PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STANDARDIZATION AND PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON ANANAS COMOSUS (L.) MERR.
HTML Full TextPHARMACOGNOSTICAL STANDARDIZATION AND PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON ANANAS COMOSUS (L.) MERR.
Virender Kumar, Vandana Garg * and Harish Dureja
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
ABSTRACT: Pineapple or 'Ananas,' is a tropical fruit that belongs to the Bromeliaceae family. The stem and fruit of this plant are utilized in conventional and folk medicine for treating various illnesses. In addition to calcium, iron, potassium, pineapples are a rich source of vitamin C, B and A. This study involves determinations various standardization specifications for the plant Ananas comosus (L.) Merr such as morphological characteristics, microscopic examinations, physiochemical parameters, and phytochemical screening for significant groups of compounds and other WHO recommended parameters for standardization. A morphology study was done on the fruit and stem portion of the plant. A microscopy study indicated the presence of lignified fibers, ovaries and sepals. The elemental analysis showed the presence of lead, Arsenic, Iron, Zinc, Cadmium, Magnesium, Copper, and Mercury and all the elements are within limits. The phytochemical profile revealed saponins, glycosides, phenols, flavonoids, anthraquinone steroids, tannins, carbohydrates, and terpenoids. The phenolic content was determined by using the Folin-Ciocteau method and found to be highest in ethanolic extract of fruit (40.02 mg GAE/g) and stem (35.83 mg GAE/g), respectively. The flavonoid content was determined using the aluminum chloride method and found to be highest in ethanolic extract of fruit (32.20 mg of qucertein /g) and stem (18.45mg of qucertein /g) portion, respectively. The finding of this study results a useful source of information and give appropriate criteria for recognizing this medicinally active plant for future investigations and applications.
Keywords: Pineapple, Medicinal plants, Phytochemical, Microscopic studies, Standardization, Ananas comosus, Pharmacognostic study
INTRODUCTION: Plants have been the foundation of sophisticated traditional medicine like Chinese, Ayurvedic and Unani. Today, many essential drugs are derived from plant products are used, the conventional system of medicines 1. In the last three decades, there has been an increase in the utilization of plant supplements and their products. Approximately 80% of the population depends on plant products as a necessary part of primary health care.
There is a lot of potential shown by these plants, as they also have good efficacy. The testing of many plant products is still incomplete; hence their use is not fully explored. There is preliminary testing of many plant products; moreover, their use is monitored poorly or even not monitored. As the use of herbal remedies increases, there should be adequate measures by the regulatory authorities to ensure the safety and quality of these products for the health benefits of human beings 2.
Pineapple is an edible fruit in the Bromeliaceae family. It is typically identified as “ananas” or “pineapple.” It is cultivated in Indonesia, Nigeria, India, Costa Rica, Mexico, the Philippines, Colombia, China, and Brazil. It is primarily grown in Goa, Karnataka, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram and West Bengal in India. After citrus and banana, pineapple is the 3rd most common fruit globally 3. India grabs 6th place globally with 1.7 million metric tons of annual production of pineapples 4. Many pharmacological properties reported in the plant are antimalarial 5, antidiabetic 6, abortifacient 7–9, anticancer 10–16, antioxidant 17–20, antidiarrhoeal 21, antiplatelet aggregation 22, 23, anti-inflammatory 24-27, antidepressant 28, 29, cardioprotective 30–32, debridement 23, diuretic 23, immunomodulatory 33–35; hypolipidemic 36. The peel portion of pineapple is used in herbal decoction as a flavoring agent. A proteolytic enzyme is derived from pineapple, shows therapeutic potential in treating various types of cancer and dermatological ailments and acts as an anti-inflammatory agent 37, 38. Pineapple is used in industry and cosmeceuticals and is used clinically for wound healing 37, 39–42. Pineapples have a high medicinal value due to diverse bioactive substances; hence pharmacognostical characteristics such as morphological description, microscopical examination, heavy metal presence, and physicochemical parameters must be standardized.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Plant Collection and Authentication: The stems and fruits of Ananas comosus were procured from the markets of Rohtak, Haryana, and Siliguri in West Bengal, respectively. Dr. Sunita Garg, affiliated to Raw Material and Herbarium and Museum, CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources, New Delhi as chief scientist, authenticated the plant parts in question (fruit and stems) via reference no NISCAR / RHMD / Consult / 2018/3305/06 and NICAR/RHMD/ Consult /2020/5665/09. The plant was identified as Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill.
