FOLKLORE MEDICINAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE PEOPLES IN PATHINETTAMKOTTAI VILLAGE, SIVAGANGAI DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU, INDIA
HTML Full TextFOLKLORE MEDICINAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE PEOPLES IN PATHINETTAMKOTTAI VILLAGE, SIVAGANGAI DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU, INDIA
Ganeshmoorthy, M. Rama Prabha * and R. Karthiyayini
Department of Botany, Thiagarajar College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.
ABSTRACT: Since ancient times, man has been looking for plants to rescue from diseases and improve immunity. He may find the right choice of plants by trial and error, observing nature and following theories, and passing that information to the next generation by word of mouth. Folklore medicine combines traditional healing practices, spirituality, and therapies to diagnose and prevent ailments. In the present study, a survey was carried out about the traditional usage of medicinal plants in herbal healers, old and native peoples of Pathinettamkottai village, and its surrounding areas of Sivagangai district in Tamil Nadu. The study explored 65 medicinal remedies from plants used to treat 41 different illnesses. The predominant part used to prepare medicines is a leaf. The medicines are prepared in the form of powder, paste, decoction, and vapor, and they are used to cure 31 health problems like cold, fever, asthma, diarrhoea, diabetes, jaundice, rheumatism, wounds, cuts, stomach pain, etc., The survey provides rich source of knowledge on plants and, thus new drugs.
Keywords: Indigenous medicine, Traditional knowledge, Medicinal plants, Forms of medicine
INTRODUCTION: The relationship of mankind with plants may start from primeval period. The entire life of man, his culture, and the development of civilization depends on plant sources. The usage of plants in healing ailments has inveterate history and is documented in Rig and Atharva veda 1. The indigenous practices of medicinal plants are based on values and personal experiences developed 2. Most of developing countries use traditional medicine as the first line of therapy. The ethnobotanical information is the key to developing many new drugs and helps to protect the intellectual property of the plants of a particular region 3.
The intrusion of the modern medical system, loss of biodiversity, and lack of authentic knowledge and preparation methods of herbal drugs lead to the destruction of natural medicine. The impacts of deforestation, urbanization, and modernization are also shifting people from their natural habitats, and knowledge, particularly regarding herbal drugs, is slowly disappearing. So, some approaches are needed to preserve and develop traditional knowledge. Documentation of indigenous knowledge through folklore studies is important for the conservation of biological resources as well as their sustainable utilization.
It is also necessary to collect information about the knowledge of traditional medicines preserved in tribal and rural communities of various parts of the world before it is permanently lost. In recent years herbal medicine has been considered a fast-growing worldwide industry. Out of the 70,0000 species of plants, 4 more than 10 percent are used in various pharmaceutical preparations. Based on some statistical estimates, it was expected that global marketing of medicinal plants may reach $5 trillion by 2050 5. There was an increasing interest in using herbal products and remedies globally. So the values of traditional knowledge and worthy information are cherished 6.
India is known for its rich biodiversity, with several endangered and endemic medicinal plants in its hotspot. Among the 400 flowering plants worldwide, 315 families are presented in India 7. India is a vast repository of traditional knowledge and provides sources for several medicines. Even now, rural communities and households practice folklore medicines to cure common ailments. The current study focuses on disclosing the folklore knowledge of Pathinettamkottai village, Sivagangai district of Tamilnadu.
Geographical Details of the Study Area: The floral and ethnomedicinal studies were conducted in Pathinettamkottai in the village of sivagangai district in Tamil Nadu. The entire area of Pathinettamkottai is lies between 9º 45' 40.8'' N latitude and 78º 23' 23.6'' E longitude. The altitude of the study area is about 70 meters above the Mean Sea Level. The Temperature scarcely fluctuates in the year and ranges from 20oC during winter to 40oC during summer. Pathinettamkottai has the highest rainfall during the monsoon period (October, November and December). While March, April, and May are the driest months. Summer showers will be there during April and May. The annual rainfall of the study area reaches 500 – 650mm.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Interview with Informants: To document the utilization of the plants present in Pathinettamkottai as medicine, the local inhabitants of Pathinettamkottai and its surrounding regions includes pacheari, idaikkattur, sambarayanenthel and puthukkulam were interviewed. The survey was spread across the seasons so as to get maximum information. Field visits were made for about 60 – 180 minutes. A questionnaire was used in interviews, and variations were introduced during the interviews. The questionnaire used in this study allowed descriptive responses on the plant prescribed, such as part of the plant used, medicinal uses, mode of preparation (i.e., decoction, paste, juice, etc.) and administration, a form of usage, either fresh or dried and mixtures of other plants used as ingredients and complications if any. During the survey, two interviewing methods were followed. The first was the ‘specimen display’ method. Plant species were shown to traditional healers and households to elicit any medicinal information. The same plant was shown to the different informants to confirm the accuracy of the results. When convenient to the locals, the second method of field walk took place. A walk into the Pathinettamkottai with the interview persons allowed for both plant identification and detailed information gathering. The informants interviewed numbered 25 (13 men, 12 women), which included both households and herbal healers who had strong links with traditional activities of the area were interviewed.
