NOVEL SUBSTITUTED 2’- PROP-1-EN-2-YL)- 1’, 2’, 3’, 4’- TETRAHYDRO-[1, 1’- BIPHENYL]- 2, 6- DIOL COMPOUNDS AS ADENOSINE A2A RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS: INDUCED-FIT MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDIES AND PHARMACOKINETIC PREDICTIONS

NOVEL SUBSTITUTED 2’- PROP-1-EN-2-YL)- 1’, 2’, 3’, 4’- TETRAHYDRO-[1, 1’- BIPHENYL]- 2, 6- DIOL COMPOUNDS AS ADENOSINE A2A RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS: INDUCED-FIT MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDIES AND PHARMACOKINETIC PREDICTIONS

Sunil Kumar, Sucheta *, Arun Garg, Nidhi Dhama and Abhishek Mathur

School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.

ABSTRACT: Adenosine release is more apparent after seizures or in-vitro seizure-like activity and tissue adenosine level increases quickly after seizure commencement. These adenosine increases linked to seizures are reflections in composing a response mechanism that controls seizure intensity and duration. Much evidence from animal studies suggests that this impact is mediated by the adenosine receptor (AR), just as it is with neurotransmission in general. Efforts to produce centrally acting treatments and reduce peripheral side effects, especially cardiac adverse effects, have long been prioritized in drug development. New study is targeting highly precise areas of the A₂R might be a step forward in direct A₂R-based anti-seizure therapy. Despite significant attempts to introduce innovative tactics for the treatment of various kinds of epilepsy, this illness continues to be a serious problem across the globe. Taking inspiration from the facts above and recognizing the growing need for anti-epileptic compounds with improved pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic profiles in the worldwide market. The present in-silico research involves studying the anti-convulsant (anti-epileptic) potentials of some substituted 2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diol molecules (A1 to A16) by exploring the adenosine A_2A receptor (A_2AR) [PDB ID: 4EIY] inhibition through induced-fit molecular docking approach, employing Schrodinger Maestro v.12.8 software. By directing medicinal chemists toward exploring novel compounds, this in-silico study opened the way for novel anti-epileptic drug development by identifying novel A_2AR inhibitors, which play an essential function in managing convulsions. These solutions to synthetic compounds' never-ending search for superior anti-convulsant activity would open new avenues.

Keywords: Anti-convulsant, Adenosine, Receptor, Inhibition, Docking, Pharmacokinetics

INTRODUCTION: Epilepsy is a common neurological condition that affects around 50 million individuals worldwide.

Epilepsy affects 3-14 individuals per 1000 people in children and 5-19 people per 1000 people in adults, making it one of the most frequent brain illnesses.

It's a chronic central nervous system illness characterized by recurrent seizure episodes caused by various factors. Seizures are becoming better recognized as co-morbidity with other prevalent illnesses in adults and children, such as Alzheimer's disease and autism ¹.

Nootropics are the compounds used to enhance the capacity of work and performance of the brain the drugs. The researchers revealed the anti-epileptic activity of the nootropics compounds belonging to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative, piracetam analog like rolziracetam, oxiracetam, etiracetam and nefiracetam ². Anticonvulsant activity of carbazole and its derivatives was dertermined ³.

Adenosine release is more apparent after seizures or in vitro seizure-like activity and tissue adenosine level increases quickly after seizure commencement. These adenosine increases linked to seizures are reflections in composing a response mechanism that controls seizure intensity and duration. Much evidence from animal studies suggests that this impact is mediated by the adenosine receptor (AR), just as it is with neurotransmission in general. In several forms of experimental seizures and epilepsies, systemic infusion of AR-selective agonists reduces seizures and convulsions. AR activation also enhances the effectiveness of traditional AEDs. Anti-convulsant effects are also shown when A₁Rs are activated in specific brain areas. Elevating excitability or restricting inhibition in brain slices and cultures may elicit seizure-like or epileptiform electrical patterns (oscillatory field potentials, repetitive bursts of action potentials, etc.). As predicted, adenosine release is high during this sort of epileptiform activity, and it is auto-inhibitory through A₁Rs ⁴.