Morphological Description: The morphological characteristics of fruit and stem portions include color, odor, shape, size and taste. These characteristics were examined by the naked eye using a dissection microscope.
Microscopic Examination: For the transverse section, the fruit and stem portion of the plant were made smooth by soaking into water. Free-handed sectioning was used for cutting the transverse section of fruit and stem. The transverse section of the plant part was cleared by using chloral-hydrate. Then staining of the T.S. was done with phloroglucinol and HCl mounted in glycerol, followed by a microscopic study. A small amount of powdered stem and fruit took on the slide for powder microscopy. These slides were mounted with phloroglucinol followed by conc. HCl and glycerin. Then observations are made under the light microscope. Various reagents are used to carry out the plant's histochemical studies as per the guidelines of WHO.
Physicochemical Parameters: To find various phytoconstituents, the prepared extract was examined by various chemical tests such as saponins, carbohydrates, phenols, alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, glycosides and triterpenoids.
Elemental Analysis: The Nitric Perchloric acid digestion method was used for the elemental analysis of samples. The method, as mentioned above, was based on the method given by the Agricultural Association of Chemists (1990). According to the procedure, 10 ml of concentrated nitric acid was used to 1 gram of sample for 30 to 45 minutes. Boiling was stopped on the look of fumes of white color. Again, mixture cooling was carried out, followed by boiling the cool mixture to release fumes. Then, filtration of the cooled solution was carried out by using Whatman Number 42 filter paper specified as 20 & 21. The obtained samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GBC932 PLUS). The AAS with hollow cathode lamp for arsenic, zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, mercury, magnesium, and iron was used. Calibration of the instrument was done using a solution of zinc, arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper, mercury, magnesium, and iron at wavelengths of 213.9, 193.7, 228.8, 283.5, 324.8, 253.7, 242.1, and 248.3nm, respectively. After that, the calibration curve of reference for sample analysis was prepared. Optimization of the instrument was carried out according to requirements. We have obtained the results in parts per million (ppm) levels.
Extraction: The powdered form of the stem and fruit portion of A. cosmosus was defatted using petroleum ether, followed by successive extraction of the above samples with chloroform, ethanol, and water. The triple maceration process was used to prepare the extracts. Extraction of the powdered drug sample was carried out with one solvent each time, followed by drying below 50 ℃, and then the dried drug was extracted with the successive solvent in the same manner. These obtained extracts were subjected to Rota-evaporator for complete drying, and desiccators were used to store these extracts for further use.
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening: The prepared extract shall be chemically tested to verify the presence of phtyocomponents such as saponins, phenols, steroids, flavonoids and triterpenoids.
Total Phenol Content: Folin-Ciocteau reagent was used to determine phenol content. First, Folin-ciocateu reagent (0.5ml) was added to the ethanolic extract (1.0 ml) and then incubated in the solution for approximately 15 min. In the next step, a saturated sodium carbonate solution was added to the above solution. After that, set the formed solution for 40 min in a dark environment. Finally, solution absorbance was measured by selecting wavelength maxima 725 nm, and for the preparation of the standard plot, gallic acid was used as a reference drug.
Total Flavonoids Content: The aluminum chloride method was used for the determination of total flavonoids content. First, 5% sodium nitrite solution (0.3 ml) and water (4 ml) were added to extract (1.0 ml) and then 10% aluminum chloride (0.3 ml) to the solution.
After 5 min, 1M NaOH (2.0 ml) was added to the solution, followed by dilution to make the volume 10 ml. The obtained solution absorbance was taken by selecting the maximum wavelength of 510 nm. Quercetin was used as a reference drug, and from the standard plot of the drug, flavonoid content is determined.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Morphological Studies:
Fruit: The shape of the fruit was ovate to cylindrical; it is yellowish to green; its diameter is approximate 16-24 cm long and 13-16 cm long. Fig. 1 shows fresh and dried fruit portions of pineapple.
