GC-MS PROFILING OF AQUEOUS AND METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF MEYNA LAXIFLORA ROBYNS FRUIT PULP

GC-MS PROFILING OF AQUEOUS AND METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF MEYNA LAXIFLORA ROBYNS FRUIT PULP

Thoudam Bhaigyabati, Suchitra Sanasam and Loitongbam Ranjit Singh *

Department of Chemistry, Imphal College, Kwakeithel, Airport Road, Imphal, Manipur, India.

ABSTRACT: Medicinal plants are of great importance to researchers in the field of pharmacology as most pharmaceutical industries depend on medicinal plant for their raw materials. Meyna laxiflora belongs to the family Rubaceae and is well known for its medicinal properties. The present study was carried out in continuation of our previous findings to determine the possible bioactive components present in the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Meyna laxiflora fruit pulp. The gas chromatography - Mass spectrometry was used for identification of the bioactive compounds in the extracts and the spectrums of unknown compounds were compared with the compounds stored in the National Institute of Standards and Technology Mass Spectral database (NIST). The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 37 peaks in aqueous extract among these 19 were found to be major compounds while that of methanolic extract showed 24 peaks of which 15 were found to be major compounds. Hence, the present study has generated baseline data for further characterization of fruit pulp extract of this plant.

Keywords: Meyna laxiflora, GC-MS, Fruit pulp

INTRODUCTION: Medicinal plants are the major source of bioactive secondary metabolites. They possess phytoconstituents having biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, antifungal, and antibacterial ¹.  The plants are used to cure several illness and manage various pathogenic agents. Phyto-chemicals that are considered as bioactive compounds in plants have been confirmed to be safe, effective, relatively cheap, and recently predicted as a suitable substitute to antibiotics ². Geographically, Meyna laxiflora is distributed in tropical and subtropical regions.

They are small or medium size trees. In India, it is found mainly in North-east, West Bengal, Western UP and Deccan Peninsula etc ³. In ancient times different parts of the plant were used in the treatment of boils, dysentery, diphtheria etc ^{3, 4}. Dry fruits are also consumed in case of constipation, to control diabetes and as narcotics ^{3, 5}. It is also used as abortifacient ^{3, 6}. Fruits are fleshy dupes, smooth globose with 4-5 one-seeded pyrenes, oblong-reniform shape. They are green in colour at maturity and yellow brownish at the ripe stage. Ripe fruits are edible.

Fruit size is 3-7 cm in diameter. Fruiting pedicel is 1.6-2 cm long. Seeds are albuminous with a membranous testa. Fruit set occurs during March-April and attains ripens maturity and ripen during May-July ⁷. From ancient times in Manipur, oil extract from fruit pulp is applied on skin to prevent skin from dryness. The preparation of jam from this fruit has been successfully standardized by Dhodade et al., 2019 ⁸. Among the tribes of Khasi and Jaintia, fresh ripened fruits are eaten as a dessert. The ripened fruits are also used for wine preparation. The wine prepared from this fruit showed unique colour and aroma ⁷.

Preliminary phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of the aqueous and methanolic extracts of M. laxiflora fruit pulp was done in the earlier part of our study and was reported ⁹. Methanolic and aqueous extraction coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been widely used to identify phytochemicals of pharmacological significance. Gas chromatography – Mass spectrometry is an important technique that has been used to assess different phytoconstituents in various plant extracts with their structures. This technique has superior separation potency that leads to produce a high accuracy and precision of chemical fingerprint. Moreover, quantitative data along with the coupled mass spectral database can be given by GC-MS that is of tremendous value for achieving the correlation between bioactive compounds and their applications in pharmacology ¹⁰. In continuation of our previous findings, GC-MS profiling of aqueous and methanolic extracts of M. laxiflora fruit pulp was analyzed in the present study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fruits of Meyna laxiflora were collected from Imphal West district of Manipur, Northeast India. Identification of plant specimen was done by L. Somarjit Singh, retired Associate Professor, Department of Botany, Imphal College, Imphal. The plant samples were washed with tap water and then rinsed with distilled water and shade dried. Fruit pulp was separated out from seed then dried separately and ground into fine powder.