Because of their evident effects on neuronal activity, high affinity, and extensive distribution, A₁Rs has long been linked to anti-seizure effects. They are concentrated in seizure-prone locations and impact continuing transmission (neocortex and hippocampus). On the other hand, other adenosine receptors might play a role and provide therapeutic targets for epilepsy. Because A_2ARs are excitatory in most brain areas, antagonists of A_2ARs are more likely to exhibit anti-seizure properties. When opposed to A₁Rs, A_2ARs have a much more limited anatomical distribution. As a result, it's not unexpected that it's not implicated in convulsions in many studies, and one research found that A_2AR regulation of convulsions was limited to the basal ganglia. Pharmacological data from in-vivo and in-vitro research indicates that A2ARs are pro-convulsant and pro-seizure, while some studies offer anti-convulsant or anatomically specific effects. Some of these effects were detected in areas with a handful of receptors, despite of valence, which might indicate non-specificity of drug dosage or concentration. At the same time, A_2ARs may have functional functions even if expressed at very low levels.

In various studies, mice with genetic inactivation of A_2ARs are seizure-resistant, indicating a pro-convulsant receptor function ⁵. Though central expression of other adenosine receptors is minimal, pharmacological evidence for actions of the adenosine A₃ receptor (A₃R) has been described in a few investigations, with inconsistent findings. A₃R activation induces seizure-like activity in hippocampal slices, although studies assessing convulsions and utilizing systemic injection showed that this receptor had an anti-convulsant effect. As a result, A₃R effects may be region-specific. There is almost little information on the role of A_2BRs in seizures, which are likewise expressed at a low level in the brain ⁶. The high-affinity A₁ and A_2B receptors in the brain are assumed to be important for physiology, but the low-affinity A_2B receptors and low-density A₃ receptors may be crucial in pathological circumstances. In the dopamine-rich areas of the brain, adenosine A₂A receptors are concentrated in GABAergic medium-sized spiny neurons.

Many additional organs in the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems carry the protein expressed in adenosine A_2A, including endothelial cells, blood vessels, smooth muscle cells, lymphoid cells, and numerous neurons. As a result, the distribution of adenosine A_2A in the basal ganglia is not constrained to medium spiny neurons. It enhances the amount of adenylyl cyclase and upholds the directive of cAMP production. This receptor is critical for providing the medium for coronary artery vasodilation, which encourages the formation of new blood vessels and protects tissues from indirect inflammatory damage. The A_2A's function in the brain involves modulating activity in the basal ganglia's indirect route. Because it co-localizes and is physically associated with various unrelated G-protein-coupled receptors, the A₂A has complex activities ⁷. Efforts to produce centrally acting treatments and reduce peripheral side effects, especially cardiac adverse effects, have long been prioritized in drug development. According to a new study, targeting highly precise areas of the A₂R might be a step forward in direct A₂R-based anti-seizure therapy. Despite significant attempts to introduce innovative tactics for treating various kinds of epilepsy, this illness continues to be a serious problem across the globe. Taking inspiration from the facts above and recognizing the growing need for anti-epileptic compounds with improved pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic profiles in the worldwide market ⁸.

The present in-silico research involves studying the anti-convulsant (anti-epileptic) potentials of some substituted2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diol molecules(A1 to A16) by exploring the adenosine A_2A receptor (A_2AR) [Protein Data Bank ID: 4EIY, the Crystal structure of the chimeric protein of A_2AR-BRIL in complex with ZM241385 at 1.8A resolution] inhibition through induced-fit molecular docking approach, employing Schrodinger Maestro v.12.8 software. The obtained docking score (in Kcal/mol) is reported, and the results are interpreted accordingly.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Sketching of Ligands: The structures were first developed in the 2Dfile using Chemdraw^® Ultra 8.0 software as a “.cdx” format, then converted to “.sdf” format ⁹.

