Pages Menu
ISSN (Online): 0975-8232,
ISSN (Print): 2320-5148

International Journal Of
Pharmaceutical Sciences And Research

IJPSR is indexed with Embase

An International Journal published monthly
An Official Publication of Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research

Categories Menu

EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT PARAMETERS OF MUKIA MADERASPATANA

HTML Full Text

EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT PARAMETERS OF MUKIA MADERASPATANA

A. V. S. Ravi Sai Nadh * 1, P. Rajeswara Rao 2 and A. Prameela Rani 3

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University 1, Kakinada - 533003, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Lydia College of Pharmacy 2, Ravulapalem - 533238, Andhra Pradesh, India.

University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, ANU, Guntur - 522510, Andhra Pradesh, India.

ABSTRACT: The present study was an attempt to investigate the effect of extracts and fractions of Mukia maderaspatana on glycemia, lipid profile, lipoprotein level and antioxidant profile in STZ induced diabetic rats for 21 days. Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin (50 mg/kg i.p) and after the induction of diabetes the animals were given with MMEE (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg), MMCF (100 mg/kg) and MMBF (100 mg/kg) orally for 21 days. Blood glucose levels were determined by using GOD-POD method with diagnostic kits. The lipid and lipoprotein level was estimated by using the respective kits. The administration of the extracts orally for 21 days showed that there was an amelioration of the lipid and lipoprotein levels significantly. After 21 days the parameters like HDL, LDL, VLDL, TC, TG, Albumin, Creatinine, total protein and glucose were estimated. The treatment with the extracts and fractions of Mukia maderaspatana improved the lipid level and lipoprotein level to a normal condition which may be attributed to its potent antidiabetic activity. The levels of urea and creatinine were significantly decreased after the treatment of STZ diabetic rats with MMEE, MMCF, and MMBF. The treatment of diabetic rat with Mukia maderaspatana caused a noticeable elevation in serum total protein and albumin levels as compared with normal levels. The treatment with MMEE, MMCF, and MMBF ameliorated the changes induced by STZ.

Keywords:

MMEE, MMCF, MMBF, STZ, Mukia maderaspatana

INTRODUCTION: Diabetes is a condition primarily defined by the level of hyperglycemia giving rise to a risk of microvascular damage (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy). It is associated with reduced life expectancy, significant morbidity due to specific diabetes-related microvascular complications, increased risk of macrovascular complications (ischemic heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease) and diminished quality of life.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar. Hyperglycaemia, or raised blood sugar, is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to severe damage to many of the body's systems, especially the nerves and blood vessels.

Over 400 traditional plant treatments for diabetes have been reported, although only a small number of these have received a scientific and medical evaluation to assess their efficacy. The hypoglycemic effect of some herbal extracts has been confirmed in human and animal models of type 2 diabetes. The World Health Organization Expert Committee on diabetes has recommended that traditional medicinal herbs be further investigated. Herbal medications are the most commonly used alternative therapy for blood sugar control; however, their safety and efficacy need to be further evaluated by well-designed, controlled clinical studies.

In the Indian system of medicine, Mukia maderaspatana was used as a bitter, sweet, refrigerant, carminative, sudorific, expectorant, anodyne and tonic. It is also used in vitiated conditions of pitta, burning sensation, dipsia, flatulence, colic, constipation, ulcers, cough, asthma, neuralgia, nostalgia, odontalgia and vertigo 36. But the pharmacological and scientific evidence for its antidiabetic effect is yet to be proved. So based on the above fact, it can be evaluated for antidiabetic and antioxidant property in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Chemicals Used: STZ, diagnostic kits, MMEE (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg), MMCF (100 mg/kg) and MMBF (100 mg/kg). The doses were selected based on the acute toxicity studies under OECD guidelines 423. The acute toxicity study was carried out for 14 days, and there were no signs of toxicity.

Extraction and Fractionation of the Plant: The plant was collected from the forests of polavaram in WG district of Andhra Pradesh and was authenticated by the botanist. The entire plant was dried and made into a coarse powder and then extracted using soxhlet apparatus with ethanol as solvent, and the menstruum was dried by evaporating ethanol, and the solid was taken and was then fractionated using chloroform and n-butanol.

