MEDICINAL PLANTS WITH ANTI-ULCER AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY: A REVIEW

MEDICINAL PLANTS WITH ANTI-ULCER AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY: A REVIEW

Chandana Majee ^{* 1}, Rupa Mazumder ¹ and Alka N. Choudhary ²

Institute of Pharmacy ¹, NIET, Greater Noida - 201306, Uttar Pradesh, India.

SGRR Institute of Technology & Science ², Dehradun - 248121, Uttarakhand, India.

ABSTRACT: Nature gives numbers of drugs and possibly has all solutions for human diseases. Till date, nature provides a large number of clinically useful drugs. Ulcer and liver diseases are major increasing health problems. Now a day number of drugs are used for the treatment of peptic ulcer and hepatic diseases, but these drugs have various types of side effect such as incidences of relapse, and drug interactions. Drugs of plant origin gaining popularity to treat peptic ulcer and hepatotoxicity. It is difficult to search pure phytochemicals as hepatoprotective and antiulcer drugs. It is time-consuming and also very expensive. From authentic literature sources, it founded that there are no medicinal plants, which utilized for the treatment of ulcer and liver diseases. Andrographis paniculata, Eclipta alba, Picrorrhiza kurroa, Silibum marianum, Phyllanthus and Trichopus zeylanicus, etc. plants are renounced for their satisfactory activity against certain hepatotoxins. The wide range of compounds showing anti-ulcer and hepatoprotective effect, among them flavonoids is most important. Flavonoids play an important role in reducing free radicals. Various isolated compounds like apigenin, sylimarin, genistein, quercetin, kaempherol, catechins and so on show the significant result as hepatoprotective and anti-ulcer drugs. From this review article, we can conclude that no. of medicinal plants and their active chemical constituent are responsible for anti-ulcer and hepatoprotective effect. Among the all chemical constituents flavonoids also playing an important role.

Hepatoprotective activity, Antiulcer activity, The natural remedy, Flavonoids

INTRODUCTION: Peptic ulcer and liver diseases are serious health problems nowadays. In our body liver play the key role in metabolism, secretion and storage ¹. Due to the liver disorder, about 20000 deaths are found every year due to liver disorders and as a consequence of peptic ulcer about 15000 deaths occur each year. Hepatocellular carcinoma is most common ^{2, 3}.

In general, hepatotoxic chemicals engender some reactive species, which form a covalent bond with the lipid which is responsible for damage liver cells ⁴. An ulcer is mostly a swollen break in the skin or the mucous membrane present in the lining of the alimentary tract.

The main cause of peptic ulcer is the increase acids secretion and disturbance of the normal equilibrium either caused by enhanced diminish or aggression in mucosal resistance. Other causes of peptic ulcer are a bacterial infection (H. pylori), long-term uses of painkiller such as ibuprofen, naproxen sodium, etc., stress and spicy food habit ⁵. Hydrochloric corrosive and pepsin harm the mucous film of the gastrointestinal tract as the outcome both gastric and duodenal ulcers happen. Ulcers, for the most part, extend between 3 mm and a few centimeters in measurement ⁶. Duodenal ulcers are more common in adult males. Gastric ulcers happen commonly at old age person and in the middle class of people. Peptic ulceration occurs in those areas where acid secretion is generally more ⁷.

In the human body, the liver is the largest organ. The basic rote of liver is control of different physiological procedures like metabolisms of carbohydrate, various type of fat, protein. It also plays an important role in detoxification, bile acid secretion which is important for digestion and storage of vitamin. Along these lines, to keep up a healthy liver is most vital for a healthy human. As a result of these functions, hepatic illnesses are the chief threat to general wellbeing, and nowadays hepatitis is widespread diseases ¹⁰. There are various reasons for liver diseases. They may be as follows ^{11, 12, 13}.

