MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF TRADITIONAL INDIAN HERBAL PLANT OXALIS CORNICULATA: A REVIEW

MEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF TRADITIONAL INDIAN HERBAL PLANT OXALIS CORNICULATA: A REVIEW

M. Kubade and P. Shetti *

Department of Biotechnology, Kaher’s Dr. Prabhakar Kore Basic Science Research Centre, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.

ABSTRACT: Oxalis corniculata is a perennial weed which is found in both tropical and temperate climates, it grows in damp and shaded areas throughout the Himalayas and warmer regions of India. This herb, an invasive weed has a number of valuable secondary metabolites. Numerous research has demonstrated the advantages of Oxalis corniculata leaf extract. Its metabolite profile, phytochemical analysis and therapeutic potential of its leaf extract are reviewed. To find diverse research relating to the utilization of this plant extract, a bibliographic search was done. Known bioactive compounds include oleic, linolenic, linoleic, stearic and palmitic acids, tannins, volatile oil, proteins, amino acids, phenolic compounds, phytosterols, flavonoids and carbohydrates. Several reports have revealed that it is considered as a weed, yet leaf extract has a wide range of benefits because of its pharmacological actions. Several pharmaceutical actions comprise of antimicrobial, antioxidant, wound healing, antifungal, antidiabetic, anticancer, antidiarrheal, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antiamoebic, hepatoprotective, nematocidal and cardio-protective. This review paper summarizes all the medicinal aspect and remedial uses of Oxalis corniculata, a traditional Indian herbal plant belonging to family Oxalidaceae which can be used to treat various maladies and explore the bioactive potential of it.

Keywords: Oxalis corniculata, Phytochemical, therapeutic potential, Phytochemistry, pharmacology

INTRODUCTION: Nature provides a huge source of medicinal composites from plant life, and a remarkable quantity of recent medications were identified. The reason behind investigation were the drugs known for its traditional remedial uses. Nearly 80% of the world's residents have habitually faith on traditional medicines for their foremost well-being. These medicines continue to play a noteworthy role in healthcare ¹.

Medicinal plants are naturally occurring active components which are utilised to treat illness or reduce pain ². Most developing nations prefer traditional medicines and medicinal plants as therapeutic agents to retain good health ³. The World Health Organization specified that homeopathic floras ought to be the finest place for a variety of medications.

Subsequently, research must be done on herbs finding more about their traits, efficacy and safety ⁴. Ayurvedic medications are made from plants and plants products. India has been using this for a very long time. By identifying the morphological and pharmacological characteristics of these medicines, we can understand their active principles and mode of action ⁵.

Since, orthodox medicine is limited, expensive, and has adverse side effects, the world's inhabitants have faith in traditional medicine ⁶. Herbal medicines are thought to be risk-free and non-hazardous to the body than manufactured pharmaceuticals on a global scale. As a result, research facilities are examining plants for potential medicinal biological processes. The traditional Indian medical system recommends using herbal treatments to cure a variety of illnesses ⁷. Unique medicinal herb, Oxalis corniculata Linn., family Oxalidaceae, Fig. 1 is origin of India that has a wide range of biological activities, extensively referred as creeping wood sorrel, a remarkable plant with composition of all essential components for individual's good health ⁸.

FIG. 1: OXALIS CORNICULATA WHOLE PLANT

Herb creates a great opening, helps clear kapha, vata, and piles; astringent treats fevers, skin problems, diarrhoea as well as dysentery. Warts and corneal opacities are treated externally with an infusion of tiny leaves ⁹. Due to a lack of knowledge about its medical properties, its rarely consumed ¹⁰.  For skin eruptions, acne, and burns, there have been various medical aspects, including antibacterial qualities. Consequently, the herb is acclaimed for its uplifting qualities ^{11, 12, 13, 14, 15}. All over the world, characteristically employed as antioxidant, antifungal, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, astringent, anticancer, depurative, diuretic, and anti-microbial effects ¹⁶. As of its capsules, gummy seeds, quick generation time and extended blossoming, shrub is known as prosperous explorer weed. In spite of the fact that it’s not really a significant contender, extensive variety and richness must magnify whole outcome as a weed ¹⁷.

This review paper summarizes all the medicinal aspect and remedial uses of Oxalis corniculata, a traditional Indian herbal plant belonging to family Oxalidaceae which can be used to treat various maladies and explore the bioactive potential of it.

Pharmacognosy of Oxalis corniculata:

Taxonomy of Oxalis corniculata ^{18, 19, 20}: O. corniculata taxonomy can be seen in Table 1.