Stem: The stem is club-shaped, having a 23-50 cm length; nodes are also present. Fig. 2 shows the stem portion of the pineapple.
FIG. 1: FRESH AND DRIED PORTION OF PINEAPPLE
FIG. 2: STEM PORTION OF PINEAPPLE
Microscopic Examination:
Qualitative Microscopy: The microscopy of the fruit portion of the pineapple resulted in the presence of ovaries and sepals.
It also showed the presence of a peduncle. The presence of lignified fibers can also be seen in the fruit mesocarp and the transverse section of the fruit is shown in Fig. 3.
Histochemical Detection: Histochemical investi-gation of fruit and stem showed various cell contents presented in Table 1 and Fig. 4.
TABLE 1: HISTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION IN ANANAS COMOSUS FRUIT AND STEM PORTION
Test | Result | |
Fruit | Stem | |
Cellulose cell wall | P | P |
Aleurone grains | P | A |
Lignified cell wall | P | P |
Fats | P | P |
Calcium oxalate | A | P |
Tannins | P | P |
Calcium carbonate | A | P |
Starch | P | P |
*a= absent, p=present
FIG. 3: TRANSVERSE SECTION OF FRUIT
FIG. 4: HISTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION IN ANANAS COMOSUS
Physicochemical Analysis: The results obtained from the physiochemical analysis for ash values, foaming index, moisture content, extractive values and swelling index are presented in Table 2.
TABLE 2: PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF ANANAS COMOSUS FRUIT AND STEM PORTION
S. no. | Parameter | Value | |
Fruit | Stem | ||
1 | Moisture content | 86.15 % | 65.10% |
2 | Swelling index | 3.00 | 1.00 |
3 | Foaming index | Less than 100 | Less than 100 |
4 | Extractive values | ||
Petroleum ether | 0.241% | 0.320% | |
Chloroform | 0.532% | 0.411% | |
Ethanol | 5.156% | 3.452% | |
Aqueous | 3.171% | 2.928% | |
5 | Ash values | ||
Total ash value | 3.2% w/w | 4.6%w/w | |
Acid insoluble ash | 1.5% w/w | 2.8%w/w | |
Sulphated ash | 1.8% w/w | 1.5% w/w | |
Water soluble ash | 2.4% w/w | 1.9% w/w |
Elemental Analysis: The elemental contents of lead, Arsenic, Iron, Zinc, Cadmium, Magnesium, Copper and Mercury were analyzed from the powdered fruit and stem were within limits. The results obtained from the analysis are enumerated in Table 3.
TABLE 3: ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF ANANAS COMOSUS STEM AND FRUIT PORTION
Metal | Concentration (ppm) | |
Fruit | Stem | |
Lead | 0.21 | 0.10 |
Arsenic | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Copper | 0.0002 | 0.001 |
Cadmium | 0.008 | 0.006 |
Mercury | 0.0444 | 0.005 |
Magnesium | 55.40 | 4.08 |
Zinc | 0.00486 | 0.0023 |
Iron | 0.18 | 0.14 |
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening: The analysis of the phytoconstituents of extracts of the stem portion of A. comosus was done to identify bioactive compounds according to standards procedures, and the findings are presented in Table 4.
TABLE 4: ANANAS COMOSUS STEM EXTRACTS SCREENING RESULTS
Phytoconstituents | Test | Inference | |||
Petroleum ether | Chloroform | Ethanol | Aqueous | ||
Carbohydrates | Molish test | A | A | P | P |
Barfoed test | A | A | P | A | |
Benedict test | A | A | P | P | |
Hexose sugar | A | A | A | A | |
Fehling test | A | A | P | A | |
Alkaloids | Hager test | A | A | A | A |
Wagner test | A | A | A | A | |
Dragondroff test | A | A | A | A | |
Meyer test | A | A | A | A | |
Anthraquinone glycosides | Modified Borntrager test | A | P | P | A |
Coumarin glycosides | Fluorescence | A | A | A | A |
Saponins | Foam test | A | P | P | P |
Flavonoids | Shinoda | P | P | P | A |
Vanillin HCl | P | P | P | A | |
Ammonia | P | P | P | A | |
Phenols | Ferric chloride | A | P | P | P |
Lead acetate | A | P | P | P | |
Steroids and terpenoids | Salkovaski | P | P | P | A |
Libermann Burchard test | P | P | P | A |
*a= absent, p=present
In the same way, analysis of the fruit portion of A. comosus showed the absence or presence of saponins, phenols, anthraquinone glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids and carbohydrates in prepared extracts and the results are given in Table 5.
