INDIRECT ORGANOGENESIS OF CLEOME GYNANDRA L. USING LEAF EXPLANTS – AN IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANT

INDIRECT ORGANOGENESIS OF CLEOME GYNANDRA L. USING LEAF EXPLANTS – AN IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANT

I. Sudan and A. V. P. Karthikeyan ^*

P.G. & Research Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Karur - 639005, Tamil Nadu, India.

ABSTRACT: The present study was developed a suitable protocol for callus induction and plant regeneration of Cleome gynandra L. from leaf explants. Callus was initiated from leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentration and combinations of plant growth regulators. They are using (5-25 µM) of BAP (6-benzyladenine), KN (kinetin), and TDZ (thidiazuron) cytokinins along with (2-10 µM) different auxins [NAA (α-naphthalene acetic acid), IAA (indole-3 acetic acid), IBA (indole-3-butyric acid)]. Maximum regenerative callus (95%) was observed on TDZ + NAA (10 µM + 2 µM). Organogenic calli were transferred to shoot induction medium containing a different concentration of cytokinins (BAP, KIN, TDZ) ranging from 5-25 µM. Among the cytokinins tested BAP 10 µM produced number of shoots (35.2) with maximum shoot induction frequency (98%). Isolated shoots were carefully transferred to half-strength MS medium supplemented with auxins (IAA, IBA, and NAA) ranging from 2-10 µM. The maximum numbers of roots (8.8) were observed on 4 µM IBA. The rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatization.

C. gynandra, Callus, Indirect organogenesis, TDZ, NAA and IBA

INTRODUCTION: Cleome gynandra L. (C. gynandra) belongs to the family Cleomaceae and it is commonly called as “spider flower or Cat’s whiskers.” It is a well-known medicinal plant which is mainly used as a traditional medicine ¹. The seeds, leaves, and roots of the plant are widely used in traditional folk medicine as an analgesic, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory activities. The paste of plant has been used in rheumatism, neuralgia, headache, and stiff neck. The warm juice is a popular remedy for ear and skin disease, whereas fresh juice of leaves is applied externally during pyorrhea ^{2, 3}.

It has the metabolically active secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, etc. most of these chemicals posses scientifically proven free radical scavenging activity ^{4, 5, 6}. In most of the countries, there will be a drastic demand for the medicinally important plant material because of the exploitation and increasing urbanization. Therefore, in-vitro propagation is the only alternative way for the rapid regeneration of plants under aseptic culture conditions.

To grow the genetically identical copies of plants with desirable characteristics, a callus is used. The in-vitro propagation technique is found to be an alternative method because it offers a supply of biochemical independent of season and availability of plants ^{7, 8, 9}. Earlier, there have been few reports on the establishment of in-vitro propagation through nodal explants of Cleome gynandra ¹⁰. The present communication deals with the development of a rapid regeneration system for indirect organogenesis through leaf explants of Cleome gynandra.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Collection of Plant Material: Young leaves of C. gynandra from field plant were used as explants and were collected from the roadside of thanthonimalai, Karur. The leaves were washed in tap water for some time and disinfected with 0.1% (w/v) mercuric chloride (HgCl₂) for 5 min followed by thorough rinsing in autoclaved distilled water for at least 7- 8 times.

Preparation of Culture: The leaves were thoroughly washed with running tap water to remove all the dust particles followed by three rinses with sterile double distilled water. To eliminate other contamination explants were rinsed with 70% alcohol for 1 min followed by distilled water washing twice. The explants were then treated with 0.1% (w/v) mercuric chloride for 3-5 min under aseptic conditions. After this explants were then thoroughly washed 4-5 times with sterilized double distilled water to remove the traces of mercuric chloride ¹¹.

Preparation of Culture Media: MS medium was fortified with 30 g/l sucrose (Himedia, India) and gelled with 0.8% agar (Himedia, India), and the pH of the medium was adjusted to 5.8 by adding 0.1 N NaOH or 0.1N HCl ¹². The medium was dispensed in the culture tube and autoclaved at 121 °C, for 30 min. All the cultures were maintained in a sterilized culture room at 25 ± 2 °C, under 16 h photoperiods provided by cool white fluorescent with 55-60% relative humidity. The cultures were sub-cultured on the fresh medium after 15-20 days.

Callus Initiation: Explants of leaves (0.5 × 0.5 cm) were excised from prepared explant and placed horizontally on MS medium. In this experiment, we study the effects of cytokinins and auxins, both separately and in combination on callus initiation and proliferation.

They are 5-25 µM of BAP (6-benzyladenine), KN (kinetin), and TDZ (thidizauron) along with (2-10µM) different auxins [NAA (α-naphthalene acetic acid), IAA (indole-3 acetic acid), IBA (indole-3-butyric acid)]. These culture conditions were used in all the experiments mentioned below unless stated. Data of frequency (%) of callus formation and its fresh weight were recorded after 4 weeks of culture.

Shoot Organogenesis from Callus: Well-established, hard and compact callus (0.5 g fresh weight) were grown on MS medium supplemented with BAP (5-25 µM), KN (5-25 µM), and TDZ (5-25µM) for shoot organogenesis. Cultures were transferred on fresh media after 20^th day of inoculation.

