MEDICINAL PLANTS AS NATURAL ANTI-DIABETIC AGENTS

Received on 17 October, 2013; received in revised form, 27 November, 2013; accepted, 03 February, 2014; published 01 March, 2014

MEDICINAL PLANTS AS NATURAL ANTI-DIABETIC AGENTS

Nishu Khera and Aruna Bhatia*

Immunology and Immunotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala-147 002, Punjab, India

ABSTRACT: Diabetes is a growing health concern worldwide and now emerging as an epidemic world over. The management of diabetes is still a major challenge. Plants have always been a source of drugs for humans since time immemorial. The Indian traditional system of medicine is replete with the use of plants for the management of diabetic conditions. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), up to 90% of population in developing countries use plants and its products as traditional medicine for primary health care. There are about 800 plants which have been reported to show anti-diabetic potential. Thus there is great demand for research on natural products with anti-diabetic properties. Numerous studies have confirmed the benefits of medicinal plants with anti-hyper-glycaemic effects in the management of diabetes mellitus. The present paper is an attempt to list of the plants with anti-diabetic and related beneficial effects originating from different parts of world. History showed that medicinal plants have been used in traditional healing around the world for a long time to treat diabetes; this is because such herbal plants have hypoglycemic properties and other beneficial properties, as reported in scientific literature. The review provides a starting pointfor future studies aimed at isolation, purification, and characterization of bioactive anti-diabetic compounds present in these plants.

Diabetes, Medicinal Plants, Anti-diabetic, Traditional medicine, WHO

INTRODUCTION:Diabetes mellitus is a growing problem worldwide entailing enormous financial burden and medical care policy issues ¹. According to International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the number of individuals with diabetes in 2011 crossed 366 million, with an estimated 4.6 million deaths each year ². The Indian subcontinent has emerged as the capital of this diabetes epidemic.

The reported prevalence of diabetes in adults between the ages of 20 and 79 is as follows: India 8.31%, Bangladesh 9.85%, Nepal 3.03%, Sri Lanka 7.77%, and Pakistan 6.72% ³.

Indians show a significantly higher age-related prevalence of diabetes when compared with several other populations ⁴. For a given BMI, Asian Indians display a higher insulin level which is an indicator of peripheral insulin resistance. The insulin resistance in Indians is thought to be due to their higher body fat percentage ^{5, 6}. Excess body fat, typical abdominal deposition pattern, low muscle mass, and racial predisposition may explain the prevalence of hyperinsulinemia and increased development of type 2 diabetes in Asian Indians.

Diabetes is characterized by metabolic dysregulation primarily of carbohydrate metabolism, manifested by hyper-glycaemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both ⁷. Uncontrolled diabetes leads to a plethora of complications affecting the vascular system, eyes, nerves, and kidneys leading to peripheral vascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, morbidity, and/or mortality.

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that poses a major challenge worldwide. Currently in India the number of people with diabetes is around 40.9 million and it is expected to rise to 69.9 million by 2025 ⁸. India has emerged as the diabetic capital of the world ⁹. Unless urgent preventive steps are taken, it will become a major health problem. The Indian Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated 3.9 million deaths for the year 2010, which rep-resented 6.8% of the total global mortality ¹⁰.

Traditional anti-diabetic plants might provide new oral anti-diabetic compounds, which can counter the high cost and poor availability of the current medicines for many rural populations in developing countries ¹¹. Plant drugs are frequently considered to be less toxic and free from side effects than synthetic ones ¹². In India, indigenous remedies have been used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus since the time of Charaka and Sushruta (6th century BC) ¹³. The World Health Organization (WHO) has listed 21,000 plants which are used for medicinal purposes around the world. Among these, 2500 species are in India. There are about 800 plants which have been reported to show antidiabetic potential ¹⁴. India is the largest producer of medicinal herbs endowed with a wide diversity of agro-climatic conditions and is called as botanical garden of the world ¹⁵. Pharmacological and clinical trials of medicinal plants have shown anti-diabetic effects and repair of β-cells of islets of Langerhans ¹⁶.

Indian Medicinal Plants to Treat Diabetes: India has a rich history of using various potent herbs and herbal components for treating diabetes. Many Indian plants have been investigated for their beneficial use in different types of diabetes and ported in numerous scientific journals. This review article enumerates some medicinal plants belonging to different families possessing antidiabetic activity and elucidating their mechanisms of action such as Adhatoda zeylanica, Brassica juncea etc. Table 1 shows the information about scientific name, family, parts of the plant used to treat diabetes and their mode of action/Observation

TABLE 1: ANTI-DIABETIC MEDICINAL PLANTS AND THEIR MODE OF ACTION/OBSERVATION

CONCLUSION: This review discussed medicinal plant species from India and showed that they have anti-diabetic activity. In addition, many of these species have a phenolic content, phytosterols, saponins and flavonoids. However, an overall ranking of the anti-diabetic strength of these species cannot be determined because of the different experimental methods used in various studies. We have focused on plants belonging to several different families to understand their therapeutic use and their potential anti-diabetic activities. It requires biological testing of plant extracts, isolation of bioactive components, as well as toxicological, pharmacodynamical and, ultimately, clinical studies.

Indian medicinal preparations are often considered being effective due to a mixture of active ingredients rather than a single constituent. To make herbal therapies more effective, it is pertinent to isolate anti-diabetic molecules, define their targets for understanding their modes of action, and establish structure and function relationship for better efficacy and pharmacokinetic profile. Prevention of diabetes is our most powerful intervention and successful implementation of these proven strategies should be the focus of our efforts. In future, these efforts will lead to new chemo-types which will be safer and more cost-effective for the rural Indian population suffering from diabetes, whose numbers are increasing linearly.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The financial aid to the department in the form of FIST grant for the purchase of instruments by DST, Govt. of India is fully acknowledged.

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     Khera N and Bhatia A: Medicinal plants as Natural Anti-diabetic agents. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2014; 5(3): 713-29.doi: 15.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.5(3).713-29

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