to that of group II treated with the standard drug Imipramine.
DISCUSSION: Depression is a common life threatening chronic mental illness that affects a person’s physical and mental health whose symptoms include biological and emotional components 21. Numerous antidepressant compounds available in the markets act via different mechanisms involving the serotonergic, noradrenergic and or dopaminergic systems. Due to the adverse effects and heterogenic response, these drugs are not completely safe. Therefore, herbal medicines (phytomedicines) have maintained their popularity for historical and cultural reasons 4, 22.
The present study was conducted to assess antidepressant activity of L. floribunda in albino mice using FST and TST models and it provides behavioural evidence for antidepressant activity of L. floribunda. The FST and TST models are widely accepted behaviour models for the assessment of antidepressant activity 20, 18.
The behaviour despair test has been validated as suitable to or to evaluate drugs with putative antidepressant effects. In this FST and TST models, mice become inactive after vigorous activity and this inescapable stressful situation leads to depression 18. In the present study, the oral administration of aqueous and ethanolic leaf and stem bark extracts of L. floribunda were effective in producing antidepressant like effects in both FST and TST models as the extracts have reduced the immobility period in mice and increased the struggling behaviour in dose dependent manner suggesting antidepressant effect. There is a significant correlation between clinical efficacy of antidepressant drugs and their potency in FTS, which was not found in any other model 16. It is a proven fact that antidepressant drugs are able to reduce the immobility time in mice. Anti-depressants drugs decrease immobility time in mice both in FST and TST 18. Moreover TST is proposed to have a greater pharmacological sensitivity as compared with FST and it is less stressful and the results obtained from TST are in concordance with the validated FST results 23. Interestingly our data indicates that higher dose of leaf and stem extracts of L. floribunda were more effective than smaller doses both in FST and TST models.
Recently oxidative stress was linked with psychophysiology of major depressives with correlation between severity of depression and erythrocyte superoxidase dismutase, lipid peroxidation levels. Literature survey shows that treatment with antidepressants reduces the oxidative stress related to depressive disorders 24. Therefore it is possible that the antioxidant activity of aqueous and ethanolic leaf and stem bark extracts of L. floribunda may contribute to its antidepressant like effects.
Based on our present study, antidepressant like effect of L. floribunda in the classic model of depressant, it was found to possess antidepressant like activity comparable to standard drug Imipramine hydrochloride. Imipramine belongs to class of tricyclic antidepressant drugs which blocks the reuptake of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5HT) and has been used as a standard drug in major studies. Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter that plays an important role in mood disorders and anxiety disorders. Medications that increase the level of 5-HT, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, are used as treatments of depression and anxiety 25. The effect of Imipramine in FST model is due to increased availability of the neurotransmitters (NE) and serotonin (5HT) at the post synaptic site following reuptake inhibition 3.
Depression is due to functional deficiency of monoaminergic transmitters such as NE, 5HT and dopamine (DA) located after synapse. Recent advances in neuroscience suggest that dysfunction of the GABAnergic system in addition to monoamine deficit contributes to the patho-physiology of anxiety and depression. GABA receptor antagonists have antidepressant like potential and also been shown to increase 5HT and DA neurotransmitters 26. Some studies have shown that the adaptogenic effect of plant extracts normalize the various stress parameters and monoaminergic levels which provide clue that extract is bringing their possible antidepressant like effect through restoration of normal mono-aminergic neurotransmitters 16. Increased oxidative stress results in depression and antioxidants used for the treatment of depression have shown encouraging results 27. Our previous results of antioxidant property of L. floribunda could also contribute to its antidepressant activity. Phenolic compounds have been reported to have biological effects such as depression and anxiety-Central nervous system disorders 28. Our previous study on phytochemicals analysis showing high phenolic contents supports the antidepressant activity of L. floribunda.
Hence L. floribunda can also mediate its activity through mechanisms same as that of Imipramine possibly by increasing monoamines level at post synaptic sites. However precise mechanism underlying L. floribunda antidepressant activity requires further investigations.
CONCLUSION: In the present investigations we have reported antidepressant-like effect of L. floribunda in two classic models such as FST and TST where it was found to possess significant antidepressant-like activity comparable to the standard drug Imipramine, but the precise mechanism underlying antidepressant activity and identification of bioactive compounds in particular extracts of L. floribunda with antidepressant like effects require further investigations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors are thankful to the Chairman, DOS in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, India for providing the necessary research facilities. The present study is assisted by the financial assistance from the University Grants Commission (UGC) Minor Research Grant UGC - MRP No.1485 -MRP/14-15/KAMY007/UGC-SWRO/Dt. 04.02.2015 to the first author.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors do not have any conflict of interest to declare
REFERENCES:
- Selvi PT, Kumar MS, Rajesh T and Kathiravan T: Antidepressant activity of ethanolic extract of Centella asiatica by in vivo methods. Asian J Res Pharma Sci. 2012; 2: 76-79.
- The World Health Report. Mental health: New understanding, new hope. WHO, Geneva 2001.
- Kadali SRM, Das MC, Rao SASR and Karunasri G: Antidepressant activity of brahmi in albino mice. J Clin Diag Res 2014; 8: 35-37.
- Sutar RC, Kasture SB and kalaichelvan V: Evaluation of antidepressant activity of leaf extracts of Hoploptera integrifolia (Roxb) Planch in experimental animals. Int J Pharma Pharmctl Sci 2014; 6: 250-253.
- Babu PN, Nagaraju B, Yamini K and Dhananjaneyaulu M, Venkateswarulu K, Mubina M: Evaluation of anti-depressant activity of ethanolic extract of Daucus carota. J Pharma Sci Res 2014; 6: 73-77.