The questionnaire items also included each household’s and healer’s current age, and their experience of school education was recorded. In the case of herbalist healers, his/her age at the first practice of herbal therapy was also noted. All the plants recorded during this study were botanically identified with the help of Flora of Tamil Nadu Carnatic 8 and An Excursion Flora of Central Tamil Nadu 9.
RESULT:
Characters of Interviewers: According to the survey, the age of herbal healers were above 50, males (100 %) and female (66.7%). Most of them started their herbal healing practice at 40-45, and none attained their high school education. In the case of households, most of the interview personalities (53.6%) who have tremendous knowledge of the use of plants as medicine came under the age category of below 50 years, and the majority (60 %) were educated
Medicinal Plant Diversity and Uses: The present investigation in Pathinettamkottai village and its surrounding areas of Sivagangai district in Tamil Nadu explored 65 medicinal remedies from plants, based on the use of a single plant species, used to treat 41 different illnesses were recorded. It was observed that the use 60 species of angiospermic plant belongs to 59 genera under 44 botanical families. According to species habit, most of the taxa cited were herb, comprised of 23 species; shrubs represented by 6 species, 23 tree species, and 8 climbers were reported. The percentage of plant parts used for drug preparation was depicted in Fig. 1.
FIG. 1: PLANT PARTS USED FOR TREATMENT
The paste was prepared by grinding the fresh or dried plant material, usually with water or occasionally with oil. The extract was prepared by grinding the plant with some water and filtering. The juice was extracted by filtering from grounded fresh material. A decoction was made by boiling the plant material in water until the volume of water was reduced to half of its original volume. The powder was prepared by grinding the shade-dried raw materials. Vapour was prepared by boiling the plant material in water, and the generated fume was inhaled. Similar to our study, several ethnobotanical surveys revealed paste as one of the commonly used methods of herbal drug preparation among ethnic and rural communities all over the World 10, 11, 12.
FIG. 2: FORMS OF DRUG USED
From the study, it was inferred that medicinal preparation is mostly in the form of paste followed by raw, cooked, juice, infusion, extract, powder, decoction, and vapor Fig. 2. Some plants were also used in exudates form (1.54%) to cure a particular disease. The comprehensive data of plant parts used in a different drug preparation in the study was given in Table 1.
TABLE 1: PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF THE PARTS USED AND MODE OF TREATMENT
| S. no. | Parts used | Mode of treatment | Total | |||||||||
| Cooked | Decoction | Extract | Exudates | Infusion | Juice | Paste | Powder | Raw | Vapour | |||
| 1 | Entire plant | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.07 | - | - | - | 3.07 |
| 2 | Flower | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.07 | - | 1.54 | - | 4.61 |
| 3 | Fruit | 1.54 | - | 1.54 | - | - | - | - | - | 6.14 | - | 9.22 |
| 4 | Leaf | 9.24 | 3.07 | 4.62 | 1.54 | 3.07 | 9.24 | 20 | 4.62 | 4.62 | 3.07 | 63.09 |
| 5 | Leaf latex | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3.07 | - | 3.07 |
| 6 | Root | - | 1.54 | 1.54 | - | - | - | 1.54 | - | - | - | 4.62 |
| 7 | Seed | - | - | - | - | 4.62 | - | 1.54 | - | 1.54 | - | 7.7 |
| 8 | Stem | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.54 | 1.54 | - | - | 3.08 |
| 9 | Tuber | 1.54 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.54 |
| Total | 12.32 | 4.61 | 7.7 | 1.54 | 7.69 | 9.24 | 30.76 | 6.16 | 16.91 | 3.07 | 100 | |
The local people used a good number of the collected plants for the treatment of multiple diseases. Ocimum sanctum was used for the treatment of three diseases (cold, cough and fever); 12 plants viz., Ocimum basilicum (pimple and scar), Tinospora cordifolia (fever and intestinal worm), Centella asiatica (memory power and burn), Pisonia alba (joint and back pain), Andrographis paniculata (intestinal worm and fever), Abutilon indicum (burn and wound), Calotropis gigantea (tooth-ache and thorn sting), Cissus quadrangularis (bone fracture and snake bite), Psidium guajava (diarrhea and constipation), Cyanodon dactylon (body heat and blood pressure) and Lawsonia inermis (body heat and foot crack) were used for two diseases and the rest of 47 plants are used to treat only one diseases. In support of the study, Balamurugan 13 have enumerated that a total of 41 plant species of 39 genera belonging to 23 families were found in Vaigai river of Manamadurai region possess medicinal values and are used to cure various ailments and diseases like diarrhoea, asthma, fever, jaundice, wounds, stomach pain, cough, cold, poisonous bites etc. Shanmugam et al., 14 enumerated the medicinal uses among the rural people inhabiting different localities of Sivagangai district in Tamil Nadu. The present study revealed that 60 genera of angiosperm belonging to 36 families were used to cure 31 different illnesses like diarrhoea, diabetes, asthma, fever, jaundice, rheumatism, wounds, cuts, stomach pain, cold, cough etc. The traditional uses of surveyed medicinal plants were enlisted in Table 2.
