EVALUATION OF ANTIHELMINTHIC ACTIVITY OF KALANCHOE PINNATA LEAVES
HTML Full TextEVALUATION OF ANTIHELMINTHIC ACTIVITY OF KALANCHOE PINNATA LEAVES
J. Hima Bindhu *, P. Rajyalakshmi, T. Srija, V. Ramya Sree, P. Devendar and K. Ramanjaneyulu
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Narsapur, Medak, Telangana, India.
ABSTRACT: In this study, the anthelmintic activity of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves extract against Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma was evaluated and compared with the standard drug Albendazole. This activity was concentration dependent. As the concentration increases the extract produce maximal effect. Higher concentrations of ethanolic leaf extract of Kalanchoe pinnata produce a paralytic effect much earlier and time taken for death was shorter. It shows maximum efficacy at 100 mg/ml concentration than the standard drug. The results indicated that the extract had significant anthelmintic activity, as demonstrated by the time of paralysis and death of worms. These findings suggest that Kalanchoe pinnata leaves extract could be a promising natural anthelmintic agent. Further research is recommended to isolate and identify the active principles responsible for its activity, which could lead to the development of new drugs for the treatment of worm infections. This study provides valuable information on the medicinal properties of Kalanchoe pinnata and highlights the potential of natural products as an alternative to conventional drugs for managing parasitic infections.
Keywords: Kalanchoe pinnata leaves, Ethanolic extract, Anthelmintic activity, Albendazole, Pheretima posthuma
INTRODUCTION: Plants serves as a constant source of medicament for the treatment of variety diseases 1. Nature is an important source of medicines. Medicinal plants are back bone of traditional medicine, which more than 3.3 billion people in the less developed countries utilize medicinal plants on regular basis 2. Medicinal plants constitute main sources of pharmaceuticals and health care products and nutraceuticals 3. Helmintic infections are large threat to human beings health in developing countries. It contributes malnutrition, anemia and pneumonia 4.
The World Health Organization (WHO) reveals that over two people are suffering from parasitic infections due to worms 5. It is estimated that by the year 2025, about 57% of the population in developing countries will be influenced 6. Helminthes infections are now being recognized as cause of many acute as well as chronic ill health’s among the various human beings as well as cattle’s. More than half of the populations of the world suffer from infection and majority of cattle’s suffering from worm infections 7.
Herbal drugs have been in use since ancient times for the treatment of parasitic disease in human and could be of value in preventing development of resistance 8. Anthelmintics from natural source play a key role in the treatment of these parasite infections without side effects, when compared to synthetic drugs 9. Most of the existing anthelmintics produce side effects such as abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, Vomiting, headache and diarrhea 10.Bottom of Form Present treatment regimens for these diseases have limitations as the currently used anthelmintic drugs are mainly microfilaricidal; the drugs currently used for helminthes infections include combinations of DEC (diethylcarbamazine) and albendazole, ivermectin and Albendazole 11. Previous studies have also reported that none of these is effective in killing the adult worms, which can live in the host for several years 12. To show effective mechanism most of the population is using natural plant products by replacing chemical and synthetic drugs. Because of the increasing anthelmintic resistance and the impact of conventional anthelmintics on the environment, it is important to look for alternative strategies against parasitic worms. Natural plant products do not have any side effects in majority of cases.
The kalanchoe pinnata belongs to the Crassulaceae family and comprises about 125 species, Kalanchoe pinnata commonly known as cathedral bells, air plant, life plant, miracle leaf 13. The primary goal of this study is to offer preliminary data for drug discovery research using Kalanchoe pinnata, a heavenly plant that has a broad variety of active chemicals, including alkaloids, Phenols, Phenylpropanoids, Flavanoids, Triterpenoids, steroids, organic Salts. This plant was discovered to have a variety of pharmacological properties, including Antihypertensive activity, Anti-ulcer activity 14 Anti oxidant activity 15, Hepatoprotective and Nephroprotective 16, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anti-diabetic, anti-tumors, hepatoprotective, analgesic, insecticidal, anti-lithic activity, anti-histaminic, anti-microbial, muscle relaxant, cytotoxic and sedative 17. The present study is about evaluation of antihelminthic activity of Kalanchoe pinnata.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Plant Collection and Authentication: The leaves of the plant Kalanchoe pinnata was collected in the month of February in Narsapur, Medak District, Telangana, India. The plant was authenticated by M.Malla Reddy (M.Sc, M. Phil in Botany), Retired lecturer in Botany, Vikarabad, Telangana.
