MEDICINAL PLANTS WITH POTENT ANTIOXIDANT CONSTITUENTS

MEDICINAL PLANTS WITH POTENT ANTIOXIDANT CONSTITUENTS

G. Murugananthan* and Sathya Chethan Pabbithi

Department of Pharmacognosy, PES College of Pharmacy, Bangalore-560050, Karnataka, India

ABSTRACT

Oxygen free radicals induce damage due to peroxidation to bio-membranes and also to DNA, which leads to tissue damage, thus cause occurrence of a number of diseases and biochemical disorders. Antioxidants neutralize the effect of free radicals through different ways and may prevent the body from various diseases. Antioxidants may play vital role in the metabolic disorders. India stands with highest percentage of people with diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disorders among the world. This may be due to life style, ethnicity, and improper food habits. Hence, the search for effective, non-toxic natural compounds with anti-oxidative potentials has been intensified in recent years. In the present review a brief account of research reports on plants constituents with antioxidant potential were summarised.

Free radicals

INTRODUCTION:         Oxidative stress is main reason for various biochemical changes in the human system. Free radicals induce damage due to peroxidation and pathologies causes diabetes ¹, rheumatoid arthritis ², and neuro- degeneration in motor neuron diseases ³. In many of these cases, it is unclear if oxidants trigger the disease, but in one case in which this link is particularly well-understood is the role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular disorders.

Low density lipoprotein oxidation appears to trigger the process of atherogenesis, which results in atherosclerosis, and finally cardiovascular disease ^{4, 5}. Oxidative damage in DNA can cause cancer. However, several antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase protect DNA from oxidative stress ⁶.

A low calorie diet extends median and maximum lifespan in many animals. This effect may involve a reduction in oxidative stress. A review of experiments in mice conducted in 2009 indicated that almost all manipulations of antioxidant systems had no effect on aging ⁷. Diets high in fruit and vegetables, which are high in antioxidants, promote health and reduce the effects of aging, however antioxidant vitamin supplementation has no detectable effect on the aging process, so the effects of fruit and vegetables may be unrelated to their antioxidant contents ^{8, 9}. One reason for this might be the fact that consuming antioxidant molecules such as polyphenols and vitamin E will produce changes in other parts of metabolism, so it may be these other effects that are the real reason these compounds are important in human nutrition ¹⁰.

TABLE 1: MAIN CATEGORIES OF ANTI-OXIDANTS ARE;

Plants as Source of antioxidants: Screening of plants is carried out by measuring the antioxidant activity through various in vitro models like DPPH, Nitric oxide, Hydrogen peroxide, Super oxide, FRAP assay and ABTS methods and in vivo models like murine model of singlet oxygen-induced cerebral stroke, oxidative stress models, using rats or mice. An antioxidant is any substance that, When present at low concentrations significantly delays or prevents oxidation of cell content like Proteins, Lipids, carbohydrates and DNA.

TABLE 2. ANTIOXIDANT CONSTITUENTS FROM PLANTS

 CONCLUSION: Plants having vitamins (C, E, and Carotenoids), flavonoids (flavones, isoflavones, flavonones, anthocyanins and catechins), and polyphenols (ellagic acid, gallic acid and tannins) possess remarkable antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity neither restricted to a particular part of the plant nor the specific families. It is reported that folic acid present in fruits, vegetables and orange juices may reduce hypo methylation of DNA, which is thought to initiate cancer. It is also found that the risk of cervical dysplasia is high in women with a low folic acid intake.  Hence it can be concluded that in order to eliminate the free radical formed in human body people needs to consume diets high which are high in antioxidants, which promotes health and reduce the effects of aging.

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