TABLE 2: PLANTS USED FOR MEDICINAL PURPOSES IN PATHINETTAMKOTTAI VILLAGE
| S. no. | Botanical Name | Medicinal uses |
| 1 | Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson
Family Name: Menispermaceae Vernacular Name: Seenthilkodi
|
Hand full of leaves was extracted, taken orally to cure fever and expel intestinal worms |
| 2 | Mimosa pudica L.
Family Name: Mimosaceae Vernacular Name: Thottalsuringi |
Seeds were soaked in water for overnight and ground. The paste was applied to cure heel pain |
| 3 | Centella asiatica (L.) Urben
Family Name: Apiaceae Vernacular Name: Vallarai
|
Leaves were cooked with some ingredients like green gram and eaten to improve memory power. Leaf paste was applied for burning sensation of foot |
| 4 | Argemone mexicana L.
Family Name: Papaveraceae Vernacular Name: Pirammathandu |
The boiled roots were filtered and applied for joint pain |
| 5 | Sida acuta Burm.f.
Family Name: Malvaceae Vernacular Name: Arivalmanaipundu |
Leaf paste was mixed with coconut oil and applied to heal wound |
| 6 | Tribulus terrestris L.
Family Name: Zygophyllaceae Vernacular Name: Nerungil |
Seeds were dried and soaked in rice water for overnight. The infusion was given as drink for kidney stone |
| 7 | Ficus benghalensis L.
Family Name: Moraceae Vernacular Name: Alamaram |
Stem bark was ground and the paste was applied for gastric pain. Leaf latex was applied for heel crack |
| 8 | Ocimum basilicum L.
Family Name: Lamiaceae Vernacular Name: Pachilai |
Leaves were crushed and the juice was applied to cure pimples and to remove scars |
| 9 | Ocimum sanctum L.
Family Name: Lamiaceae Vernacular Name: Nallathulasi |
Leaf extract was prescribed to cure cold, cough and fever |
| 10 | Achyranthes aspera L.
Family Name: Amaranthaceae Vernacular Name: Naayuruvi |
Leaf paste was applied to treat dog bite and heal wound |
| 11 | Pisonia aucleata L.
Family Name: Nyctaginaceae Vernacular Name: Latsakattai |
Leaves were cooked with goat’s blood and eaten to get relief from joint pain and back pain |
| 12 | Acalypha indica L.
Family Name: Euphorbiaceae Vernacular Name: Kuppaimeni |
Leaf paste was applied to treat itching |
| 13 | Jatropha curcas L.
Family Name: Euphorbiaceae Vernacular Name: Kattamanaku |
Leaf latex was applied to cure throat pain |
| 14 | Solanum trilobatum L.
Family Name: Solanaceae Vernacular Name: Thuthuvelai |
Leaves and fruits were fried with rice flour and eaten to cure whooping cough |
| 15 | Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawler) Haw.
Family Name: Cactaceae Vernacular Name: Sappathikkalli |
Flower paste was applied for tumor |
| 16 | Crateva religiosa G. Forst.
Family Name: Capparaceae Vernacular Name: Mavalingam |
Decoction of matured leaves was given to drink to cure piles |
| 17 | Coccinia grandis (L.) J. Voigt
Family Name: Cucurbitaceae Vernacular Name: Kovai |
Unripe fruits were roasted in sesame oil with salt and eaten to treat diabetes |
| 18 | Catharanthus roseus (L.) Don
Family Name: Apocynaceae Vernacular Name: Nithyakalyani |
Flowers were eaten as raw to maintain blood pressure |
| 19 | Aloe vera L.