Animals Used: Healthy, adult Wistar rats of both sexes (180-220g), were obtained from the central animal house. The animals were kept in a well-ventilated room, and the animals were exposed to 12 hrs day and night cycle with a temperature between 20 ± 3 ºC. The animals were housed in large spacious, hygienic polypropylene cages during the experimental period. The animals were fed with water and rat feed ad libitum, supplied by this institution. All the experiments were performed after obtaining prior approval from IAEC with number 1581/PO/a/11/CPCSEA.

Induction of Diabetes: Non-Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) was induced in overnight fasted rats by a single intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin. The elevated glucose levels confirmed hyperglycemia in plasma, determined at 72 h. The rats with permanent NIDDM (250-350 mg/dL) were used for the study.

EXPERIMENTAL MODELS:

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT): 47 The oral glucose tolerance test was performed in overnight fasted (18 h) normal animals. Rats divided in to six group (n-6) were administered with 10 mg/kg Glibenclamide, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg ethanolic extract, 100 mg/kg chloroform fraction, and 100 mg/kg n-butanol fraction, respectively. Glucose (2 g/kg) was fed 30 min. after the administration of extracts. Blood was withdrawn from the retro-orbital sinus under ether inhalation (to minimize the distress) at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. of extract administration. The fasting blood glucose levels were estimated by glucose oxidase-peroxidase method.

STZ Induced Diabetic Model: The Wistar rats weighing 180-220 gm of either sex were used for the experimental study. The animals were divided into seven groups of 6 animals each.

Grouping of the Animals:

Group I Untreated Control
Group II Diabetic control
Group III Positive control (Glibenclamide 10 mg/kg b.w i.p)
Group IV MMEE 100 mg/kg, p.o
Group V MMEE 200 mg/kg, p.o
Group VI MMCF 100 mg/kg, p.o
Group VII MMBF 100 mg/kg, p.o

The test drug was administered for 21 days at a four different dose level 100, 200 mg/kg for ethanolic extract and 100, 100 mg/kg each of two successive fractions made in aqueous and given by orally. The blood was collected by sinuous orbital under light diethyl ether anesthesia. The blood was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min.  Body weight, urine sugar, glucose was analyzed every week, and fluid intake was analyzed every day and lipid and lipoprotein profile from serum and tissue homogenate (TC, TG,) were analyzed after 21 days 29, 30. Total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea were also analyzed by serum.

On the day of termination of the study, the animals were sacrificed; liver and kidney were excised and stored in 10% buffered neutral formalin for histopathological studies.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The present study was an attempt to investigate the effect of extracts and fractions of Mukia maderaspatana on glycemia, lipid profile, lipoprotein level and antioxidant profile in STZ induced diabetic rats. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, terpenes, phenols, flavonoids which are responsible for the antidiabetic activity and also for free radical scavenging activity.

The goal of blood glucose tests is to find out whether there is the availability of large amounts of glucose in the blood. The combination of increased hepatic glucose production and reduced metabolism in peripheral tissues leads to elevated plasma glucose levels. 41 The treatment with MMEE, MMCF, and MMBF in STZ induced diabetic rats significantly decreased the elevated serum glucose levels from first week onwards.

To check the safety profile of the extract/fractions, it was subjected to acute toxicity study which confirmed the absence of any toxicity or mortality at a higher dose of 2000 mg/kg. Thus, the extract can be classified into the safe drug category according to the “Global Harmonized Classification System” quoted in the OECD guidelines 1996. Based on the acute toxicity studies four dose levels were selected for the evaluation of various pharmacological properties i.e., MMEE (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg), MMCF (100 mg/kg) and MMBF (100 mg/kg) 54. The antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase and malonaldehyde act as protective enzymes in the defense system. Increased levels of MDA, SOD and decreased levels of GSH and CAT in the diabetic state may be due to inactivation caused by reactive oxygen species. In the present study, the levels of both GSH and CAT were significantly increased and MDA, SOD was significantly decreased after 21 days treatment of MMEE, MMCF AND MMBF as shown in Table 1 and Table 2 36.

