FLAVONOIDS FROM ASTRAGALUS GENUS

FLAVONOIDS FROM ASTRAGALUS GENUS

Dilip Gorai¹, Shyamal K. Jash ² and Rajiv Roy ^*3

Department of Chemistry ¹, Bolpur College, Bolpur, Birbhum-731204, West Bengal, India

Department of Chemistry ², Saldiha College, Saldiha, Bankura-722173, West Bengal, India

Independent researcher ³, Ph.D, Bhatgonna (Dignagar), Burdwan-713128, West Bengal, India

ABSTRACT: In this review our main focus is on flavonoid groups which are one of the main active constituents found with other active constituents like saponins and polysaccharides, while poisonous groups are nitro-compounds, indolizidine alkaloids and the seleniferous derivatives in Astragalus genus. It is well established fact that flavonoid possess many biological activity such as antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, antioxidant anticancer including anticarcinogenic and prodifferentiative activities. Many flavonoids, including those which are phytoalexins, provide plants with a defense against viral infections. The estrogenic action of many isoflavones is well known and mixtures of flavonoids are commonly used commercially to reduce capillary fragility. Astragalus root is a very old and well known drug in traditional Chinese medicine and have been used to improve resistance to infections and to aid in immunological disorders and viral infections, and also used as hepatoprotective, heart tonic, nephritis and diabetes. This review reports all flavonoids isolated till date which is  nearly about 131 from 60 species of Astragalus genus; these flavonoid are further characterized and classified into flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavan-4-ols, isoflavones, isoflavans, petrocarpans and miscellaneous

Astragalus, Species, Flavonoids, Biological activity, Review

INTRODUCTION: Astragalus L. is the largest genus in the Legmninosae (Fabaceae)  family and one of the largest genera of vascular plants on Earth, comprising ca. 2500 species of herbs or shrubs, mostly  perennial,  grouped  into  more than 100 subdivisions ¹. Astragalus  is  cosmopolitan,  distributed  in cool, temperate, arid and semiarid continental region of South-Western Asia  (the  largest  centre  of  distribution   with   1000-1500  spp.),  Sino-Himalayan region (500 spp.), Western-North and South America (with 400-450 and 100 spp., respectively), Europe, North Africa and Australia ².

Astragalus plants are annual or perennial stemmed herbs or small shrubs (up to 150-200 cm), growing from underground roots. The leaves are alternate, imparipennate or paripennate, sometimes terminating in a spine. Flowers are leguminous, in racemic or axellary clusters, sessile or pedicellate. The fruit is a legume pod, usually dehiscent, with kidney shaped seeds ³.

In Western Asia A. gummifer is used as an emulsifier, stabilizer and thickening agent in pharmaceuticals and foodstuffs. A few species are edible (as raw and cooked roots of A. canadensis L., legumes of A. caryocarpus, seed of A.  edulis,  or  leaves from A. glycyphyllos used as substitute for tea) ⁴, but a large number of Astragalus species are poisonous (e.g., A.  mollissimus Torr.),  especially  for liverstock and wild animals. In many cases the toxins may be transferred to humans through meat or milk ⁵. Astragalus root is a very old and well known drug in traditional Chinese medicine and have been used to improve resistance to infections and to aid in immunological disorders and viral infections, and also used as hepatoprotective, heart tonic, nephritis and diabetes. Herbal practitioners may also suggest using this herb during treatment with chemotherapy as it stimulates the immune systems. The active constituents of Astragalus are saponins, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, while poisonous groups are nitro-compounds, indolizidine alkaloids and the seleniferous derivatives ^{6, 7}.

In this review our main focus is on flavonoid groups which are one of the main active constituents found in Astragalus genus, because flavonoids possess many biological activity such as antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antiviral, antioxidant anticancer including anticarcinogenic and prodifferentiative activities. Many flavonoids, including those which are phytoalexins, provide plants with a defense against viral infections. The estrogenic action of many isoflavones is well known and mixtures of flavonoids are commonly used commercially to reduce capillary fragility ^{7a, 7b}.