Ligand Preparation: Small compounds were prepared for molecular docking investigations using the LigPrep module. The module also determines the ligands' lowest energy conformation. It turned a two-dimensional structure into a three-dimensional one. These structures with the lowest energy were utilized for molecular docking or Qikprop analysis. The LigPrep module used stereochemistry, protonation states, ring conformations, and tautomers to generate numerous output structures for each input structure. The number of structures created varied based on the ligands being processed; however, the number of structures that needed to be modified for the output was consistent. The key variables that influenced the number of structures are the stereochemistry, ionization nature, and tautomeric character of the input ligands. Four potential conformers were formed in the stereoisomerism: cis, trans, R, and S. In ionization, various structures were produced by altering the pH (from 2.0 to 7.0). At the same time, the algorithm created all of the potential tautomeric structures ¹⁰.

Protein Preparation: The quality of docking findings is often influenced by the protein structure. As a result, choosing a receptor structure based on resolution is highly advised. Atypical protein structure file (4EIY) with heavy atoms, fluids, co-factors, and metal ions was acquired from the PDB. The tautomeric states and ionization states were commonly ascribed during protein structure construction. In addition, the covalent bonds between metal ions and proteins were accurately assigned, as were multiple bonds and formal charges. The direction of the water molecules was taken into account when producing the protein files. During the preparation, steric clashes and hydrogen bond conflicts were also resolved. The charge cutoff was set at 0.25 and the Van der Waals scale factor was set to 1.0. On each ligand, induced-fit docking (IFD) was performed, and the best-docked posture with the lowest score was verified ¹¹.

Grid Generation: Grid Generation is used to indicate where the ligands should bind to the receptor. The grid is generated by taking into consideration the shape of the binding site. The grid may be determined if the crystal structure is known based on the ligand location. The precise binding site [126 A° × 126 A° × 126 A° (x, y, and z, respectively)] was discovered via a literature review. The grid points were spaced 0.375 degrees apart ¹².

Extra Precision Docking: The IFD was generated using the structure-based drug design approach, which entails producing accurate geometry ligands to dock with the prescribed structure of a biological target. The free-state ligands are docked into the rigid state receptor's active site, enzyme, tube, and other components, leading to a projected binding mode and assessing the fit's strength. The attachment of a low-molecular-weight ligand to a macromolecular protein has its relevance in receptor-based computational approaches because the best-suited connection with low energy values and probable steric conflicts is determined. The extra-precision (XP) docking mode is a sophisticated sampling methodology that eliminates false-positive findings from docking studies and improves the connection between excellent poses and scores. The system will produce various positions and determine the best ligand poses in terms of energy by utilizing the custom scoring mechanism. This is based on the notion that only active chemicals will contact the protein properly. The XP sampling approach is based on a modified growth plan and an anchor. Typically, a docked ligand's anchor pieces (such as rings) are picked, and the molecule is grown bond by bond from these anchor sites. Then, minimizations and scoring are carried out depending on the scoring penalties. The crossover rate was set to 0.8, and the mutation rate was set at 0.02. The maximum number of energy assessments allowed was 500000, the maximum number of generations allowed was 1000 and the maximum number of top people that automatically survived was one. A 0.2 step size was used for translations, a 5.0° step size for quaternions and a 5.0° step size for torsions. The cluster tolerance was set to 0.5, the external grid energy was set to 1000.0, the maximum binding energy was set to 0.0, the maximum number of retries was set to 10000, and 10 runs were conducted. Based on the Glide score acquired from the docking experiments, the optimum postures were chosen.

Glide Score: The optimal position may be chosen based on the Glide score or Gscore after molecular docking. The algorithm identifies favorable hydrophobic, hydrogen-bonding, and metal-ligation interactions while penalizing steric conflicts when calculating G-score. Normally G score is calculated using the following equation:

Gscore = 0.05*vdW + 0.15*Coul + Lipo + H-bond + Metal + Rewards + RotB + Site

Pharmacokinetic Predictions: The QikProp module was used to find the critical PK parameters that influence processes such as toxicity, absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination (ADMET). Studies on the following factors were conducted as part of the computer-assisted pharmaceutically relevant characteristics prediction based on physical descriptors: Molecular weight of the compound; Compound as Donor - Hydrogen Bonds; Number of Rotatable Bonds; Lipinski Rule of 5 Violations; Compound as Acceptor - Hydrogen Bond; QP log P for Octanol/Water; QP Log K has Serum Protein Binding and % Oral human absorption in GIT.