TABLE 5: ANANAS COMOSUS FRUIT EXTRACTS SCREENING RESULTS
Phytoconstituents | Test | Inference | |||
Petroleum ether | Chloroform | Ethanol | Aqueous | ||
Carbohydrates | Molish test | A | A | P | P |
Benedict test | A | A | P | P | |
Fehling test | A | A | P | A | |
Pentose sugar | A | A | P | A | |
Barfoed test | A | A | P | A | |
Hexose sugar | A | A | A | A | |
Alkaloids | Hager test | A | A | A | A |
Meyer test | A | A | A | A | |
Dragondroff test | A | A | A | A | |
Wagner test | A | A | A | A | |
Anthraquinone glycosides | Modified Borntrager’s | A | A | P | A |
Coumarin glycosides | Fluorescence test | A | A | A | A |
Saponins | Foam test | A | A | P | P |
Flavonoids | Vanillin HCl | P | P | P | A |
Ammonia | P | P | P | A | |
Shinoda | P | P | P | A | |
Phenols | Ferric chloride test | A | P | P | P |
Lead acetate | A | P | P | P | |
Steroids and terpenoids | Salkovaski | P | P | P | A |
Libermann Burchard’s test | P | P | P | A |
*a= absent, p=present
Total Phenolic Content: Phenolic content in prepared extract was determined by Folin-ciocateu. The standard curve's regression equation had a regression co-efficient (R2) of 0.9986. Value of phenolic contents diverse from 2.50 to 40.02 mg of gallic acid per g weight in fruit portion and 1.81 to 35.83.mg gallic acid per g weight in the stem portion of the plant. Phenolic content in the fruit and stem portion of pineapple is shown in Table 6 below.
TABLE 6: TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT OF PINEAPPLE EXTRACTS
Extract | Phenolic (mg of gallic acid equivalents/g) (Fruit) | Phenolic (mg of gallic acid equivalents/g) (Stem) |
Petroleum ether extract | Absent | Absent |
Chloroform extract | Absent | Absent |
Ethanol extract | 40.02±2.00 | 35.83±2.13 |
Aqueous extract | 2.50±0.15 | 1.81±0.10 |
Values are mean± S.D.
Total Flavonoid Content: The aluminum chloride method was used for the determination of flavonoid content. The standard curve's regression equation had a regression co-efficient (R2) of 0.9904. The value of flavonoid content varied from 2.30 mg to 32.20 mg of qucertein/gram weight in the fruit portion and 5.56 to 18.45 mg of qucertein/g weight in the stem portion of the plant. Flavonoid content in the fruit and stem portion of pineapple is shown in Table 7 below.
TABLE 7: TOTAL FLAVONOID CONTENT IN STEM AND FRUIT PORTION OF PINEAPPLE
Extract | Total flavonoid (mg of qucertein /g)
(Fruit) |
Total flavonoid (mg of qucertein /g)
(Stem) |
Petroleum ether extract | Absent | Absent |
Chloroform extract | 2.32±0.12 | Absent |
Ethanol extract | 32.20±3.46 | 18.45±1.15 |
Aqueous extract | 16.12±1.02 | 5.56±0.06 |
Values are Mean± S.D.
DISCUSSION: In the present study, quality control parameters for standardization of the A. comosus stem and fruit were done prior to their biological evaluation. The physiochemical parameters were within the range. Triple maceration was performed for the stem and fruit portion of A. comosus and the extractive value was found to be higher in the case of ethanol. Heavy metals like arsenic, lead and mercury was within both plant portions limits.
Preliminary phytochemical analysis of A. comosus showed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenol, and triterpenoids in different fractions of extract. Total phenolic content was found to be higher in ethanol extract. The higher concentration of total flavonoids content was determined in ethanol, extract of the stem, and fruit portion of the plant.