TABLE 1: EFFECT OF MMEE, MMCF, AND MMBF ON IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT PARAMETER

S. no. IC50  Value ± S.E.M. (µg/mL)
  Extract/ Compound Hydrogen

peroxide

 Nitric

oxide

 Lipid-peroxidation Deoxyribose Superoxide
1 MMEE 330.42 ± 0.220 801.00 ± 0.520 48.660 ± 0.166 45.88 ± 0.145 298.54 ± 0.273
2 MMCF 387.28 ± 0.360 >1000 64.106 ± 0.578 72.01 ± 0.830 501.66 ± 0.270
3 MMBF 285.46 ± 0.414 765.62 ± 0.311 47.230 ± 1.514 41.28 ± 0.394 247.84 ± 0.542
  Standard        
  Rutin 36.23 ± 0.015 68.300 ± 0.152 - - 1000.20 ± 0.200
  αTocopherol - - 91.380 ± 0.198 - -
  Ascorbic acid - - - 11.24 ± 0.003 -

Means (-) not done; Average of three determinations

TABLE 2: EFFECT OF MMEE, MMCF, AND MMBF ON IN-VIVO ANTIOXIDANT PARAMETER FROM PANCREAS HOMOGENATE

S. no. Treatment GSH

(mg/mg of protein)

 SOD

(unit/min/gm tissue)

 CAT

(mmol of H2O2/min/gm tissue)

 MDA

(mg/mg of protein)
1 Untreated control 19.30 ± 0.720 0.657 ± 0.158 3.686 ± 0.104 3.816 ± 0.043
2 Diabetic control 10.54 ± 0.383 ## 0.866 ± 0.271# 1.474 ± 0.076### 8.692 ± 0.216###
3 Diabetic + Glibenclaminde

(10 mg/kg)

 15.05 ± 1.350 ** 0.500 ± 0.111* 3.785 ± 0.088*** 4.15 ± 0.18***
4 Diabetic + MMEE (100 mg/kg) 14.88 ± 0.114 ** 0.137 ± 0.038* 2.502 ± 0.104*** 4.50 ± 0.092***
5 Diabetic + MMEE (200 mg/kg) 17.192 ± 0.283 ** 0.173 ± 0.037* 3.118 ± 0.045*** 3.87 ± 0.05***
6 Diabetic + MMCF (100 mg/kg) 14.29 ± 0.319** 0.250 ± 0.087* 2.515 ± 0.051*** 4.69 ± 0.05***
7 Diabetic + MMBF (100 mg/kg) 13.58 ± 0.1037** 0.12 ± 0.033* 2.58 ± 0.082*** 6.53 ± 0.07***

All value are expressed as mean ± SEM (n=6).  ***P<0.001, **P<0.01,*P<0.05 as compared to diabetic control.

 ### P<0.001, ##P<0.01, #P<0.05 as compared to untreated control.

Alpha-amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkages of starch, glycogen and various oligosaccharides and alpha-glucosidase further breaks down the disaccharides into simpler sugars readily available for intestinal absorption. The inhibition of these enzymes is effective in controlling diabetes mellitus by diminishing the absorption of glucose decomposed from starch. The treatment with MMEE, MMCF, and MMBF significantly decreased the enzyme alpha amylase (P<0.01) as shown in Table 3 37.

TABLE 3: EFFECT OF ALPHA-AMYLASE ACTIVITY FROM SERUM

S. no. Treatment Alpha-amylase

(mg/dL)
1. Untreated control 247.00 ± 12.89
2. Diabetic control 119.39 ± 2.59 ###
3. Diabetic + Glibenclaminde (10 mg/kg) 229.83 ± 6.50 ***
4. Diabetic + MMEE

(100 mg/kg)

 290.50 ± 15.24 ***
5. Diabetic +MMEE

(200 mg/kg)

 283.67 ± 16.21  ***
6. Diabetic + MMCF

(100 mg/kg)

 312.01 ± 6.71 **
7. Diabetic + MMBF

(100 mg/kg)

 312.33 ± 10.38 **

Value are expressed in mean ± SEM (n=6).