Material Used: In the present investigation of Anthelmintic activity, Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC), Ethanol, Saline was used. All the material was used in laboratory grade.
Worm Collection: The Indian adult earthworm Pheretima posthuma were collected from water logged areas and washed with water to remove all kinds of dirty water from them. They have physiological resemblance with the intestinal round worm parasites of human beings 18, 19, 20.
Preparation of Plant Extract: The leaves of Kalanchoe pinnata was shade dried and crushed in an electrical blender into powder and sieved to get a coarse powder. The powder was subjected to Soxhlet extraction using ethanol for 72 hours. The solvent was evaporated using rotary evaporator then the extract was used for the evaluation of anthelmintic activity.
Preparation of Concentrations: The ethanolic leaf extract of Kalanchoe pinnata was made into four different concentrations such as 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml and 100mg/ml by dissolving in normal saline. Albendazole was used as reference drug. 0.5% w/v Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) used as a suspending agent.
Anthelmintic Assay: The anthelmintic activity was carried according to the standard method 21, 22, 23. Adult Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma has an anatomical and physiological resemblance to the intestinal roundworm parasites of human beings. Indian earthworms were placed in a Petridish containing different concentrations (25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml and 100mg/ml) of ethanolic leaf extract of Kalanchoe pinnata and standard drug Albendazole Fig. 1. Each Petri dish contains earthworms and observed for time of paralysis as well as time death. Time of paralysis recorded when no movement of any sort could be observed, except when the worm was shaken vigorously as well as the time of death was recorded after ascertaining that worms neither moved when shaken. Finally, the test results were compared with standard reference compound Albendazole.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The ethanolic leaf extract of Kalanchoe pinnata shows potent Anthelmintic activity on Pheretima posthuma. This activity was concentration dependent.
As the concentration increases the extract produce maximal effect. Higher concentrations of ethanolic leaf extract of Kalanchoe pinnata produce a paralytic effect much earlier and time taken for death was shorter Fig. 2.
It shows maximum efficacy at 100 mg/ml concentration than the standard drug (Albendazole) Table 1.
FIG. 1: IN-VITRO EXPERIMENTAL MODEL SETUP TO EVALUATE THE ANTIHELMINTIC ACTIVITY
TABLE 1: ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF KALANCHOE PINNATA AND STANDARD ALBENDAZOLE
Extract | Concentration | Paralysis | Death |
Ethanolic Leaf Extract | 25mg/ml | 23.5min±0.51 | 27.5min±0.13 |
50mg/ml | 21min±0.42 | 25.3min±0.24 | |
75mg/ml | 19.50min±1.0 | 22min±0.94 | |
100mg/ml | 17.05min±0.8 | 19.5min±1.2 | |
Albendazole | 25mg/ml | 40min±0.43 | 43min±1.38 |
50mg/ml | 35min±0.60 | 39min±0.59 | |
75mg/ml | 31min±0.81 | 30min±1.38 | |
100mg/ml | 21min±1.4 | 23min±0.92 |
FIG. 2: PARALYSIS AND DEATH TIME OF ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT OF KALANCHOE PINNATA AND STANDARD ALBENDAZOLE
CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the ethanolic leaf extract of Kalanchoe pinnata has shown more significant anthelmintic activity when compared to Albendazole against Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma. The product of Kalanchoe pinnata is used as an Anthelmintic agent. Further, the active constituents responsible for Anthelmintic activity can be explored.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We sincerely thankful to our principal Dr. A. Ramesh and staff members, Director and chairman of our college Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (VIPER) for supporting us.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS: The authors have no conflicts of interest regarding this investigation.
REFERENCES:
- Chopra RN, Nayer SL and Chopra IC: Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. 3rd Edn. New Delhi (India) 1956: 7-246.
- Jabbar A, Raza MA, Iqbal Z and Khan MN: An inventory of the ethnobotanicals used as anthelmintics in the southern Punjab (Pakistan). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2006; 108: 152-154.
