PHARMACOGENOMICS AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE: ADVANCING TAILORED THERAPIES FOR IMPROVED HEALTHCARE

Background: Pharmacogenomics, a cornerstone of precision medicine, studies genetic variations that influence individual drug responses. By leveraging genomic technologies, it enables personalized medicine, optimizing drug efficacy and reducing adverse effects. Objective: This review provides a comprehensive overview of pharmacogenomics, examining its scientific principles, technological advancements, clinical applications, and associated challenges, alongside emerging trends like AI and big data. Methods: A systematic literature review of recent peer-reviewed studies, clinical research, and regulatory reports was conducted using databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Key Findings: Pharmacogenomics focuses on genetic variability in drug metabolism (e.g., CYP450 enzymes), driving personalized therapies. Clinical successes in oncology, cardiology, psychiatry, and infectious diseases underscore its benefits. Advances in next-generation sequencing, GWAS, and bioinformatics tools like PharmGKB have propelled research and clinical integration. However, challenges include rare gene-drug interactions, high costs, healthcare disparities, and ethical concerns related to genetic data. Future directions emphasize gene-editing technologies, diverse population studies, and AI-driven discoveries. Conclusion: Pharmacogenomics offers transformative potential for healthcare through individualized therapies. However, its widespread clinical adoption necessitates further research, cost-effective strategies, ethical frameworks, and equitable access to ensure global healthcare benefits.