CONCLUSION: A pharmacognostical study and preliminary phytochemical tests were carried out to determine quality control considerations for A. comosus. The results of these studies will serve as diagnostic tool for standardizing the A. comosus.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Declared none.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: None.
REFERENCES:
- Current scientific status and regulatory control of traditional/herbal medicinal products: Globalization challenges [Internet]. [cited 2021 Dec 9]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286147017_Current_scientific_status_and_regulatory_control_of_traditionalherbal_medicinal_products_Globalization_challenges
- Gurib-Fakim A: Medicinal plants: Traditions of yesterday and drugs of tomorrow. Mol Aspects Med [Internet]. 2006 Feb [cited 2021 Dec 9]; 27(1):1–93. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16105678/
- Ekor M: The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Front Pharmacol [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2021 Dec 9]; 4. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24454289/
- Baidoo MF, Asante-Kwatia E, Mensah AY, Sam GH and Amponsah IK: Pharmacognostic characterization and development of standardization parameters for the quality control of Entada africana Guill. & Perr. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants [Internet]. 2019 Mar 1 [cited 2021 Dec 9]; 12: 36–42. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214786118302845
- Uzor PF, Ishiwu BU and Nwodo NJ: In-vivo antimalarial effect of Ananas comosus (L) Merr (Bromeliaceae) fruit peel, and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy profiling: A possible role for polyunsaturated fatty acid. Trop J Pharm Res [Internet]. 2020 Apr 9 [cited 2021 Dec 9]; 19(1): 137–45. Available from: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/tjpr/article/view/194488
- Riya MP, Antu KA, Vinu T, Chandrakanth KC, Anilkumar KS and Raghu KG: An in-vitro study reveals nutraceutical properties of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. var. Mauritius fruit residue beneficial to diabetes. J Sci Food Agric [Internet]. 2014 Mar 30 [cited 2021 Dec 9]; 94(5): 943–50. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23929507/
- Kumar D, Kumar A and Prakash O: Potential antifertility agents from plants: A comprehensive review. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 140(1): 1–32.
- Taprial S, Kashyap D, Mehta V, Kumar S and Kumar D: Antifertility effect of hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Michelia champaca L.: An ethnomedicine used by Bhatra women in Chhattisgarh state of India. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 147(3): 671–5.
- Pakrashi A and Basak B: Abortifacient effect of steroids from Ananas comosus and their analogues on mice. J Reprod Fertil [Internet]. 1976 [cited 2021 Dec 9]; 46(2): 461–2. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/943531/
- Gani MBA, Nasiri R, Almaki JH, Majid FAA, Marvibaigi M and Amini N: In-vitro antiproliferative activity of fresh pineapple juices on ovarian and colon cancer cell lines. Int J Pept Res Ther 2015; 21(3): 353–64.
- Romano B, Fasolino I, Pagano E, Capasso R, Pace S and De Rosa G: The chemopreventive action of bromelain, from pineapple stem (Ananas comosus L.), on colon carcinogenesis is related to antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58(3): 457–65.
- Mohd Ali M, Hashim N, Abd Aziz S and Lasekan O: Pineapple (Ananas comosus): A comprehensive review of nutritional values, volatile compounds, health benefits, and potential food products. Food Res Int 2020; 137: 109675.
- Debnath R, Chatterjee N, Das S, Mishra S, Bose D and Banerjee S: Bromelain with peroxidase from pineapple are more potent to target leukemia growth inhibition - A comparison with only bromelain. Toxicol Vitr 2019; 55: 24–32.
- Ataide JA, Cefali LC, Figueiredo MC, Braga LE de O, Ruiz ALTG and Foglio MA: In-vitro performance of free and encapsulated bromelain. Sci Reports 2021 111 [Internet]. 2021 May 13 [cited 2021 Dec 9]; 11(1):1–10. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-89376-0
- Bhatnagar P, Patnaik S, Srivastava AK, Mudiam MKR, Shukla Y and Panda AK: Anti-cancer activity of bromelain nanoparticles by oral administration. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2014; 10(12): 3558–75.
- Talib WH, Alsalahat I, Daoud S, Abutayeh RF and Mahmod AI: Plant-derived natural products in cancer research: extraction, mechanism of action and drug formulation. Molecules 2020; 25(22): 5319.