- Ahmed J, Farooqul AH & Sageer A: Trianthema portulacastrum, an Herbal drug for the cure of Edema, Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants 2000; 7: 2, 65-70
- Mulla WA, Thorat VS, Patil RV and Burade KB: Anthelmintic activity of leaves of Alocasia indica International Journal of Pharm Tech Research 2010; 2(1): 26-30.
- Jabbar A, Raza MA, Iqbal Z and Khan MN: An inventory of ethnobotanicals used as anti helmintics in southern Punjab (Pakistan) Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2006; 108: 152-154
- .Clewes CAN and Shaw C: Parasites. British Medical Bulletin 2000; 56(1): 193-208.
- Dwivedi A. Dwivedi S, Sitoke AK, Patel R and Jhade D: Anthelmintic activity of poly herbal preparation. Ethnobotanical Leaflets 2009; 13: 259-262.
- Chopra RN, Naver SC and Chopra IC: Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. New Delhi, CSIR 1956; 160.
- Kumar VK, Satheeshkumar P and Venkatachalam T: Investigation of anthelmintic activity of Pergularia daemia. Pharmacophore 2014; 5(1): 44-48.
- Devi K, Indumathy S, Rathinambal V, Uma S, Kavimani S and Balu V: Anthelminthic Activity of Asta churna. International Journal of Health Research 2009; 2(1): 101-103.
- Mathew N, Misra-Bhattacharya S, Perumal V and Muthuswamy K: “Antifilarial lead molecules isolated from Trachyspermum ammi,” Molecules 2008; 13(9): 2156–2168.
- Bundy DAP: “Immunoepidemiology of intestinal helminthic infections 1. The global burden of intestinal nematode disease,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1994; 88(3): 259–261.
- Kalanchoe pinnata". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 29 June 2022.
- of Pharmacology, St. Soldier Institute of Pharmacy, Lidhran Campus, Behind NIT (R.E.C), Jalandhar-Amritsar by Pass NH-1 Jalandhar, Punjab India Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
- Mohan SC, Balamurugan V, Elayaraja R and Prabakaran AS: Antioxidant and phytochemical potential of medicinal plant Kalanchoe pinnata, October 2021; 12: 10.
- Singh H, Singh AP and Singh AP: A review on Kalanchoe pinnata (Crassulaceae), Singh, Singh and Singh Indian J of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2021; 8(3): 182–188.
- Pal SK, Mohan P, Barua CC, Sarkar BK and Lahon LC: Analgesic,anti-inflammatory and local anesthetic activity of methanol extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves, Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2020; 8(5): 07-11.
- Ghosh T, Maity TK, Bose A and Dash GK: Indian Journal of Natural Product 2009; 16-19.
- Tripathi KD: Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, 6th edition New Delhi, Jaypee publication; 2008; 808.
- Vigar Z: Atlas of Medical parasitology. 2nd PG publishing House, Singapore 1984; 216-217.
- Ghosh T, Maity TK, Bose A and Dash GK: Indian Journal of Natural Product 2009; 16-9.
- Adnaik RS, Bhagwat DA, Raut ID, Mohite SK and Magdum CS: Laxative and anthelmintic potential of Cassia alata flower extract. Res J Pharm Technol 2011; 4: 98-100.
- Kane SR, Adnaik RS, Apte VA and Magdum CS: In-vitro anthelmintic activity of Senna occidentalis. Res J Pharmacognosy Phyto Chem 2017; 2: 182-184.
How to cite this article:
Bindhu JH, Rajyalakshmi P, Srija T, Sree VR, Devendar P and Ramanjaneyulu K: Evaluation of antihelminthic activity of Kalanchoe pinnata leaves. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2024; 15(1): 253-56. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.15(1).253-56.
All © 2024 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Article Information
30
253-256
613 KB
197
English
IJPSR
J. Hima Bindhu *, P. Rajyalakshmi, T. Srija, V. Ramya Sree, P. Devendar and K. Ramanjaneyulu
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vishnu Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Narsapur, Medak, Telangana, India.
himabindu.chem@gmail.com
15 May 2023
10 July 2023
21 November 2023
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.15(1).253-56
01 January 2024