# ## P<0.001, as compared to untreated control.

** P<0.01, *** P<0.001 as compared to diabetic control.

Histopathology reports of liver and kidney gave additional support to the study. Liver sections of normal animals showed the normal architecture with well brought out the central vein, well-preserved cytoplasm and prominent nucleolus whereas the diabetic group section showed the presence of feathery degeneration, micro, and macrocellular fatty changes and inflammatory cells around portal tract. The other groups showed good protection from STZ induced changes in the liver. The sections of normal rat kidney showed the normal nephro-morphology whereas the diabetic section showed fatty degeneration. The other groups showed the less pathological changes of the kidney 31.

CONCLUSION: From the results, it can be stated that the extracts and fractions of Mukia maderaspatana decreased the levels of serum glucose, ameliorated lipids and lipoproteins. It also improved glucose uptake with free radical scavenging properties.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We are thankful to all who supported us in carrying out the work.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors declared no conflict of interest.

REFERENCES:

  1. World Health Organization Department of noncommunicable disease surveillance. Definition, Diagnosis, and Classification of Diabetes mellitus and its complications, Wikipedia, 2007 Mar 20 [cited2018 Oct 23]. Available from: http://www.who.int/diabetes/ BOOKLET_HTML/en/index.html
  2. Cooper R. Diabetes basics [document on the net]. Wikipedia; 2008 Feb 12 [cited2018Apr17]. Availablefrom:http://yourtotalhealth.ivillage.com/diabetes.
  3. Mahler J. Diabetes [document on the net]. Cereco medical sciences; Available from http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/ news/docs/an.htm
  4. Katzung BG: Basics in clinical pharmacology. 9th Newyork: McGraw Hill publications 2005: 994-98.
  5. Cooper R: Diabetes basics [document on the net]. Wikipedia; 2008 Feb 12 [cited2018Apr17].Available from: http://www.diabetes.org.
  6. Shewade Y: Antidiabetic activity. Synapses Biosciences; 2008 June 20 [cited 2018 August 24]. Available from: http://www.pharmainfo.net/reviews
  7. Szkudelski T: The mechanism of Alloxan and Streptozotocin action in B cells of the rat pancreas. Physiol Res 2001; 50: 536-46.
  8. Choi SW, Benzie FF, Ma SW, Strain JJ and Hannigan BM: Acute hyperglycemia and oxidative stress: Direct cause and effect. Free Radical Bio Med 2018; 44: 1217-31.
  9. Mahler RJ and Adler ML: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Update on Diagnosis, pathophysiology and J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 1-7.
  10. Vijaykumar PR, Bhaskara BPS, Sinnathambi A, Sridhar Y and Purnima A: Antihyperglycaemic and antioxidant activity of Brassica oleracea in Streptozotocin-diabetic The Internet Journal of Pharmacology 2016; 4(2): 1-10.
  11. Saeed MK, Deng Y and Dai R: Attenuation of biochemical parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by oral administration of extracts and fractions of Cephalotaxus sinensis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2018; 42: 21-28.
  12. Diabetic retinopathy [Diabetic neuropathy]. Wikipedia the free encyclopedia; Feb2007 [citedMay2018]. Available from: http://www.nei.nih.gov/ health/diabetic/neuropathy.asp
  13. Attele, Anoja S, Dey, Lucy, Yuan, Chun-Su. Alternative therapies for type 2 diabetes. Alternative Medicine Review 2012.
  14. Ketes TM: Diabetes [document on the net].About.com; Feb 2007 [cited May 2018]. Available from: http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
  15. Majeed M and Prakash L: Diabetes Management: The therapeutic role of Ayurvedic herbs. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 30: 265-79.
  16. Dinesh valke. Flowers of India [Mukia maderaspatana]. 2007 Sep 14[cited 2018 May 15] Available from: http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au
  17. Rana TS, Singh KK and Rao RR: Some interesting reports on indigenous herbal remedies for diabetes mellitus from India. Ethnobiol 1994: 47.