Sample Preparation for GC-MS Analysis: Gas Chromatography mass spectrum analysis was done using GCMS-QP2010 Ultra at Aakaar Biotechnologies Private Limited, Lucknow.

Aqueous Extract: 1gm of sample was taken and mixed with 100 ml of demineralized water. The sample mixture was boiled until the volume is reduced to 25ml in conical flask. Then extract was centrifuged at 6000rpm for 5 min to get the clear supernatant. The extract was completely dried in the oven at 40-60°C. Extract were collected in micro centrifuge tube and stored at 4°C.

Methanol Extract: 1 gm of samples was taken and mixed with 10 ml of solvent (absolute methanol). The sample mixture was incubated on a rocker shaker for 24 hours. Then the extract was filtered through Whatman filter paper 1 and the extract was completely dried in the oven at 40°C. Extract were collected in micro centrifuge tube and stored at 4°C.

10 µl of sample (40mg/ml) was taken in a separating funnel and shaken by adding 10 ml of water and ethyl acetate in the ratio of 1:3 (add 2.5 µl water to 7.5 µl Ethyl Acetate). Upper layer was collected and concentrated to 1 ml in the rotary evaporator. 50 µl N, O-Bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide and trimethylchlorosilane (BSTFA+TMCS) were added and then finally 10µl of Pyridine was also added. For BSTFA+TMCS, make 100µl solution of 99µl of BSTFA and 1µl of TMCS. Samples were transferred in GC vial and dried using nitrogen gas. Finally, samples were dissolved in methanol before GC-MS analysis. Acquired samples were programmed as described below.

Analytical conditions are ion source temperature: 220°C, interface temperature: 270°C, column oven temperature: 120°C, injection temperature: 260°C, split injection volume: 2 µl, flow control mode: linear velocity,  pressure: 99.3 kPa, total flow: 16.3 mL/min, column flow: 1.21 mL/min  linear velocity: 41.3 cm/sec, purge flow: 3.0 mL/min, split ratio: 10.0, high pressure injection OFF, carrier gas saver OFF, Carrier Gas: Helium, splitter hold OFF, oven temperature program: rate: 10.00, temperature : 300°C, hold time: 20 min, solvent cut time: 3.50 min, detector gain mode: relative, detector gain: +0.00 kV, threshold: 1000. MS start time: 4.30 min,   end time: 30 min, ACQ mode: Scan, event time: 0.20sec, scan speed: 3333, start m/z: 40.00 and end m/z: 650.00.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of aqueous and methanol extracts of fruit pulp of M. laxiflora indicates the presence of many phytochemicals as reported earlier. The total phenolic content in aqueous and methanolic fruit pulp extracts in terms of gallic acid equivalent was 94.18 and 129.54 mg/g of extract respectively and that of total flavonoid content was 19.51 μg/100g and 51.70 μg/100g of dried extract in terms of quercetin equivalent. The total antioxidant activity assay indicates a dose dependent manner with methanol extract having higher activity than aqueous extract ⁹.

GC-MS analysis of aqueous and methanolic fruit pulp extracts of M. laxiflora revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds having medicinal properties and is shown in Table 1 and 2 respectively. GC-MS chromatogram of aqueous and methanolic fruit pulp extracts of M. laxiflora are illustrated in Fig. 1 and 2.

The GC–MS chromatogram of aqueous and methanolic fruit pulp extracts of Meyna laxiflora recorded a total of 36 peaks and 24 peaks respectively corresponding to the bioactive compounds that were recognized by relating their peak retention time, peak area (%), height (%) and mass spectral fragmentation patterns to that of the known compounds described by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library.