TABLE 1: TAXONOMY OF OXALIS CORNICULATA

Native Names of Oxalis corniculata ^{21, 22}: Mentioned in Table 2.

TABLE 2: NATIVE NAMES OF OXALIS CORNICULATA

Distribution: One such comparatively tiny, slow-growing herb occurs extensively in damp as well as shaded areas all the way through Himalayas and warmer regions of India, nurtures in both humid and mild climates, usually appearing in parks, hedgerows and other similar areas. Moreover, located in Eastern seaport areas of the United States, rather commonly in Texas as well as Ontario. This weed can be found all around Florida, Southeast United States and down to Mexico.  O. corniculata is an extensive weed that grows in moderate to humid areas of West Indies, North, Central and South America as well ^{23, 24}.

Morphology ²⁵: Typically plant is tap-rooted, bushy and 0.1–0.5m tall. The branch primarily consists of root nodes, with a feebly upright top portion and an even or furry stalk ²⁶ Fig. 2.

FIG. 2: PLANT PARTS OF OXALIS CORNICULATA (A) FRUIT, (B) FLOWER, (C) STEM, (D) SEED, (E) LEAF, (F) ROOT, (G) WHOLE PLANT

Roots: Dark brown in color, soft, branched and thin (approximately 1-2mm), with no flavor or odour ²⁷.

Stem: Creeping stem brownish-red in color, has short hairs and is soft, extremely thin, slender in shape, and breakable.

It tastes sour and has an acidic odour ²⁸.

Leaf: Trifoliate; its petiole is green, slender, and heart-shaped and leaflets are 1-2cm long with reticulate venation, sour taste and alternately placed along the stalk ²⁹ Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.

FIG. 3: MACROSCOPIC OBSERVATION OF OXALIS CORNICULATA

FIG. 4: TRANSVERSE SECTION OF OXALIS CORNICULATA LEAFLET (A) UPPER EPIDERMIS; (B) PALISADE MESOPHYLL; (C) VASCULAR BUNDLE; (D) SPONGY MESOPHYLL; (E) LOWER EPIDERMIS ³⁰

Flower: Axillary, 6-12mm wide and have 5 yellow petals ²⁹.

Seed: Small, light brown, oval-shaped, rounded and basally pointed ²⁹.

Fruit: Capsules are cylindrical in shape, 1-1.5cm length, pointed and ribbed, coated with densely matted filaments ²⁹.

Phytochemistry: The phytonutrient examination of O. corniculata identified quite a lot of oleic, linolenic, linoleic, and stearic acids along with tannins and palmitic acid. Methanol extracts contained volatile oil, proteins (12.5%), amino acids, phenolic compounds, phytosterols and carbohydrates. Additionally, fiber and calcium are found in this herb. The leaves contain phenolic acids resembling p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic and syringic acids, tartaric, citric acids, calcium oxalate, flavones (acacetin and apigenin), glycoflavones (vitexin, iso-vitexin and orientin) and flavonols (quercetin). Herb has an acidic taste because of its higher oxalate concentration. As well comprises 6-C-glucosyl luteolin (iso-orientin), 6-C-glucosylapigenin (iso-vitexin) and iso-vitexin-7-methyl ether (sertisin). A significant amount of moisture is present in the leaves. It contains a lot of crude lipids and protein. Additionally, it is comprised of mineral components like sodium, potassium, nitrogen, and magnesium. Leaves have water content of 86%, fats of 0.8%, an acidity level of 8.2%, 150 mg of calcium, 78 mg of phosphorus, 8 mg of iron, 0.6 mg of niacin, 78 mg of Vitamin-C and oxalate 7 and 12 % ³¹ Table 3.

TABLE 3: COMPOUND COMPOSITION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF ETHANOL, METHANOL, CHLOROFORM, AND AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF OXALIS CORNICULATA; (+) = PRESENT; (-) = ABSENT ³²

Oxalis corniculata as Traditional Ethnic Medicine: From the ancient times, O. corniculata, known as wood sorrel has remained employed in traditional medicine. The wood sorrel has been used in treating liver and digestive issues mentioned in early Ayurvedic medical writings.

Ideal for treating scurvy as the herb is rich in Vitamin-C. The flu can be treated using plant. External leaf paste is employed as a remedy to alleviate poisoning brought on by Datura and snakebites.

