MEDICATION ADHERENCE: AN OVERVIEW

Medication adherence is a critical determinant of therapeutic success, particularly in the long-term management of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Despite the availability of effective pharmacological therapies, non-adherence remains a widespread and under-recognized problem that significantly compromises clinical outcomes, increases healthcare utilization, and imposes a substantial economic burden. This work provides a comprehensive overview of medication adherence, encompassing its definition, phases, determinants, and associated clinical and economic consequences. An extensive literature review, supported by population-based observations and case-based evaluations, is used to examine adherence challenges among patients with diabetes. Clinical evidence demonstrates that poor adherence contributes to uncontrolled glycaemic levels, disease progression, increased hospitalizations, and higher mortality risk. The multifactorial nature of non-adherence is highlighted, involving patient-related, therapy-related, socio-economic, condition-related, and healthcare system factors. Evidence-based strategies to improve adherence including patient education, regimen simplification, motivational interviewing, technological interventions, reminder systems, and pharmacist-led follow-up are critically discussed. Emphasis is placed on the pivotal role of pharmacists in identifying non-adherence, addressing barriers, and delivering patient-centred interventions. Overall, this review underscores the need for structured, multidisciplinary, and patient-focused approaches to enhance medication adherence and optimize therapeutic outcomes in diabetes and other chronic conditions.