1. Too much interpretation of harmful chemicals.
2. An excessive amount of free radical suppress the natural defensive system in our body and also damage the hepatic cell, reason of cirrhosis, jaundice and fatty liver.
3. Intense harming with carbon tetrachloride causes fast lipid deposition before necrosis becomes evident.
4. There is no hazardous chemical which reduces the antioxidant activity of enzyme-like glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and so on.

The most of the liver diseases are classified as follows: ¹⁴

1. Fatty liver diseases
2. Hepatosis (caused by the viral infection)
3. Cirrhosis
4. Liver cancer

By trials and errors, the ancient people used herbs for relieving their health problems in very primitive ways ¹⁵. The treatment alternatives for normal liver infections and ulcers are limited due to the lack of hepatoprotective and antiulcer drugs in allopathic medicines ^{16, 17}.

For the development of new drugs for the treatment of hepatic and ulcer disease, various screening models are available ^18-22. The various screening models are given in Table 1.

TABLE 1: SCREENING MODELS FOR ANTI ULCER AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY

Liver Diseases, Ulcer, and Medicinal Plants: Synthetic hepatotoxic chemicals generally damage liver by inducing lipid peroxidation and other oxidative free radical ²³.

Andrographis paniculata: Andrographis paniculata (AP) is an important medicinal herb generally called the “King of Bitters.” One of the most active isolated compounds forms AP andrographolide, a bicyclic diterpenoid lactone. Andrographolide used in autoimmune disorders such as ulcerative colitis.

AP also plays a major role as hepatoprotective drugs. By sowing the experiment result it cleared that intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of the AP extract 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight in the ethanol-induced hepatic model the drug was very effective. Farther from the biochemical investigation it gives the clear indication that AP extract can reduce in the of AST, ALT, ALP, ACP and LP levels in the liver and kidneys. From the above result, it concluded that A. paniculata protects the liver against ethanol-induced liver toxicity by reducing the rate of lipid peroxidation and increasing the antioxidant defense mechanism in rats ^{24, 25}.

Eclipta alba: It is a perennial shrub mostly found in moist tropical countries. Eclipta alba (L.) generally contains alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, polyacetylenes, triterpenoids. Aerial part contains no of flavonoids such as Apigenin, Luteolin-7-0-glucoside various type of triterpene like β-amyrin and, cinnaroside, sulphur compounds, eclalba-saponins I-VI. The Eclipta alba (EA) extract has a good effect on the hepatotoxic cause by paracetamol induced.

From the various experiments, it found that E. alba (ethanolic extract) show the effect on the paracetamol-induced hepatotoxic model in mice at various dosage forms like 100 mg and 250 mg/kg body weight weigh. This herbal extract has a significant role in normalizing the elevated serum transaminase levels which caused due to liver injury, lack of blood flow, etc. From the microscopic examination of tissue, it proved that the drug reduces in fatty deterioration and centrizonal necrosis ^{26, 27.}

Picrorhiza kurroa: It is a very common herb in the Indian traditional Ayurveda medicine. From the various literature survey, it found that Picrorhiza kurro has used as a vital medicine for liver disorder and it used as very significant ingredient for many Ayurvedic formulations for the treatment of liver toxicity. From the deferent study, it was found P. kurroa posses very good antioxidant properties ²⁸. From the experiment, it cleared that drug reduces the glutathione level and activates the enzyme which is helpful for antioxidant activity such as glutathione peroxidase. Picrorhiza kurroa extract treated rat group (antitubercular drug-induced model) for 50 mg/kg body weight for 50 days, give the significant result to normalize the elevated body serum level.

Phyllanthus niruri: Phyllanthus niruri L. belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae utilized as a part of conventional medicine to treat an ulcer. Phyllanthus niruri leaves extract (ethanol) give the significant result on ulcer causes by ethanol-induced model. This plant extract at the dosage 200 mg and 400 mg/kg body wt gives the best result. The methanolic and aqueous extracts of P. niruri fruits are also very effective in inhabit the lipid peroxidation level. Fruit extract is very effective in normalizing the elevated enzyme level such as glutamate pyruvate transaminase carbon tetrachorired, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, etc. in carbon tetrachloride-induced ulcer model ³².