Bioavailability Studies: The online tool Swiss ADME was made used to perform a pharmacokinetics prediction study, namely ADME, bioavailability, and ligand drug-likeness. Based on many physicochemical properties, the bioavailability radar was made used to envisage the oral bioavailability. The parametric ranges are mentioned as following: POLAR = polarity as 20Ų < TPSA (topological polar surface area) < 130Ų; INSATU = in saturation or saturation as per fraction of carbons in the sp³ hybridization 0.3 < Fraction Csp3 < 1; FLEX = flexibility as per rotatable bonds 0 < Number of rotatable bonds < 9; INSOLU = insoluble in water by log S scale 0 < Logs (ESOL) < 6; SIZE = size as molecular weight 150gm/mol < MV < 500gm/mol; and LIPO = lipophilicity as -0.7 < XLOGP3 < +5.0.

Absorption and Distribution Profile: In the Swiss ADME online tool, the absorption and distribution profile, such as blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation and passive human gastrointestinal absorption (HIA), as well as permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) in the form of substrate or non-substrate was detected positive (PGP+) or negative (PGP-) in the Brain or Intestinal Estimate D permeation method (BOILED-Egg) model inside the tool system.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Molecular Docking Study: The current bioinformatics study revealed that the substituted 2'-(prop – 1 – en - 2-yl)-1', 2', 3', 4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diolmolecules had affinity for the A2aAR in the terms: A16 (GScore: -8.97Kcal/mol) > A4 (GScore: -7.199Kcal/mol) > A6 (GScore: 7.143Kcal/mol) > A5 (GScore: -7.139 Kcal/mol) > A10 (GScore: -7.076 Kcal/mol) > A9 (GScore: -7.075Kcal/mol) > A2 (GScore: -6.884Kcal/mol) > A15 (GScore: -6.763 Kcal/mol) > A14 (GScore: -6.761Kcal/mol) > A8 (GScore: -6.538 Kcal/mol) > A7 (GScore:-6.532Kcal/mol) > A13 (GScore: -6.257 Kcal/mol) > A12 (GScore: -6.254 Kcal/mol) > A11 (GScore: -6.251 Kcal/mol) > A3 (GScore:-6.166Kcal/mol) > A1 (GScore: -6.029Kcal/mol). The compound A16 have been identified as top inhibitor as evidenced from the Gscore of -8.97Kcal/mol Table 1. All the molecules have demonstrated hydrogen bonding interaction by selectively interacting with the amino acid residues PHE168 (compounds A10, A9, A8, A7, A6, A5, A4 and A2), GLU169 (compounds A13, A12, A11, and A3), ILE66 (compounds A15 and A14) and TYR271 (compound A16) via –OH (hydroxyl) group of the molecule. In contrast to them, molecule A1 only expressed interaction with both amino acid residues PHE168 and GLU169 through two hydroxyl moieties.

TABLE 1: DOCKING SCORES (IN DECREASING ORDER) OF SOME SUBSTITUTED 2'-(PROP-1-EN-2-YL)-1',2',3',4'-TETRAHYDRO-[1,1'-BIPHENYL]-2,6-DIOLMOLECULES