This review reports all flavonoid isolated till date which is  nearly about 131 from 60 species of Astragalus genus, these flavonoid are further characterized and classified into flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavan-4-ols, isoflavones, isoflavans, petrocarpans and miscellaneous.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The Flavonoid isolated and identified from Astragalus genus, were searched across the Medline (National Library of Medicine) and Science Direct databases, Pubmed, ACS, pols-one, Wiley chem. abstract, Springer link, RSC, Google and Google Scholar. The data were updated to 2015, using the search terms Astragalus Flavonoid, flavones, flavonols, flavanones, flavan-4-ols, isoflavones and petrocarpans from Astragalus genus, phytochemical, chemical constituents, from Astragalus as keywords. In addition, the reference lists of all papers identified were thoroughly reviewed.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

List of Flavonoid(s) & their Structure(s) from Astragalus species: The  purpose  of  this  review  is  to  present  an  overview  of  isolated  flavonoids  from  species of Astragalus Genus,  and there biological activity reported up to date 2015. This review reports 131 flavonoids from 60 species of Astragalus genus which are further characterized and classified into flavones (Table 2)-strc.no.1-18; flavonols (Table 3)-strc.no.19-77; flavanones (Table 4)-strc.no.78-81; flavan-4-ols (Table 5)-strc.no.82-83;  isoflavones (Table 6)-strc.no.84-105;  isoflavans (Table 7)-strc.no.106-118;  petrocarpans (Table 8)-strc.no. 119-128 and miscelleneaous (Table 9)-strc.no.129-131. All of these are compiled in Table 1 and 2 and Fig. 1-7 ^8-103.

TABLE 1: LIST OF FLAVONOIDS ISOLATED

TABLE 2: LIST OF ASTRAGALUS SPECIES FROM WHERE FLAVONOIDS WERE ISOLATED

 Structures of flavonoids isolated:

FIG.1: FLAVONES (STRC.NO.1-18)

FIG.2: FLAVONOLS (STRC.NO.19-77)

FIG.3: FLAVANONES & FLAVAN-4-OL (STRC.NO.77-83)

FIG.4: ISOFLAVONES (STRC.NO.84-105)

FIG.5: ISOFLAVANS (STRC.NO.106-118)

FIG.6: PTEROCARPANS (STRC.NO.119-128)

FIG.7: MISCELLENEAOUS (STRC.NO.129-131)

Biological Activities of the Astragalus Genus:

Flavonoids from Astragalus spp. show a significant antiexudative effect ¹⁰⁴, while flavonoid complex from A.centralpinus possess a marked spasmolitic action and account for a moderate, but long-standing reduction of the arterial pressure. The total flavonoids content from A. lasioglottis show a high biological activity decreasing the cholesterol and triglyceride levels in animals with experimental hyperlipidemia ¹⁰⁵. Isoflavonoids are best known for being estrogenic, antimicrobial or insecticidal ¹⁰⁶. They are involved with diverse biological activities, including disease resistance, and, potentially, photosensibilization ⁷⁸. Calycosin 88, and formononetin 96, as isoflavones isolated from the roots of A. membranaceus, inhibit lecithin peroxidation which was induced both by hydroxy radical generation by interation of haemoglobin and hydrogen peroxide and by superoxide anion generation by xanthine/xanthine oxidase ^{83, 82}.

Afrorrmosin 85, calycosin 88 and odoratin 96, isolated from the same source have antioxidative activity and prevent lipid peroxidation (all the tested isoflavones have a methoxy group at 4' position) ⁸¹. Other isoflavonoids do not show inhibitory effects on lecithin peroxidations. These results demonstrated that hydroxyl group at the 7 and 3' positions on isoflavones, which have a methoxy group on the C-4', are necessary for the antioxidant properties, because isoflavones which have a methoxyl group at the 6 and 4' positions, have no inibitory effects on LPOs ⁸².

On the other hand, the experimental data showed that the total flavonoids of Astragalus and calycosin 88 could inhibit the proliferation of K562 cells ¹⁰⁷. The total flavonoids of A. mongholicus are the active components, which benefit cardiovascular disease attributed to the potent antioxidant activity in improving the atherosclerosis profile ¹⁰⁸. Isoflavones, calycosin 88, and formononetin 96, from the Astragalus root, could promote dimethyl arginine dimethylaminohydrolase-2 protein and mRNA expressions in Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) II cells, and up regulate the neuronal nitric oxide synthase levels ¹⁰⁹. Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside 89, from A. membranaceus showed anti-lipid peroxidative activities ¹¹⁰.

CONCLUSION: The present review deals with up to date literature on flavonoids isolated from Astragalus genus as well as different biological activities exhibited by the isolated flavonoid constituents. We are quite optimistic that this review article will surely stimulate present day researcher to undertake more systematic research work on this important genus for isolation of flavonoids so as to discover other significant more biological activities of the plants.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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How to cite this article:

Gorai D, Jash SK and Roy R: Flavonoids from Astragalus Genus. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2016; 7(7): 2732-47.doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.7(7).2732-47.

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