Trichopus zeylanicus: Trichopus zeylanicus belong to the family Dioscoraceae, is a small, rare herbaceous plant generally found from tropical forests of Malaysia, Sri Lanka and southern India. In Ayurvedic system of medicine Trichopus, zeylanicus is generally used as immune boost up medicine. In ancient time people used Trichopus zeylanicus for relieving from ulcer, liver disorder and for improving sexual performance. From the phytochemical study, it was found that methanolic extract of Trichopus zeylanicus gives the positive result for the presence of, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoid saponins, etc. From the experiment, it was found that this plant leaves extract (100 mg per kg body weight) and leaves suspension (1000 mg per kg body weight) both are very affecting to reduce the elevated body serum level in rat ulcer caused by paracetamol administration. Histopathological study of rat group treated by T. zeylanicus gives positive result ^{33, 34}.

Schouwia thebica: From the various study it was cleared that Schouwia thebica extracts play the important role as a hepatoprotective drug. Various solvent extracts of S. thebica webb introduced to rats, as a hepatoprotective drug. As a result, it was found that these extracts effectively normalize the elevated body serum level ³⁵.

Syzygium aromaticum L: The herbal drug Syzygium aromaticum L. (Family Myrtaceae) generally called as clove used as flavoring agents. Reported chemical constituents present in this plant are tannins, sterols, triterpenes, flavonoids. From the different literature survey, it was found an n-butanol extract of dried flower buds of clove is very effective for the treatment of ulcer and gastric disorder in rats ³⁶. From the father study, it was clear that the ulcer activity of this plant is due to the one of the main ingredient eugenol. The pharmacological study suggests, eugenol stimulate the synthesis of mucus; as a result, the mucus layer became thick. Thus the eugenol act as gastroprotective drug ³⁷.

Zingiber officinale: Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ginger) is a very potent Indian medicinal herb medicine very renounce treatment of gastrointestinal tract disorder. This herb is also famous for treatment for diarrhea nausea vomiting and dyspepsia. In ayurvedic system of medicine, Gigner is commonly used as antispasmodic, aromatic, and for prevention of gas formation in ³⁸. It found that if we compare the effect ginger extract (hydroalcoholic) with dose (100, 350, 700 mg/kg) with standard drug ranitidine (50 mg/kg), it gives the positive result. As a result, larger doses of extract (350 and 700 mg/kg) were effective to the ulcer.

There are some of the medicinal plants which are commonly used as the liver disorder. In this review, we have systematically arranged all the medicinal plants which are very effective to reduce the hepatic disorder in a various animal model. Here we also mention which part of the plants is more effective Table 2.

TABLE 2: MEDICINAL PLANTS HAVING HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY

TABLE 3: MEDICINAL PLANTS HAVING ANTI-ULCER ACTIVITY

Some Important Flavonoids having Very Good Hepatoprotective and Anti Ulcer Activity:

Luteolin: Luteolin (3´, 4´, 5, 7-tetrahydroxy-flavone) is a natural flavonoid class of compound. It was isolated from the various plant, Reseda luteola is one of them. The general appearance of luteolin is a just like yellow microcrystalline shape. Luteolin is now becoming very important herbal drug uses for various type of disease including the life-threatening disease cancer.

From the various study, it has clarified that there is a relation between the oxidative stress and antioxidant in the liver. When human beings are suffering from free oxygen radical, a complex defense system is activated. Here, luteolin has strong superoxide radical scavenging properties ⁹ Fig. 1.

FIG. 1: CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF LUTEOLIN

Acacetin: Acacetin is an O-methylated flavone found in Robiniapseudo acacia. From the previous experiment it was cleared that acacetin is effective in the hepatic disorder of rat which was caused by carbon tetrachloride-induced ⁹⁴ Fig. 2.