  18. Ragupathy S, Steven NG, Maruthakkutti M, Velusamy B and Ul-huda MM: Consensus of the Malasars traditional aboriginal knowledge of medicinal plants in the Velliangiri holy hills, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2018; 4(8): 1-14.
  19. Ravishankar T: Traditional knowledge and conservation of biodiversity for sustainable livelihoods by tribal communities in Southern India 2008: 1-16.
  20. Reddy KN, Reddy CS and Trimurthulu G: Ethnobotanical survey on respiratory disorders in Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2014; 13(6): 136-38.
  21. Raja B, Kuppusamy K, Arjunan MM and Pugalendi KV: Effect of Melothria maderaspaqana leaf-tea consumption on blood pressure, lipid profile, anthropometry, fibrinogen, bilirubin and albumin levels in patients with hypertension. J Alt Complement Med 2017:13(3): 349-54.
  22. Ghosh K and Bhattacharya TK: Chemical constituents of leaves of Mukia maderaspatana. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2004: 26(1): 51-3.
  23. Britto JD and Mahesh R: Knowledge in Agasthiayamalai biosphere reserve-South India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2016; 23(2): 36-42.
  24. Mohan VR, Rajesh A, Athiperumalsami T and Sutha S: Ethnomedicinal plants of the Tirunelveli district, Tamilnadu, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2018; 13(3): 37-55.
  25. Garcia GSC: The mother-child nexus.knowledge and valuation of wild food. Ind J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2014; 39(2): 1-13.
  26. Muthu C, Ayyanar M, Raja N and Muthu I: Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Kani district of Tamil Nadu, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2016; 2(43): 43-52.
  27. Aslan M, Orhan DD, Orhan N, Sezik E and Yesilada E: In-vivo antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of Helichrysum plicatum, Plicatum capitulums in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 109: 54-9.
  28. Dahiru D, Sini JM and John A: Antidiarrhoeal activity of Ziziphus mauritiana root extract in rodents. Afr J Biotechnol 2016; 5: 941-45.
  29. Habib MY, Islam MS, Awal MA and Khan MA: Herbal products: A novel approach for diabetic patients. Pak J Nutri 2015; 4: 17-21.
  30. Narayan AK, Shweta K, Kumar SS, Kumar GR and Geeta W: Studies on the glycemic and lipidemic effect of Murraya koenigii in experimental animals. J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 112: 305-11.
  31. Adeneye AA and Esther A: Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of fresh leaf aqueous extract of Cymbopogon citrates stapf. in J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 112:440-44.
  32. Frode TS and Medeiros YS: Animal models to test drugs with potential antidiabetic activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 115: 173-83.
  33. Sangameswaran B and Jayakar B: Anti-diabetic and spermatogenic activity of Cocculus hirsutus (L) Diels. Afri J Biotech 2017; 6: 1212-16.
  34. Yazdanparast R and Amin A: Experimental diabetes treated with Achilles santolina: Effect on pancreatic oxidative parameters. J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 112: 13-18
  35. Volpato GT, Damasceno DC, Rudge MVC, Padovani CR and Calderon MP: Effect of Bauhinia forficate aqueous extract on the maternal-fetal outcome and oxidative stress biomarkers of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 116: 131-7.
  36. Edwin E, Sheeja E, Dhanabal SP and Suresh B: Antihyperglycemic activity of Pass flora mollissima Ind J Pharma Sci 2017; 69(4): 570-71.
  37. Narvaez-Mastache JM and Caudia S: Antioxidant evaluation of Eysenhardtia species: Relay synthesis of 3-o-acetyl-11a, 12a-epoxy-oleanan-28, from E. platycarpa and its protective effect in experimental diabetes. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 30(8): 1503-10.
  38. Srinivasan R, Chandrasekar MJN, Nanjan MJ and Suresh B: Antioxidant activity of Caesalpinia digyna J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 113: 284-91.