Leaf extract is used in treating burns, bug bites and various skin outbreaks, aids in the treatment of boils, warts, corns, and inflammation. By combining leaf juice and onion extract, warts can be eradicated. A leaf infusion helps relieve corneal opacity and eye pain. Infants with hookworms are cured with this herb for its anthelminthic properties. Jaundice is treated with leaf juice, which is also quite efficient at healing diabetes. Leaf infusion is used to treat fevers of mild and high grades.

Leaf paste is physically rubbed to the forehead to cure headaches. Crushed leaves are placed to the area to lessen irritation.

Oil and leaf extract used to alleviate insomnia by massage. The aqueous extract of herb has a cardio-protective effect and is virtuous for general health. Vata and kapha doshas are also treated. In rural areas of Nepal entire plant is used as medicine, sensitive teeth can be treated with this shrub ³³.

Medicinal Properties: Consistent use of Oxalis corniculata might possibly be beneficial in obtaining relief from a variety of illnesses. A few of them are enlisted in Table 4 ³⁴.

TABLE 4: SOME MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF OXALIS CORNICULATA ³⁴

Home Remedies: Oxalis corniculata has remained the focus of abundant scientific studies for a variety of ailments. Some of the studies are enlisted in Table 5 ^{34, 35}.

TABLE 5: SOME HOME REMEDIES OF OXALIS CORNICULATA ^{34, 35}

Oxalis corniculata as Modern Medicine:

Pharmacological Activities: Since its polyphenolic, glycosidic and flavonoid composition, O. corniculata is protective against an extensive range of infections plus exhibits several biological actions, including antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, antidiabetic and cardio protective effects. In addition, bioactive composites derived from herb have noteworthy wound curing potential ³⁶. Some of the pharmacological activities of Oxalis corniculata are enlisted in Table 6.

TABLE 6: SOME PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF OXALIS CORNICULATA LINN

Wound-Healing Activity: The petroleum ether and alcohol extract of whole herb O. corniculata was tested in rats by means of excision, incision and dead space wound models. Both extracts exhibited wound healing action by increasing wound contraction level, wound contravention and reducing epithelization duration. When correlated with control, both extracts increased the granuloma tissue contravention power and hydroxyl proline content ^{37, 38}.

Antidiabetic Activity: The aqueous extract of O. corniculata shrub was evaluated for inhibitory action compared to procaine pancreatic amylase at concentration of 100g/ml indicating maximal inhibition of 89.27%. Organic extracts showed no significant inhibition, suggesting that amylase inhibitory potential isolated only in aqueous extract ³⁹.

Anticancer Activity: O. corniculata herb’s ethanol extract was tested for anticancer action in EAC-induced in Swiss albino mice. The results showed that ethanolic extract was effective to lessen tumor development ⁴⁰.

Antioxidant Activity: Mice treated with several doses of ethanol extract of O. corniculata indicated strong antioxidant action. When compared to standard ascorbic acid, the MEOC revealed strong antioxidant activity. The IC₅₀ values for MEOC and standard ascorbic acid were 30 mg/ml and 37 mg/ml, respectively for the concentration of plant extract required to inhibit DPPH radical scavenging effect by 50%. Phosphomolybdate technique was used to evaluate antioxidant capacity of whole herb in three distinct solvent solutions. By using variety of conventional in-vitro techniques, radical scavenging activity of plant extract was studied. The quantitative estimation of main antioxidant constituents was done by means of standard method ^{41, 42}.

Antifungal Activity: Antifungal action in contrast to different pathogens was evaluated in aqueous extract of four different plants. Each of the four plants showed a different response to each pathogenic fungus. Following three days of incubation, O. corniculata showed utmost antifungal action against A. niger, significantly inhibiting growth of fungal mycelia by 71% - 86% ⁴³.

Antibacterial Activity: Methanol and ethanol extracts of O. corniculata demonstrated substantial antimicrobial action against Xanthomonas and fourteen humanoid pathogenic microbes. Methanol extract, when compared to K-cycline and Bact-805, showed considerably noteworthy activity against plant pathogenic bacteria. When compared to normal streptomycin, methanol extract shown moderately significant antibacterial action against human pathogenic bacteria ⁴⁴.

Antidiarrheal Activity: The antidiarrheal effect of aqueous and methanol extracts of O. corniculata on castor oil-persuaded diarrhoea in rats, as well as on small muscle intestinal transit, was assessed when taken orally. The extracts considerably hindered the beginning of diarrhoea and reduced defecation frequency, also decreased the wetness of faeces in castor oil-induced diarrhoea and reduced the flow of charcoal meal through small intestine. The aqueous extract was more effective than methanol extract at all dosages ⁴⁵.