FIG. 1: GC-MS CHROMATOGRAM OF M. LAXIFLORA AQUEOUS FRUIT PULP EXTRACT

FIG. 2: GC-MS CHROMATOGRAM OF M. LAXIFLORA METHANOLIC FRUIT PULP EXTRACT

GCMS results showed the plant extracts had many compounds, and a literature review showed that some of the compounds had pharmacological properties. For example, some of the aqueous extract compounds reported in the literature had anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antidepressant anxiolytic, antipyretic, antiulcer and antiarthritic activities. On the other hand, some compounds from methanol extract reported in the literature had anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.  Review of the literature about the M. laxiflora fruit pulp showed that there was no report on GC-MS-based plant metabolic characterization of its bioactive compounds. Therefore, the study has generated baseline data for further studies of the M. laxiflora fruit pulp. Major compound indentified in the aqueous fruit pulp extract of M. laxiflora are namely 1-Decanol,2-Methyl; 1-Octanol,2-Butyl; Trans-2-Dodecen-1-Ol,Trifluoroacetate; Hexadecanoic Acid, Methyl Ester; Octadecanoic Acid, 2-Propenyl Ester; 9,12 Octadecadienoyl Chloride,(Z,Z); Eicosanoic Acid, Methyl Ester; Glycidyl Palmitate; Hexadecanoic Acid, 1-(Hydroxymethyl)-1, 2-Ethanediyl Ester; Octadecanoic Acid,3-Oxo-, Ethyl Ester;  D-Ribose, 2-Deoxy-Bis (Thioheptyl)-Dithioacetal; Eicosanal-; 6-Ethyl-3-Decanol, TMS Derivative; Hexadecanoic Acid, 2,3-Bis[(Trimethylsilyl); 1-Monopalmitin, 2TMS Derivative; 1,3,5-Trisilacyclohexane; 2-Ethylbutyric Acid, Eicosyl Ester; 2 Hydroxyethyl Palmitate, TMS Derivative and Stigmast-5-En-3-Ol,(3.Beta.). GC-MS result for aqueous fruit pulp extract of M. laxiflora revealed that among the 19 major compounds Stigmast-5-En-3-Ol, (3.Beta.) had the highest retention time and the highest molecular weight while D-Ribose, 2-Deoxy-Bis (Thioheptyl)-Dithioacetal had the highest peak area.

TABLE 1: MAJOR COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN THE AQUEOUS FRUIT PULP EXTRACT OF MEYNA LAXIFLORA