Ligand	Structure and IUPAC nomenclature	Gscore (Kcal/mol)	Amino Acid Residues	Hydrogen Bonds
A16	(1'S,2'R)-4-(cyclohexylmethyl)-5'-methyl-2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diol	-8.97	TYR271	1
A4	(1'R,2'R)-5'-methyl-4-(pentyloxy)-2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diol	-7.199	PHE168	1
A6	(1'S,2'R)-4-(cyclopentyloxy)-5'-methyl-2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diol	-7.143	PHE168	1
A5	(1'S,2'R)-4-(cyclopentyloxy)-5'-methyl-2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diol	-7.139	PHE168	1
A10	(1'R,2'R)-4-(sec-butoxy)-5'-methyl-2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diol	-7.076	PHE168	1
A9	(1'S,2'R)-4-(sec-butoxy)-5'-methyl-2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diol	-7.075	PHE168	1
A2	(1'R,2'R)-4-butoxy-5'-methyl-2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diol	-6.884	PHE168	1
A15	(1'S,2'R)-4-(cyclopentylmethyl)-5'-methyl-2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diol	-6.763	ILE66	1
A14	(1'R,2'R)-4-(cyclopentylmethyl)-5'-methyl-2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diol	-6.761	ILE66	1
A8	(1'R,2'R)-4-(cyclohexyloxy)-5'-methyl-2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diol	-6.538	PHE168	1
A7	(1'S,2'R)-4-(cyclohexyloxy)-5'-methyl-2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diol	-6.532	PHE168	1
A13	(1'S,2'R)-5'-methyl-4-pentyl-2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diol	-6.257	GLU169	1
A12	(1'S,2'R)-5'-methyl-4-pentyl-2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diol	-6.254	GLU169	1
A11	(1'S,2'R)-5'-methyl-4-pentyl-2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diol	-6.251	GLU169	1
A3	(1'S,2'R)-5'-methyl-4-(pentyloxy)-2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diol	-6.166	GLU169	1
A1	(1'S,2'R)-4-butoxy-5'-methyl-2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diol	-6.029	PHE168, GLU169	2

The π-π interaction of aromatic rings present in compounds A3, A14 and A15 with the amino acid residues PHE168 and TYR271, respectively have been observed Fig. 1.

Hydrophobic interaction due to non-polar residue interaction at the active site of the biological target, as well as electrostatic forces, water-mediated hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals forces and hydrophobic interaction due to non-polar residue interaction at the active site of the biological target, all interact with the ligands to provide stability to the receptor-ligand complex Fig. 2.

As a result, the docking experiments have broadened the possibilities of opening new avenues for new classes of anti-convulsant drugs. When the structure-predicted inhibitory activity was studied, 4 key points have been observed:

• The only points of interactions were hydroxyl components situated in 2 and 6 positions from the pharmacophore.
• The substitutions of various components like cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, sec-butoxy, etc. have no prominent contribution in the interaction with the receptor via hydrogen bonding; however, they played dominant roles in exhibiting electrostatic forces, Van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interaction.
• The methyl, prop-1-en-2-yl, etc., the part did not play an imperative role in mediating hydrogen bonding interaction. However, they played dominant roles in mediating Van der Waals forces.
• Stereochemistry has a minor influence on the activity. The isomeric forms demonstrated nearly alike results.

FIG. 1: 2D-INTERACTION DIAGRAMS OF SOME SUBSTITUTED 2'-(PROP-1-EN-2-YL)-1',2',3',4'-TETRAHYDRO-[1,1'-BIPHENYL]-2,6-DIOL MOLECULES

FIG. 2: 3D POSES OF SOME SUBSTITUTED 2'-(PROP-1-EN-2-YL)-1',2',3',4'-TETRAHYDRO-[1,1'-BIPHENYL]-2,6-DIOLMOLECULES

Pharmacokinetic Predictions: The observed levels of the top three candidates (A16, A4, and A6) were within the required limits based on the projected pharmacokinetic characteristics.

The projected oral absorption was significant (100%) and may be linked to oral bioavailability (OB), an important criterion in drug development Table 2. Higher OB is often related to reducing the dosage, and lowering the risk of adverse effects and toxicity.

On the other hand, poor OB causes a lot of variation in the mediation of pharmacological responses.

TABLE 2: PHARMACOKINETIC PROFILE OF TOP 3 MOST ACTIVE COMPOUNDS

All of the compounds had log P values in the range of 3.75 to 4.17, indicating superior CNS activity due to improved blood-brain barrier penetration (BBB). The expected lipophilicity profile was less than 5, confirming Lipinski's universal rule of five. High lipophilicity causes several issues, including limited water solubility, significantly high affinity for metabolizing enzymes, and serum protein binding, among others. Similarly, all compounds followed the "Lipinski's rule of five," lipophilicity less than 5, the molecular weight of less than 500, optimized Donor – Hydrogen Bonds of maximum 5 and Hydrogen Bonds of maximum 5, which signifies its optimized pharmacological potentials.