Antiulcer Activity: The antiulcer activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of O. corniculata leaves was tested with ethanol induced gastric mucosal ulcers and pylorus ligated ulcers. Both extracts resulted reduction in gastric volume and acidity, increase in catalase and SOD levels and decrease in lipid peroxide ⁴⁶.

Anti-inflammatory Activity: In-vitro study was used to assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of methanol extract of O. corniculata. Albumin denaturation assay, membrane stabilization assay and proteinase inhibitory action at several concentrations were used to assess in-vitro anti-inflammatory action. Aspirin was used as control agent in study of anti-inflammatory activity ⁴⁷.

Antiamoebic Activity: Numerous composites demonstrated antiamoebic action in axenic culture of E. histolytica identified in O. corniculata. The following were recognized by NMR, Infra-red and Mass spectrometry: (I) Oc-1, a mixture of saturated fatty acids C24 - C28; (II) Oc-2, a mixture of long-chain alcohols C18 - C28; (III) Oc-3, a single compound, GGL which revealed to have most potent antiamoebic activity out of all compounds produced ⁴⁸.

Hepatoprotective Activity: Following oral administration of aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of O. corniculata, hepatoprotective effect was assessed in contrast to thioacetamide induced hepatotoxicity. Histology of liver sections revealed dosage-dependent reduction of necrosis in animals treated with extract ⁴⁹.

Hypolipedemic Activity: The study revealed antioxidant and hypolipidemic actions of O. corniculata, Fragaria vesca and Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus leaves. Rats were fed with high fat diet comprising of coconut oil as well as vanaspati ghee to persuade hyperlipidemia. Blood level of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and MDA decreased significantly after taking extracts. On the other hand, there was large increase in HDL, CAT and SOD ⁵⁰.

Cardio-Protective Effect: The research work examined ability of OCE to protect rats from ISO induced myocardial infarction. They were given isoproterenol to cause myocardial infarction. Rats received OCE orally over the course of 30 days as a pretreatment via an intragastric tube. ISO increased serum lipid levels and significantly raised up LDH and CPK activities. Concentration of CPK, LDH, serum, cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides were considerably reduced after OCE pretreatment ⁵¹.

Nephrotoxicity: CCl₄ causes oxidative stress in numerous tissues by changing the defence system of antioxidant enzymes. The biochemical configuration and defensive function of OCME compared to CCl₄ induced nephrotoxic rats were examined. In OCME, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides and steroids were present, but tannins absent. Total flavonoid concentration recorded at 6.92±0.52mg (rutin equivalents/g extract), whereas total phenolic contents assessed at 7.76±0.36 mg (gallic acid equivalents/g extract). Treatment with OCME led to noteworthy enhancement in altered parameters. Due to antioxidant properties of phenolics, it can be said OCME has defensive influence against CCl₄-induced oxidative stress in rats ⁵².

Nematocidal Activity: It was revealed through investigation that ethanol extract of O. corniculata has nemato-toxic attributes against phyto-parasitic nematodes and Meloidogyne incognita. In this study nematode was immobile after 7 days’ incubation. This was examined under light microscope, approving herb's nematocidal actions ⁵³.

CONCLUSION: Through the analysis done in this study, it can be concluded that O. corniculata includes a diverse collection of bioactive constituents including tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, oleic, linoleic and stearic acid, all of which have been employed medicinally and have a number of positive nutritional benefits since prehistoric eras. It has gained ample usage in traditional medication to treat a variety of conditions, including piles, skin infections, wound curing and diarrhoea.

Modern medicine today recognizes the O. corniculata extracts' numerous desirable traits, including their antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing and hepato-protective effects. The study emphasizes the morphological, phytochemical, therapeutic, nutritional and pharmacological attributes of the plant. Despite the plant's benefits, research on the toxicity of plant-based medications is still crucial. As an outcome, it could be summarized that O. corniculata in modern medicine has bounteous scope for further study when taken into account its entire potential ^54,55.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The authors are thankful to KAHER’s Dr. Prabhakar Kore BSRC, Belagavi for providing the facility of extraction and purification of plant extract. Authors are also thankful to KLE’s Shri B M Kankanawadi Ayurved College, Belagavi for authentication of the plant.

Declarations:

Availability of Data: Not applicable.

Funding: No funding.

Author’s Contribution: MK contributed for experimental work of extracting plant material and manuscript preparation. PS contributed in finalization of manuscript.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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    Kubade M and Shetti P: Medicinal importance of traditional Indian herbal plant Oxalis corniculata: a review. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2024; 15(4): 1015-24. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.15(4).1015-24.

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