- Doukkali Z, Taghzouti K, Bouidida H, Nadjmouddine M, Cherrah Y and Alaoui K: Evaluation of anxiolytic activity of methanolic extract of Urtica urens in a mice model. Behav Brain Funct 2015; 11: 19. doi: 10.1186/s12993-015-0063-y.
- Bhuniya T, Singh P and Mukherjee SK: An account of the species of Litsea (Lauraceae) Endemic to India. Bangl J Plant Taxo 2012; 17: 183-191.
- Kong DG, Zhao Y, Li GH, Chen BJ, Wang XN, Zhou HL, Lou HX, Ren DM and Shen T: The genus Litsea in traditional Chinese medicine: An ethnomedical, phyto-chemical and pharmacological review. Ethnopharmacol 2015; 164: 256-264. doi: 1016/j.jep. 2015.02.020.
- Agarwal N, Chowdhary AS, Sharma MC and Dobhal MB. Chemical constituents of plants from the genus Litsea. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8: 223-233.
- Guzman-Gutierrez SL, Gomez-Cansino R, Garcia-Zebadua JC, Jimenez-Perez NC and Reyes-Chilpa R. Antidepressant activity of Litsea glaucescens essential oil: identification of β-pinene and linaool as active principles. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 143: 673-679. Doi: 10.1016/j.jep. 2012.
- Srinivas SG and Krishnamurthy YL: Taxonomy and distribution of genus Litsea Lam. (Lauraceae) in Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. J Ind Botanl Soci 2016; 95(3- 4): 169-182.
- Devika M, Joshi H and Nalini MS: Phytochemicals, antioxidative and in vivo heptoprotective potentials of Litsea floribunda (BL.) Gamble (Lauraceae) - an endemic tree species of the southern Western Ghats, India. Jordan J Biol Sci 2016; 9: 163-171.
- Akshatha JV, Prakash HS and Nalini MS: Antioxidative and α-amylase inhibitory potentials of medicinal plants from the Western Ghats of Southern India. Der Pharmacia Lettre 2015; 7: 10.
- Hebbar DR, Savitha G and Nalini MS: Aqueous leaf extracts of Schefflera venulosa and wallichiana protects the liver against Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic damage in albino rats. Amer J of Pharm Res 2015; 5: 328-340.
- Harborne JB: Phytochemical Methods. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London.1973; 49-188.
- Mannan A, Abir AM and Rahman R: Antidepressant like effects of methanolic extract of Bacopa monniera in mice. BMC Compl Altern Med 2015; 15: 337. Doi: 10.1186/ s12906-015-0866-2.
- Castagne V, Moser P, Roux S and Porsolt RD: Rodent models of depression: Forced swim and tail suspension behavioural despair tests in rats and mice. Curr Protoc Pharmacol 2010; 5.8.1- 5.8.14.
- Porsolt RD, Berlin A and Jalfre M: Behavioral despair in mice: a preliminary screening test for antidepressants. Archives Internationale de Pharmacodynamic et de Theroapie 1977; 229: 327-336.
- Aslam M: Tail suspension test to evaluate the antidepressant activity of experimental drugs. Bangl J Pharmacol 2016; 11: 292-294.
- Steru L, Chermat R, Thierry B and Simon P: The tail suspension test: A new method for screening anti-depressants in mice. Psychopharmacol 1985; 85: 367-370.
- Kumar A, Singh J and Sharma A: Comparative antianxiety activity evaluation of Argyreria speciosa (roots), Caesalpinia digyna Rottler (roots) and Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (flowers). Int J of Pharm Sci Res 2015; 6(10): 1000-1005.
- Mathew S, Jain AK, Matthew C, Kumar M and Bhowmik D: Antidepressant activity of ethanolic extract of plant Kalnachoe pinnata (LAM) Pers. in mice. Indian J Res Pharma Biotech 2013; 1: 153-155.
- Swathi M, Monalisa J and Abhishek P: Evaluation of antidepressant activity of Eclipta alba using animal models. Asian J Res Pharma Sci 2013; 6(3): 118-121.
- Vanzella C, Bianchetti P, Sbaraini S, Vanzini SI, Melecchi MIS, Caramao EB and Siqueira IR: Antidepressant-like effects of methanolic extract of Hibiscus tiliaceus flowers in mice. BMC Compl Alter Med 2012; doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-41.
- Chilmonczyk Z, Bojarski AJ, Pilc A and Sylte I: Functional Selectivity and Antidepressant Activity of Serotonin 1A Receptor Ligands. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015; 16, 18474-18506; doi: 10.3390/ijms160818474.
- Kothari S, Minda M and Tonpay SD: Anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of methanolic extract of Aegle marmelos leaves in mice. Indian J Physi Pharmacol 2010; 54: 318-328.
- Shoeb A, Chowla M, Pallemosti G, Rai A and Singh A: Evaluation of antidepressant activity of Venellin in mice. Indian J. Pharmacol 2013; 45(2): 141-144.
- Kumar ABS, Lakshman K, Velmurugan C, Sridhar SM and Saran G: Antidepressant activity of methanolic extract of Amaranthus spinosus. Basic Clin Neurosci 2014; 5(1): 11-17.
How to cite this article:
Devika M and Nalini MS: Evaluation of antidepressant activity of Litsea floribunda (Bl.) Gamble - lauraceae using animal models. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018; 9(8): 3427-32. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.9(8).3427-32.
All © 2013 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Article Information
37
3427-3432
317
950
English
IJPSR
M. Devika and M. S. Nalini *
Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
nmsomaiah@gmail.com
03 November, 2017
22 January, 2018
06 February, 2018
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.9(8).3427-32
01 August, 2018