GC-MS ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCOMPONENTS IN JUICE SAMPLE OF INDIAN CANE: SACCHARUM BARBERI

GC-MS ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCOMPONENTS IN JUICE SAMPLE OF INDIAN CANE: SACCHARUM BARBERI

Manish Dev Sharma ^{1, 2*}, Indra Rautela ¹, Nishesh Sharma¹, Manoj Gahlot ² and Eapen P Koshy ¹

Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering ¹, Jacob School of Biotechnology, Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Science, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Department of Life Sciences ², Faculty of Biotechnology, Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Technology and Science, Dehradun Uttarakhand, India.

ABSTRACT: Sugarcane is the major cash crop of the Indian tropical and sub-tropical region. Mostly the foremost part of Indian economy is based on sugarcane crop, which is cultivated major state in India. Phyto-components are the compound that occurred in plant naturally and play important role for biologically activity (Anti fungal, Anti cancer Anti diabetic etc), to prevent the many disease, scavenging and chelating the free radicals. In the present study we identified the phytocomponent presence in juice sample of Mungo 254 (Saccharum barberi) through GC-MS analysis. The major compound sucrose (30.64%) with retention time 12.18 and lower percentage compound was Pentanal, 2-methyl (0.10%) with 6.48 retention time. The identified compounds having biological and pharmacological activity such as Antimicrobial, Antifungal, Anticancer, Antioxidant, Antimutagenic and Hypercholesterolemic etc

Saccharum barberi, GC-MS, Phytocomponent

INTRODUCTION: Sugarcane belongs to the grass family (Poaceae) and is a long duration, high water and high nutrient-demanding crop which ranks amongst world’s best biomass producer apart from contributing to ~95% of the global sugar pool thereby accounting for 80% of sugar produced. Sugarcane is a tropical, perennial grass that forms lateral shoots at the base to produce multiple stems, typically 3-4m high and about 5 cm in diameter. Sugarcane originated from tropical South and Southeast Asia but different species originated in different locations, with Saccharum barberi originating  in India so also called “India cane”. ¹

Sugarcane is an important crop, as it is renewable and a natural agricultural resource providing sugar, bio-fuel, fibre, fertilizer and myriad of by products/co-products with ecological sustainability. The other products directly or indirectly obtained from sugarcane are used for making white sugar, brown sugar (Khandsari), Jaggery (Gur) and ethanol. The main by-products of sugar industry are bagasse (used in paper industry) and molasses (for making ethanol). Sugarcane juice is usually common beverage and commercialised from the cane by using mils and it can be used as nutritional supplement. ²

The role of phytocomponents in protecting tissues and cells against destructive effects of free radicals has been greatly studied. The market in India for antioxidant rich supplements, fortified drinks and snacks has now advanced well into the mainstream, with products like green tea, antioxidant enriched drinks, health bars, powder drink mixes, etc. The by-product of sugarcane industry, blackstrap molasses, has been recognized for its therapeutic properties. Considering, these aspects it becomes worthwhile to have a deeper insight for antioxidant properties of sugarcane.

Gas Chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) provides a powerful tool for identifying the various compound presences in the sample. GC separate mixture in to individual components and the MS detects components or molecules on the basis of their charged ion and mass to charge ratio.

The objective of the present study was to GC-MS analysis of juice sample from the selected plant for the identification of phyto-components and their relation to biological and pharmacological activity.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Collection of Plant Material:

Sugarcane cultivar Mungo 254 (Saccharum barberi) was procured from G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Uttrakhand in the month of September 2013.

Preparation of juice sample:

To obtain the juice sample from Mungo 254 sugarcane plant, the mature cane was crushed in cane crusher. Juice (100ml) of sugarcane was then dried in lyophilizer (Labconco, USA) under reduced pressure to obtain the powder form and dissolved in n-hexane.

GC-MS analysis of the sample:

GC-MS analysis of this sample was performed using a regular Perkin Elmer Auto System XL GC-MS analyzer. For GC-MS detection, an electron ionization energy system with ionization energy of 70eV was used. Helium gas (99.999%) was used as the carrier gas at a constant flow rate of 1.51 ml/min and an injection volume of 2μl was employed. Total GC running time was 22 min. Software adopted to handle mass spectra and chromatograms were Turbo Mass.