Peak Report of Aqueous Extract of Meyna laxiflora fruit pulp
Sl. no.	Name of the compound	RT	Area %	MW (g/mol)	MF	Structure	Medicinal uses
1.	1-Decanol,2-Methyl	11.551	1.83	172.31	C11H24O		A precursor for the synthesis of biologically active compound Antioxidant 11
2.	1-Octanol,2-Butyl-	12.219	2.77	116.20	C12H26O		Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism. It has a role as a human metabolite. Used in the production of surfactants, emulsifiers, and cosmetics formulations due to its emulsifying properties. It is used to improve the wetting properties and effectiveness in cleaning products and also helps improve the efficacy of herbicides and insecticides by enhancing their ability to spread and penetrate 12,13
3.	Trans-2-Dodecen-1-Ol, Trifluoroacetate	13.373	1.07	280.33	C14H23F3O2		Unknown
4.	Hexadecanoic Acid, Methyl Ester	14.085	5.23	280.33	C17H34O2		Antioxidant, mematicide, insecticide, lubricant, antiandrogenic, hemolytic, hypo –cholesterolemic 11, antibacterial and antifungal activities 14 reducing blood cholesterol, and anti-inflammatory agent 15 Nematicide, pesticide, antiarthritic, antitumor, anticoronary, hepatoprotective 16
5.	OctadecanoicAcid,2-PropenylEster	15.547	1.21	324.54	C21H40O2		Antibacterial activity 11
6.	9,12-OctadecadienoylChloride,(Z,Z)	15.784	2.18	298.9	C18H31ClO		Antioxidant properties 17
7.	Eicosanoic Acid, Methyl Ester	16.018	1.07	326.55	C21H42O2		Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors activity 18
8.	Glycidyl Palmitate	17.540	1.25	312.5	C19H36O3		Antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities, used in preparation of isophosphatidic acid which inhibits apoptosis 19, 20
9.	HexadecanoicAcid,1-(Hydroxymethyl)-1,2-EthanediylEster	18.312	1.05	581.0	C35H68O5		Antioxidant 11
10.	OctadecanoicAcid,3-Oxo-,EthylEster	18.990	9.07	326.5	C20H38O3		Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities 11
11.	D-Ribose,2-Deoxy-Bis(Thioheptyl)-Dithioacetal	19.138	30.47	380.7	C19 H40O3S2		Unknown
12.	Eicosanal-	19.475	1.10	296.53	C20H40O		Antioxidant, antidepressant and anxiolytic 11
13.	6-Ethyl-3-Decanol, TMS Derivative	19.582	1.20	186.33	C12H26O		Antimicrobial 21
14.	HexadecanoicAcid,2,3-Bis[(Trimethylsilyl)	19.662	12.94	474.9	C25H54O4Si2		Unknown
15.	1-Monopalmitin,2TMSDerivative	19.796	1.31	474.86	C25H54O4Si2		Antioxidant 11
16.	1,3,5-Trisilacyclohexane	20.544	4.88	126.3	C3H6Si3		Unknown
17.	2-Ethylbutyric Acid,Eicosyl Ester	20.701	4.30	396.7	C26H52O2		Unknown
18.	2-Hydroxyethyl Palmitate,TMS Derivative	21.147	4.27	300.5	C18H36O3		Unknown
19.	Stigmast-5-En-3-Ol, (3.Beta.)	23.904	1.43	681.2	C29H50O		Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic, Anti-ulcer, Antiarthritic 11

MF: Molecular Formula, MW: Molecular Weight, RT: Retention Time

Major compound indentified in the methanolic fruit pulp extract of M. laxiflora viz. Methyl 11-(2,3-Dideuterocyclopentan-1-Yl) Undecanoate; 1,1-Dideutero Hexadecanol; Octadecanoic Acid,2-Propenyl Ester; 9-Octadecenoic Acid(Z)-, Methyl Ester; Heneicosanoic Acid, Methyl Ester; Octadecanoic Acid, 2-Propenyl Ester;  Octadecanoic Acid, 3-Oxo-, Ethyl Ester; D-Ribose,2-Deoxy-Bis(Thioheptyl)-Dithioacetal; 3-Hydroxypropyl Palmitate, TMS Derivative; Octadecanoic Acid,-Oxo-, Ethyl Ester; 2-Ethylbutyric Acid, Heptadecyl Ester; 1-S-Hexyl-1-Thio-D-Glucitol; Spirost-5-En-3-Ol, Acetate, (3Beta, 25R)-; Cholest-1-Eno[2,1-A] Naphthalene, 3', 4'-Dihydro- and 5Alpha – Hydroxy - 6Beta -Methyltigogenin.

TABLE 2: MAJOR COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN THE METHANOLIC FRUIT PULP EXTRACT OF MEYNA LAXIFLORA