  39. Murgan P and Leelavinothan P: Antioxidant effect of tetrahydrocurcumin in STZ-Nicotinamide induced diabetic rats. Life Sci 2016; 79: 1720-28.
  40. Saravanan R and Pari L: Effects of a noval insulinotropic agent, succinic acid monoethyl ester, on lipids and lipoproteins levels in rats with streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetes. J Biosci 2016; 5: 581-87.
  41. Cho CS, Chung SW, Lee KW, Leung WNA, Christopher HK and Kevin KM: Ginsenoside Re of Panax ginseng possesses significant antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic efficacies in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 550: 173-79.
  42. Shah JG, Patel MS, Patel KV and Gandhi TR: Evaluation of Antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of Centratherum anthelmintica in STZ- induced diabetic rats. Internet Journal of Pharmacology 2018; 6: 1-12.
  43. Raja S, Nazeer A, Kumar V, Kakali M and Pulok KM: Antioxidant effect of Cytisus scoparius against carbon tetrachloride treated liver injury in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006; 4: 1-10.
  44. McCue PP and Shetty K: Inhibitory effects of rosmarinic acid extracts on porcine pancreatic amylase in-vitro. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2014; 13: 101-06.
  45. Velavan S, Nagulendran K, Mahesh R and Begum H: In-vitro antioxidant activity of Asparagus racemosus Pharmacog Mag 1995; 127: 26-33.
  46. Annie S, Rajendram K and Punitha ISR: Antidiabetic activity of alcoholic stem extract of Coscinium fenestratum in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1995; 127: 26-33.
  47. Prakasam A, Subramaniam S and Pugalendi VK: Influence of Casearia esculenta root extract o protein metabolism and marker enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Pol J Pharmacol 2014; 56: 587-93.
  48. Ghosh R, Sharatchandra KH, Rita S and Thokchom IS: Hypoglycemic activity of Ficus hispida (bark) in normal and diabetic albino rats. Ind J Pharmacol 2014; 36: 222-25.
  49. Eshrat HM: Effect of Coccinia indica and Abroma augusta on glycemia lipid profile and on indicators of end-organ damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Ind J Clin Biochem 2013; 2: 54-63.
  50. Babu V, Gangadevi T and Subramoniam A: Antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Cassia kleinii leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and isolation of an active fraction and toxicity evaluation of the extract. Ind J Pharmacol 2013; 35: 290-96.
  51. Sabu MC and Subburaju T: Effects of Cassia auriculata on serum glucose level, glucose utilization by isolated rat hemidiaphragm. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 80: 203-06.
  52. Dhandapani S, Vijayakumar, Ramasamy S, Rajagopal, Senthil K and Nalini N: Hypolipidemic effect of Cuminum cyminum on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Pharmacol Res 2012; 46: 251-55.
  53. Kokate CK: In Practical Pharmacognosy. 2nd New Delhi: Vallabh Prakashan 1991: 111-13.
  54. Freshney RI: Culture of animal cells, a manual of basic technique. Alan R. Liss, Inc, A John Wiley and 4th edition 2000: 329-42.
  55. Organization for economic co-operation and development guidelines for testing chemicals. Acute oral toxicity. Paris: OECD 1992; 98-101.
  56. Ghosh MN: Anaesthetics used in laboratory animals. Fundamentals of experimental pharmacology. 3rd Kolkata 2005: 15-19.

    How to cite this article:

    Nadh AVSRS, Rao PR and Rani AP: Evaluation of antioxidant parameters of Mukia maderaspatana. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019; 10(8): 3984-88. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.10(8).3984-88.

    All © 2013 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

     

Article Information

60

3984-3988

600

702

0

English

IJPSR

A. V. S. R. S. Nadh *, P. R. Rao and A. P. Rani

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India.

a2zravisai@gmail.com

14 November 2018

06 March 2019

29 March 2019

10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.10(8).3984-88

01 August 2019

Download