FIG. 2: CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ACACETIN

Apigenin: Apigenin (4′, 5, 7-trihydroxyflavone), obtained from many plants. It belongs to the flavones class. It is the aglycone part of the glycoside. Apigenin is the yellow crystalline solid. From the previous study, it was found that apigenin has very good antiulcer activity ⁹⁵ Fig. 3.

FIG. 3: CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF APIGENIN

Silymarin: Silymarin is the unique flavanoids complex - containing silybin, silydianin and silicristin-that is the derivative from the milk thistle plant ⁹⁶. Now a day role of oxidative free radicals has been implicated in mediating cold-restraint stress. Antioxidant bioflavonoid silymarin has a significant role in the acute cold- restraint stress model of gastric ulceration. Oral treatment with silymarin was found to be effective in the prevention of gastric ulceration induced by cold-restraint stress, in rats ⁹⁷ Fig. 4.

FIG. 4: CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF SILYMARIN

Kaempferol: Kaempferol is a natural flavonol found from various plants. The appearance of kaempferol is like a yellow crystalline solid. The melting point of kaemferol is 276 - 278 °C (529 -532 °F). It is slightly soluble in water and highly soluble in hot ethanol, ethers, and DMSO. Kaempferol has a great antioxidant activity, reduce the free radical in our body ⁹⁷ Fig. 5.

FIG. 5: CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF KAEMPFEROL

Salvigenin: Salvigenin was isolation from Dorema glabrum. Salvigenin was found to possess potent free radical scavenging activity. It was also found that this moiety shows the hepatoprotective activity in acetaminophen (250 mg/kg, i.p) induced liver damage in Swiss albino mice. Salvage in has shown its important on augmentation of antitumor immunity and also the regress the tumor tissues in a mouse model of breast cancer ^{98, 99} Fig. 6.

FIG. 6: CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF SALVIGENIN

Quercetin: Quercetin is a flavonoid, found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, and grains. It has broad biopharmacological effects, such as hepatoprotective effects, antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity ¹⁰⁰. Quercetin inhibits the cytotoxicity effect of oxidized LDL ¹⁰¹ Fig. 7.

FIG. 7: CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF QUERCETIN

CONCLUSION: Hepatoprotective and antiulcer effect of plants’ extract and isolated compounds are generally polyphenolic compounds, alkaloids, terpenoids, phytosterols, coumarins, etc. Among all the other phytoconstituents flavonoid play a significant role as hepatoprotective and antiulcer agents. As a result, now a day flavonoids get very important in the field of phytochemistry. Flavonoids, act as anti-lipoperoxidant agents, antioxidant, and it also has a significant role to reduce the free radical, which are helpful for hepatoprotection.

Flavonoid effectively can reduce body level of serum level such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum glutamic-oxalocetic transaminase AST, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) tissue, conjugated dienes, lipid hydro-peroxides, protein carbonyl content, bilirubin, ALP, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).

Flavonoids have a gastric anti secretary and muco-protective activity. Also, out of several leads obtained from plants containing potential hepatoprotective and antiulcer agents, silymarin, kaempferol, quercetin, apigenin, salvigenin, luteolin have been established to have potent hepatoprotective and antiulcer properties. Silymarin is very much effective on treatment of, alcohol-associated liver disease, hepatitis. Poly-phenolic flavonoids can protect cells against the injury due to oxidation of low-density lipoproteins.

Despite inspiring data on the possibility of discoveries in the future, evidence on treatment of peptic ulcer hepatitis or other chronic liver diseases by natural medications is not sufficient. Therefore, medications discovered from natural sources should recommended for conducted more clinical trials. More confidence, better training and little bit awareness for the natural medicine are necessary for of both patients and physicians.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors would like to express her thanks to Dr. Avijit Majumder, Director Pharmacy Institute NIET, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding this study.

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     How to cite this article:

     Majee C, Mazumder R and Choudhary AN: Medicinal plants with anti ulcer and hepatoprotective activity: a review. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019; 10(1): 1-11. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.10(1).1-11.

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