Family Name: Liliaceae Vernacular Name: Katralai |
Internal potion of the leaf was eaten raw to cool the body and expel the intestinal worms |
| 20 | Plumbago zeylanica L.
Family Name: Plumbaginaceae Vernacular Name: Chithiramoolam |
Decoction of root was taken orally to get relief from piles |
| 21 | Andrographis paniculata (L.) Nees
Family Name: Acanthaceae Vernacular Name: Nilavembu |
Leaf juice was taken orally to cure intestinal worms and fever |
| 22 | Phyla nodiflora (L.) Green
Family Name: Verbenaceae Vernacular Name: Poduthalai |
Leaves were ground with seeds of fenugreek soaked for overnight. The paste was applied on head to check hair fall. |
| 23 | Azima tetracantha Lam.
Family Name: Salvadoraceae Vernacular Name: Sangalai |
Leaf juice was given to drink for a child to get relief from stomach pain |
| 24 | Abutilon indicum L.
Family Name: Malvaceae Vernacular Name: Thuthi |
Leaf paste was mixed with lime paste and applied to heal the wound. Flower paste was applied to treat burns |
| 25 | Erythrina variegata L.
Family Name: Fabaceae Vernacular Name: Mulmurungai |
Leaves were roasted with rice flour and eaten to get relief from cold and cough |
| 26 | Eucalyptus polycarba F. Muell
Family Name: Myrtaceae Vernacular Name: Aaraspathi |
Leaves were boiled, and the vapor was inhaled to get relief from headache |
| 27 | Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poiret
Family Name: Fabaceae Vernacular Name: Agathi |
Leaf decoction was taken orally to cure stomach ulcer |
| 28 | Phyllanthus amarus Schum. &Thonn.
Family Name: Euphorbiaceae Vernacular Name: Keelanelli |
Leaf juice was taken orally to treat jaundice. |
| 29 | Boerhavia diffusa L.
Family Name: Nyctaginaceae Vernacular Name: Saranathi |
Root paste applied for gastric pain |
| 30 | Pergularia daemia (Forsskal) Chiov.
Family Name: Asclepiadaceae Vernacular Name: Veliparuthi |
Leaf paste was applied for gastric problem |
| 31 | Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss.
Family Name: Meliaceae Vernacular Name: Vempu |
Leaf paste was applied to heal the wound.
Leaf paste also mixed with turmeric powder and applied to cure smallpox |
| 32 | Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br.
Family Name: Asclepiadaceae Vernacular Name: Yerukku |
Leaf latex was applied on the spot to get relief from toothache and thorn sting |
| 33 | Cissus quadrangularis L.
Family Name: Vitaceae Vernacular Name: Pirandai |
Tender leaf paste was applied for bone fracture.
Leaf juice was poured on the spot to treat the snake bite |
| 34 | Ipomoea hederifolia L.
Family Name: Convolvulaceae Vernacular Name: Thalikodi |
Leaf paste was mixed with lime powder to get relief from swelling and inflammation. |
| 35 | Lawsonia inermis L.
Family Name: Lythraceae Vernacular Name: Maruthani |
Leaf paste was applied on the head for body cooling and also applied to heal foot crack |
| 36 | Croton bonplandianus Baillon
Family Name: Euphorbiaceae Vernacular Name: Mannanakolachedi |
Leaf infusion was taken orally to treat dysentery |
| 37 | Moringa oleifera Lam.
Family Name: Moringaceae Vernacular Name: Murungai |
Stem bark was dried, powdered and mixed with cow milk and given orally to cure infertility in men |
| 38 | Tamarindus indica L.
Family Name: Caesalpiniaceae Vernacular Name: Puliyamaram |
Seeds were soaked and ground. The paste was mixed with rice water and tied with a clean cloth for bone fracture. |
| 39 | Eclipta prostrata L.
Family Name: Asteraceae Vernacular Name: Karisalankanni |
Entire plant paste was applied for hair growth |
| 40 | Cardiospermum helicacabum L.
Family Name: Sapindaceae Vernacular Name: Mudakkaruthan |
Leaves are cooked and eaten to cure rheumatism |
| 41 | Carica papaya L.
Family Name: Caricaceae Vernacular Name: Pappali |
Ripened Fruits were eaten raw to improve eye vision. |
| 42 | Vitex negundo L.
Family Name: Verbenaceae Vernacular Name: Nochi |
Leaves were boiled, and the vapor was inhaled to get relief from a headache |
| 43 | Prosopis juliflora (SW.) DC.