A significantly high human intestinal absorption was perceived from the fact that the values of molecular weight <500 in the case of all the molecules directly influence OB. The serum protein binding was quite substantial in the case of compounds having a value greater than 0.5, represented adequate binding, and will serve as a depot. In contrast, the compound has lower values, less than 0.5, and the majority of the drug will be in circulation. An optimized binding with the serum protein is reasonably needed to express the time-bound activity and exhibit better access to the target site.

Bioavailability Profile: The oral bioavailability forecasted through the bioavailability radar showed desired INSATU = in saturation as per Csp³ as 0.57, FLEX as per the number of rotatable bond 4, INSOLU LogS (ESOL) as -6.34 (soluble), SIZE as molecular weight (gm/mol) of 340.50 g/mol, POLAR as TPSA (Ų) 40.46 and LIPO as XLOGP3 value of 7.10 for compound A16 Fig. 3.

FIG. 3: BIOAVAILABILITY RADAR PLOT FOR MOST ACTIVE COMPOUNDS

For compound A4, the bioavailability radar for oral bioavailability prediction demonstrated necessary INSATU = in saturation as per Csp³ as 0.52, FLEX as per the number of rotable bond 7, INSOLU LogS (ESOL) as -5.30 (soluble), SIZE as molecular weight (gm/mol) of 330.46 g/mol, POLAR as TPSA (Ų) 49.69, and LIPO as XLOGP3 value of 5.86. The oral bioavailability forecasted through the bioavailability radar for compound A6 showed required INSATU = in saturation as per Csp³ as 0.52, FLEX as per the number of rotatable bond 4, INSOLU LogS (ESOL) as -5.16 (soluble), SIZE as molecular weight (gm/mol) of 328.45 g/mol, POLAR as TPSA (Ų) 49.69 and LIPO as XLOGP3 value of 5.34. It can be concluded that all the essential parameters lie within the prescribed limit for all the 3 molecules and the predicted bioavailability was found to be sufficiently high.

Absorption, Distribution and Metabolism Profile: Compound A16 has a higher prevalence of GIT absorption (high penetration potential) than BBB crossing potential in the BOILED-Egg model Fig. 4, but the other two compounds (A4 and A6) had superior BBB penetration than GIT absorption. In the predicted model, the compounds were also discovered to be PGP negative as non-substrate. Interestingly, the BOILED-Egg model has previously been offered as an accurate predictive model that aids in calculating small molecule lipophilicity and polarity. According to the bioavailability radar and BOILED-Egg representation, these chemical compounds may be viable drug candidates.

FIG. 4: BOILED-EGG MODEL FOR MOST ACTIVE COMPOUNDS

CONCLUSION: By directing medicinal chemists toward the development of new substituted 2'-(prop – 1 – en - 2-yl) -1', 2', 3', 4'-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,6-diol,this in-silico study opened the way for novel anti-epileptic drug development by identifying novel adenosine A_2A receptor inhibitors, which play an essential function in managing the convulsions.

These inhibitors demonstrated the creation of hydrogen bonds (through –OH group) as well as the presence of electrostatic forces, Van der Waals forces and hydrophobic interaction supported the stabilization of the ligand-receptor complex, which provide a path for increased penetration into the receptors' active site cavity.

The absorption, distribution, bioavailability, and characteristics concluded that the compounds had desired bioavailability and pharmacokinetics profiles. These solutions to the never-ending search for superior anti-convulsant activity in synthetic compounds would provide opportunities for academics, modern scientists, and scholars and expand pharmacotherapeutic choices.

Funding Information: No Funding Agency acknowledged.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT: Authors acknowledge the help obtained from the college management for providing research facilities and support for performing this study.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The authors stated no Conflict of Interest for the publication of this research article.

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    How to cite this article:

    Kumar S, Sucheta, Garg A, Dhama N and Mathur A: Novel substituted 2’- prop-1-en-2-yl)- 1’, 2’, 3’, 4’- tetreahydro-[1, 1’- biphenyl]- 2, 6- diol compounds as adenosine a2a receptor antagonionists: induced fit molecular docking studies and pharmacokinetic predictions. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2022; 13(7): 2887-98. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.13(7).2887-98.

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