Peak Report of Methanolic Extract of Meyna laxiflora fruit pulp
Sl. no.	Name of the compound	RT	Area %	MW (g/mol)	MF	Structure	Medicinal uses
1.	Methyl 11-(2,3-Dideuterocyclopentan-1-Yl) Undecanoate	14.098	6.45	280.4	C17H28O3		A precursor for the synthesis of biologically active compound Antioxidant 11
2.	1,1-          DideuteroHexadecanol	14.313	1.19	242.44	C16H34O		Metabolite observed in cancer metabolism. It has a role as a human metabolite. Used in the production of surfactants, emulsifiers, and cosmetics formulations due to its emulsifying properties. It is used to improve the wetting properties and effectiveness in cleaning products and also helps improve the efficacy of herbicides and insecticides by enhancing their ability to spread and penetrate 12,13
3.	OctadecanoicAcid,2-PropenylEster	15.559	1.68	324.54	C21H40O2		Unknown
4.	9-OctadecanoicAcid(Z)-,MethylEster	15.793	1.98	296.48	C19H36O2		Antioxidant, mematicide, insecticide, lubricant, antiandrogenic, hemolytic, hypo –cholesterolemic 11, antibacterial and antifungal  activities 14 reducing blood cholesterol, and anti-inflammatory agent 15 Nematicide, pesticide, antiarthritic, antitumor, anticoronary, hepatoprotective 16
5.	HeneicosanoicAcid,MethylEster	16.028	1.19	340.58	C22H44O2		Antibacterial activity 11
6.	OctadecanoicAcid,2-PropenylEster	17.360	1.96	324.54	C21H40O2		Antioxidant properties 17
7.	OctadecanoicAcid,3-Oxo-, EthylEster	18.991	14.40	326.5	C20H38O3		Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors activity 18
8.	D-Ribose,2-Deoxy-Bis(Thioheptyl)-Dithioacetal	19.141	32.15	380.7	C19 H40O3S2		Antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal activities, used in preparation of isophosphatidic acid which inhibits apoptosis 19, 20
9.	3-HydroxypropylPalmitate, TMS Derivative	19.669	7.04	386.7	C22H46O3Si		Antioxidant 11
10.	OctadecanoicAcid,3-Oxo-,Ethyl Ester	20.546	10.32	326.5	C20H38O3		Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities 11
11.	2-Ethylbutyric Acid, Heptadecyl Ester	20.774	8.40	354.61	C23H46O2		Unknown
12.	Spirost-5-En-3-Ol, Acetate,(3.Beta.,25R)-	23.634	1.21	352.5	C29H44O4		Antioxidant, antidepressant and anxiolytic 11
13.	Cholest-1-Eno[2,1-A]Naphthalene,3',4'-Dihydro-	23.906	1.69	472.8	C35H52		Antimicrobial 21
14.	5Alpha-Hydroxy-6Beta-Methyltigogenin	26.062	1.16	446.7	C28H46O4		Unknown
15.	Methyl 11-(2,3-Dideuterocyclopentan-1-Yl) Undecanoate	14.098	6.45	280.4	C17H28O3		Antioxidant 11

MF: Molecular Formula, MW: Molecular Weight, RT: Retention Time

Whereas GC-MS result for methanolic fruit pulp extract of M. laxiflora showed that among the 24 compounds 5Alpha - Hydroxy - 6Beta – Methyl -tigogenin had the highest retention time, Cholest-1-Eno[2,1-A] Naphthalene,3',4'-Dihydro- had the highest molecular weight and D-Ribose,2-Deoxy-Bis(Thioheptyl)-Dithioacetal had the highest peak area.

CONCLUSION: The GC-MS profiling of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Meyna laxiflora fruit pulp revealed the presence of bioactive compounds with important medicinal properties. The present investigation concluded that the aqueous and methanolic extracts have 19 and 15 major compounds respectively. Hence, the presence of these phytochemicals could be responsible for the therapeutic effects of the plant as practiced by our local traditional healers. There is no report on GC-MS-based plant metabolic characterization of Meyna laxiflora fruit pulp till date. Therefore, the study has generated baseline data for further characterization of fruit pulp extract of this plant.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We are thankful to the Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India for financial assistance and also to L. Somarjit Singh, retired Associate Professor, Department of Botany, Imphal College for identification of the plant specimen.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Nil

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    How to cite this article:

    Bhaigyabati T, Sanasam S and Singh LR: GC-MS profiling of aqueous and methanolic extract of Meyna laxiflora robyns fruit pulp. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2025; 16(6): 1608-15. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.16(6).1608-15.

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