Formation of Adventitious Root: Regenerated shoots (3-5 cm long) obtained from micro-propagated plantlets were cultured on MS basal medium fortified with either of IBA, NAA, or IAA (2-10 µM) for adventitious rooting. Data were recorded on percentage of rooting, number, and length of the roots after 4 weeks of transfer onto the rooting media.

Statistical Analysis: The experimental data were recorded and subjected to the factorial design of analysis of variance (ANOVA) Table 3 and 4 and Duncan multiple range tests calculated at the confidence level of P <0.05. ¹³

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Leaf explants of the C. gynandra were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentration (5-25 µM) of cytokinins and auxins Fig. 1a-c. Among the different concentration of cytokininis and auxins 92 % of green nodular callus was observed in 10 µM of TDZ Table 1. The growth-promoting activity of thidiazuron was accompanied by high acid-phosphate level ¹⁴ and is stable and biologically active at low concentration than other cytokinins ¹⁵. The high efficiency of TDZ may be attributed to its ability to induce cytokinin accumulation or enhance the accumulation and translocation of auxin within the tissue ^{16, 17}. It was also recorded that TDZ combined with NAA (10 µM TDZ + 4 µM NAA) produced 95 % of green nodular callus Table 2. It is also reported that the combination of cytokinin and auxin stimulated the formation of regenerative callus in induction in teak ^{18, 19}.

The regenerated calli were transferred to MS basal media supplemented with BAP, KIN, and TDZ (5 –25µM) for shoot organogenesis Fig. 1d-f. The maximum number of shoots was observed from 10µM of BAP on the 4^th week after transferring the callus on shoot organogenesis media and the percentage was 98% of shoot induction with the maximum number of shoots (35.2 ± 0.42) and the average length of the shoot was 6.6 ± 1.66 cm was recorded. Similarly, 10µM of TDZ showed 90% percentage of shoot induction Fig. 1g, h with the maximum number of shoots (33.2 ± 0.41) and the average length of the shoot was 6.36 ± 1.66 cm Table 3.

FIG. 1: INDIRECT ORGANOGENESIS OF C. GYNANDRA THROUGH LEAF EXPLANTS.  a) Callus initiation; b – d) Callus proliferation; e & f) Shoot regeneration on callus; g & h) Shoot multiplication; i) Root initiation and multiplication

TABLE 1: EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON CALLUS INDUCTION OF C. GYNANDRA FROM LEAF EXPLANTS

TABLE 2: EFFECT OF DIFFERENT COMBINATION OF AUXIN AND CYTOKININS ON CALLUS INDUCTION OF C. GYNANDRA THROUGH LEAF EXPLANTS

TABLE 3: EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON SHOOT INDUCTION FROM REGENERATED CALLUS OF C. GYNANDRA  

Values with the different letters indicate significant differences at 5% level.

TABLE 4: EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON ROOT INDUCTION FROM REGENERATED SHOOTS OF C. GYNANDRA

Values with the different letters indicate significant differences at 5% level.

Proliferative features of cytokinins TDZ and BAP play various roles in plant development during the formation and activity of shoot meristems ^20-22. These cytokinins improve proliferative rates in different species. BAP is involved in the improvement of shoot proliferation and elongation ²³. The regenerated shoots (3-4 cm) were excised and transferred into half-strength MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of auxins (IAA, NAA and IBA) for rooting Fig. 1i. Among the different concentration of auxins 4 µM of IBA response as 90% of root induction, the number of roots per each medium as 8.8 ± 1.85 and the root length was recorded by the average of 7.32 ± 0.56 cm Table 4.

In the present study, the superiority of IBA over other auxins regarding in-vitro rooting is supported by the result of other studies in Ephedra gerardiana ²⁴, Commelina diffusa ²⁵ and Dendrobium chrysotoxum ²⁶, Cleome chelidonii ²⁷. The present investigation suggests that the IAA showed the least response in root formation. In comparison with other auxins, a similar observation was reported ²⁸. Tissue culture techniques can play an important role in clonal propagation of elite genotypes of has diverse medicinal applications and eventually due to overexploitation and irregular concern this plant is facing local extinction. The result of this study shows a fruitful indirect organogenesis protocol for C. gynandra through callus formation, shoot regeneration and successful regeneration of new plantlets.

CONCLUSION: This study suggested an effective protocol for indirect regeneration system for C. gynandra. This protocol is simple, easy to carry out and produced a large number of callus and plants for mass propagation in a short period of time. The in-vitro regenerated plants were further subject to analysis the bioactive compounds, which can be used in the pharmaceutical industries.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors wish to thank the University Grants Commission, New Delhi for providing financial assistance to carry out the Major Research Project on Cleome gynandra L. (F. No.: 43-143/2014(SR) dated 21.07.2015, University Grants Commission, New Delhi).

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION: Most of the experimental part of the work was done by the Research scholar I. Sudan. Dr. A.V.P. Karthikeyan, Guide and Principal Investigator of the UGC project, guided and monitored the experimental design, data compilation, and statistical analysis and corrected the manuscript.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors do not have any conflict of interest to declare.

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    How to cite this article:

    Sudan I and Karthikeyan AVP: Indirect organogenesis of Cleome gynandra L. using leaf explants – an important medicinal plant. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019; 10(9): 4287-92. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.10(9).4287-92.

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