Identification of compounds was based on the molecular structure, molecular mass and calculated fragments. Interpretation on mass spectrum GC-MS was conducted using the database of NIST (National Institute Standard and Technology) having more than 62,000 patterns and Wiley library. The name, molecular weight and structure of the components of the test materials were ascertained by correlating with the library. The relative percentage amount of each component was calculated by comparing its average peak area to the total areas.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION: GC-MS analysis of n- hexane juice extract obtained from Mungo 254 (Saccharum barberi) revealed the presence of 30 phytochemical compounds as depicted by 30 respective peaks for each compound in GC-MS chromatogram (Table 1, Fig.1, 2). Some compound sucrose (30.64%), 2-3-Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone (18.77), furancarboxaldehyde 5-(hydroxymethyl) (14.90) and 9-Octadecenoic acid (13.10) with retention time 12.18, 15.12, 14.90 and 18.13 respectively. Lower percentage compound were identified Pentanal, 2-methyl (0.10%), syringol (0.22), oleic acid (0.20) with retention time 6.48, 9.49 and 19.316 respectively.

The compounds present were of different classes such as steroids, acids, phytosterols, alkaloids, ketones, ester, etc. Among different compounds identified Isosorbide Dinitrate, 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2, 3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-, 2-Desoxy-ribose, Oleic Acid and  n-Hexadecanoic acid were found to be present in large amount as compared to other compounds based upon the peak areas of the compounds. Also, among these compounds, sucrose was the most abundant (30.64%) compound identified.

TABLE 1: IDENTIFIED COMPOUND, AREA AND RETENTION TIME OF PEAK OF SUGARCANE JUICE SAMPLE MUNGO 254 (SACCHARUM BARBERI).

FIG.1: GC-MS CHROMATOGRAM OF JUICE SAMPLE OF MUNGO 254 (SACCHARUM BARBERI)

FIG.2: WORD MASS SPECTRUM SOME COMPOUND PRESENCE IN JUICE SAMPLE.

Irrespective of the amount or concentration (high or low) in which these compounds were found to be present, almost all these compounds have been reported to possess some pharmacological or the other biological activity (Table 2).

TABLE 2: BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF IDENTIFIED COMPOUND IN JUICE SAMPLE OF MUNGO 254 (SACCHARUM BARBERI).

For instance, Syringol and 4-hydroxydihydro-2(3H)-furanone are known to possess antioxidant activities. Many phytochemical compounds identified such as, Tridemorph, ²⁷ Pentanal, 2-methyl, 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-, dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-, 4-hydroxydihydro-2(3H)-furanone, 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)- have been reported to be antimicrobial (antibacterial or antifungal) in nature. ^{7, 28} n-Hexadecanoic acid is a significantly important phytochemical compound, also found to be present in the extract and is known to have antioxidant, ^{14, 23} hypocholesterolemic, nematicide, pesticide, antiandrogenic, hemolytic,5-alpha reductase inhibitor activities. ¹⁰ Oleic has been reported to be effective in treatment of skin papillomas. ²⁶ 2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and Palmitic acid are two other biologically active compounds, which possess anti tumor and anticancerous properties. Isosorbide dinitrate has been reported to be utilized in vasodilator therapy of heart failure. ²⁹

Stearic acid is involved in lowering of plasma cholesterol levels. 1,2-Benzenediol possesses carcinogenic activity, ⁸ Levulinic acid is a Precursor to pharmaceuticals, Melamine possesses trypanocidal activity, ⁵ 1,2,3-Propanetriol, 1-acetate is anti-dipogenic in nature.

CONCLUSION: From the results obtained from GC-MS analysis of juice of sugarcane, it can be concluded that beside being sugar (carbon) source the plant also exhibits several biological and pharmaceutical properties which provide an insight to the medical value of sugarcane plant which can be further evaluated to optimize how the plant may be utilized to explore its medicinal potential.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors are sincerely thankful to Dr. Ajai Kumar, Advance Instrumentation Research facility, JNU Delhi for instrumentation support.

REFERENCES:

1. Roach BT:Nobilisation of sugarcane. Proceeding International Society of Sugar Cane Technology 1972; 14: 206-216.
2. Fava AR: Atletas ingerem garapa para repor energia. Jornal da UNICAMP 2004: Campinas, 3 a 9 maio Available at: http://www.unicamp.br/unicamp/ unicamp_hoje/ju/maio2004/ju250pag8a.html
3. chemicalbook.com CAS Data Base.
4. Sung WS, Jung HJ, Park K, Kim HS, Lee IS and Lee DG: 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (DMHF); antimicrobial compound with cell cycle arrest in nosocomial pathogens. Life Sciences 2007; 80(6): 586-591.
5. Stewart ML, Bueno GJ, Baliani A, Klenke B, Brun R, Brock Gilbert IH and Barrett MP: Trypanocidal Activity of Melamine-Based Nitroheterocycles. American society for microbiology 2004; 10: 724-732.
6. Srinivasulu M and Rangaswamy V: Activities of invertase and cellulase as influenced by the application of tridemorph and captan to groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) soil. African Journal of Biotechnology 2006; 5(2): 175-180.
7. Jananie RK, Priya V and Vijayalakshmi K: Determination of Bioactive components of cynodon dactylon by GC-MS Analysis. New York Science Journal 2011; 4(4):16-20.
8. Klingler FD and Ebertz W: Oxocarboxylic Acid in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 2005
9. Rajasekaran M, Archana R and Raviprasadh R: GC/MS analysis and identification of phytochemicals present in the leaves of Beloperone plumbaginifolia (Jacq.) Nees. International Journal of Bio-engineering Science and Technology 2012; 3(2): 134-138.
10. Mathur M and Kamal R: Studies on trigonelline from Moringa oleifera and its in vitro regulation by feeding precursor in cell cultures. Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy 2011; 3(2):123-132
11. Sarada K, Margret RJ and Mohan VR: GC-MS Determination of bioactive components of Naringi crenulate (Roxb) Nicolson. International Journal of Chem Tech Research 2011; 3(3): 1548-1555.
12. List of prohibited and restricted cosmetic ingredients, health environment and consumer safety branch Health Canada 2007
13. Kalaiselvan A, Gokulakrishnan K and Anand T: Gas chromatography-Mass spectrum analysis of bioactive components of the ethanol extract of Andrographis paniculate. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences 2012; 20(15): 1-3.
14. Oskoueian E, Abdullah N, Ahmad S, Saad WZ, Omar AR and Ho YW: Bioactive compound and biological activities of Jatropha curcas kernel meal Extarct. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2011; 12: 5955-5970.
15. Cohen SP , Levy SB , Foulds J and Rosner JL:  Salicylate induction of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli: activation of the mar operon and a mar-independent pathway. Journal of Bacteriology 1993; 175(24): 7856-7862.
16. Walker R: Draft on Allyl hexanoate INCHEM Department of Biochemistry University of Surrey, England 1989.
17. Dixit S and Singh RK: Some new derivatives of organozirconium (IV) with pyridinedicarboxylic Acids. E-Journal of Chemistry 2012; 9(2): 744-748.
18. Behtoel H, Amini J, Javadi T and Sadeghi A: Composition and in vitro antifungal activity of Bunium persicum, Carum coptium and Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oils. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2012; 6(37): 5069-5076.
19. Lingbin Z: An investigation on the bioactive properties of the chemical components and endophytic fungi of Cephalotaxus oliveri Mast Ph.D thesis submitted department of biology and chemistry, city university of Hong Kong. 2011
20. Sangeetha J and Vijayalakshmi K: Determination of Bioactive components of ethyl acetate fraction of Punica granatum Ring extract. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2011; 3(2): 116-122.
21. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases available at http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke
22. Moharram AM, Mostafa EM and Ismail MA: Chemical profile of Monascus ruber strains. Food Technology and Biotechnology 2012; 50(4) 490-499
23. Vasudevan A, Kalarickal V, and Pradeep KM: Anti-inflammatory property of n-hexadecanoic acid: structural evidence and kinetic assessment. Chemical Biology Drug Design 2012; 80: 434-439.

24. Osotoso AE, Kenneth E and Mkparu KI: Chemometric profiling of methanolic leaf extract of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Euphorbiaceae) using UV- VIS, FTIR and GC-MS techniques. Peak Journal of Medicinal Plant Research 2014; 2(1): 6-12.
25. Jain SC, Pancholi B and Jain R: Antimicrobial, free radical scavenging activities and chemical composition of peltophorum pterocarpum baker ex K. Heyne stem extract. Der Pharm Chemica 2012; 4(5): 2073-2079.
26. Gustafsson L, Leijonhufvud I, Aronsson A, Mossberg A and Svanborg C: Treatment of Skin Papillomas with Topical α-Lactalbumin–Oleic Acid. New England Journal of Medicine 2004; 350: 2663-2672.
27. Banerjee A and Banerjee AK: Effect of the fungicides tridemorph and vinclozolin on soil microorganism and nitrogen metabolism. Folia Microbial 1991; 36(6): 567-571.
28. Kim AR, Zou Y, Kim HS, Choi JS, Chang GY, KimYJ and Chung HY: Selective peroxynitrite scavenging activity of 3-methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione from coffee extract. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2010; 54(10): 1385-1392.
29. Cohn JN, Archibald DG, Francis GS, Ziesche S, Franciosa JA, Harston WE, Tristani FE, Dunkman WB, Jacobs W and Flohr KH: Veterans Administration Cooperative Study on Vasodilator Therapy of Heart Failure: influence of prerandomization variables on the reduction of mortality by treatment with hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate. Circulation1987; 75(5): 49-54.
    

    ---

    How to cite this article:

    Sharma MD, Rautela I, Sharma N, Gahlot M and Koshy EP: GC-MS Analysis of Phytocomponents in Juice Sample of Indian Cane: Saccharum Barberi. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2015; 6(12): 5147-53. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(12).5147-53.

    ---

    All © 2013 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

    ---