Family Name: Mimosaceae Vernacular Name: Seemai Karuvelam |
Leaves were fried in coconut oil and tied on the spot to get relief from swelling due to thorn sting |
| 44 | Adhatoda vasica Nees
Family Name: Acanthaceae Vernacular Name: Adathodai |
Leaves were dried and powdered. The powder was mixed with cow milk and taken orally to cure cold |
| 45 | Cynodan dactylon (L.) Pers.
Family Name: Poaceae Vernacular Name: Arugampull |
Leaf juice was taken in an empty stomach for body cooling and blood high blood pressure |
| 46 | Annona squamosa L.
Family Name: Annonaceae Vernacular Name: Seetha |
Tender fruit was eaten raw to get relief from continuous dysentery |
| 47 | Psidium guajava L.
Family Name: Myrtaceae Vernacular Name: Koiya |
Leaves were chewed raw to treat diarrheoa.
Fruits were eaten raw to get relief from constipation |
| 48 | Cocos nucifera L.
Family Name: Arecaceae Vernacular Name: Thennai |
Liquid endosperm obtained from tender fruit was taken orally to reduce body heat and also get relief from the burning sensation during urination |
| 49 | Morinda tinctoria Roxb.
Family Name: Rubiaceae Vernacular Name: Manjanathi |
A crushed leaf was placed on the spot to reduce tooth pain |
| 50 | Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Corr.
Family Name: Malvaceae Vernacular Name: Poovarasu |
Leaves were burned, and the ash mixed with coconut oil was applied for the itch. |
| 51 | Euphorbia hirta L.
Family Name: Euphorbiaceae Vernacular Name: Amman pacharisi |
Whole plant paste mixed with soaked rice was eaten to get relief from stomach pain |
| 52 | Pedalium murex. L.
Family Name: Pedaliaceae Vernacular Name: Yaanainerunchi |
Seeds were soaked in water for about one day, and the infusion was taken orally to treat kidney stone |
| 53 | Cyperus rotundus L.
Family Name: Cyperaceae Vernacular Name: Korai pull |
Tubers were cooked and prescribed for old age people to eat for memory loss |
| 54 | Musa paradisiaca L.
Family Name: Musaceae Vernacular Name: Vazhai
|
The exudates obtained stem was taken orally for kidney stone |
| 55 | Mangifera indica L.
Family Name: Anacardiaceae Vernacular Name: Mamaram |
Inner portion of the seed was eaten raw to cure stomach ache |
| 56 | Ziziphus jujube (L.) Gaertner, non Miller
Family Name: Rhamnaceae Vernacular Name: Elanthai |
Leaves were soaked for the whole day, and infusion was given to drink to check body weight loss |
| 57 | Datura metal L.
Family Name: Solanaceae Vernacular Name: Oomathai |
Leaf paste was applied to wound |
| 58 | Citrus lemon (L.) Burn.f.
Family Name: Rutaceae Vernacular Name: Yelumichai |
Leaves and fruit peel were crushed, and the smell was inhaled to arrest vomit |
| 59 | Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel
Family Name: Rutaceae Vernacular Name: Kari vepillai |
Leaves were dried and powdered. The powder was mixed with coconut oil and applied to remove scare |
| 60 | Aristolochia indica L.
Family Name: Aristolochiaceae Vernacular Name: Aadutheendaapalai |
Leaf juice was applied on the spot to treat snake bite |
There is always an in-depth and matchless association between the indigenous people and their living environments, which has been established over decades. They better understand natural sources, and from that evolved novel systems of practices, they benefit.
This is the time to secure our knowledge of natural resources to conserve them, and they provide roots to identify promising drugs and products without side effects. The present study also stands to prove the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The authors gratefully acknowledge and thank the rural people residing at Pathinettamkottai village and the surrounding Sivagangai district of Tamil Nadu. For providing valuable information about ethnomedicinal plants and their application in the various illness and human needs
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest
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How to cite this article:
Ganeshmoorthy T, Prabha MR and Karthiyayini R: Folklore medicinal knowledge of the peoples in Pathinettamkottai village, Sivagangai district, Tamil Nadu, India. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2022; 13(12): 5183-89. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.13(12).5183-89.
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IJPSR
T. Ganeshmoorthy, M. Rama Prabha * and R. Karthiyayini
Department of Botany, Thiagarajar College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.
ramaprabha_bot@tcarts.in
14 July 2022
08 September 2022
14 September 2022
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.13(12).5183-89
01 December 2022
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