- Mhatre M, Tilak-Jain J, De S and Devasagayam TPA: Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of non-transformed and transformed pineapple: a comparative study. Food Chem Toxicol [Internet]. 2009 Nov [cited 2021 Dec 9]; 47(11):2696–702. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19563857/
- Mohamad NE, Yeap SK, Lim KL, Yusof HM, Beh BK and Tan SW: Antioxidant effects of pineapple vinegar in reversing of paracetamol-induced liver damage in mice. Chin Med [Internet]. 2015 Feb 13 [cited 2021 Dec 9]; 10(1):3. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25699088
- Septembre-Malaterre A, Stanislas G, Douraguia E, Gonthier MP. Evaluation of nutritional and antioxidant properties of the tropical fruits banana, litchi, mango, papaya, passion fruit and pineapple cultivated in Réunion French Island. Food Chem [Internet]. 2016 Dec 1 [cited 2021 Dec 9]; 212:225–33. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27374527/
- Mohamad NE, Keong Yeap S, Beh BK, Romli MF, Yusof HM and Kristeen-Teo YW: Comparison of in vivo toxicity, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of coconut, nipah and pineapple juice vinegars. J Sci Food Agric [Internet]. 2018 Jan 30 [cited 2021 Dec 9]; 98(2): 534–40. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28631270/
- Mynott TL, Guandalini S, Raimondi F and Fasano A: Bromelain prevents secretion caused by Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli enterotoxins in rabbit ileum in vitro. Gastroenterology [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2021 Dec 10]; 113(1): 175–84. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9207276/
- Musfiroh FF, Setiasih S, Handayani S, Hudiyono S and Ilyas NM: In-vivo antiplatelet activity aggregation assay of bromelain fractionate by ethanol from extract pineapple core (Ananas comosus [L.] merr.). IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng [Internet]. 2018 Jan 1 [cited 2021 Dec 10]; 299(1): 012017. Available from: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/299/1/012017
- Carola HRM, Edyta G, Klaus E and Klaus R: Bromelain proteases reduce human platelet aggregation in-vitro, adhesion to bovine endothelial cells and thrombus formation in rat vessels in-vivo. Institute of Pharmacy. University of Berlin 1999.
- Insuan O, Janchai P, Thongchuai B, Chaiwongsa R, Khamchun S and Saoin S: Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Pineapple Rhizome Bromelain through Downregulation of the NF-κB- and MAPKs-Signaling Pathways in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol [Internet]. 2021 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Dec 10]; 43(1): 93–106. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34067064/
- Kargutkar S and Brijesh S: Anti-inflammatory evaluation and characterization of leaf extract of Ananas comosus. Inflammopharmacology [Internet]. 2018 Apr 1 [cited 2021 Dec 10]; 26(2): 469–77. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28766086/
- Ajayi AM, Coker AI, Oyebanjo OT, Adebanjo IM and Ademowo OG: Ananas comosus (L) Merrill (pineapple) fruit peel extract demonstrates antimalarial, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in experimental models. J Ethnopharmacol [Internet]. 2022 Jan 10 [cited 2021 Dec 10]; 282. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34461191/
- Hong JH, Kim MR, Lee BN, Oh WM, Min KS and Im YG: Anti-Inflammatory and Mineralization Effects of Bromelain on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation of Human Dental Pulp Cells. Medicina (Kaunas) [Internet]. 2021 Jun 1 [cited 2021 Dec 10]; 57(6). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34201357/
- Kafeel H and Naqvi S: Antidepressant activity on methanolic extract of Ananas comosus linn peel (meacp) by using forced swim and tail suspension apparatus in mice. Sci Int (Lahore). 2016; 28(3): 2525–31.
- (PDF) eat pineapple a day to keep depression at bay [internet]. [cited 2021 dec 10]. available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49592797_EAT_pineapple_a_day_to_keep_depression_at_bay
- Seenak P, Kumphune S, Malakul W, Chotima R and Nernpermpisooth N: Pineapple consumption reduced cardiac oxidative stress and inflammation in high cholesterol diet-fed rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) [Internet]. 2021 Dec 1 [cited 2021 Dec 10]; 18(1). Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC8028712/
- Saxena P and Panjwani D: Cardioprotective potential of hydro-alcoholic fruit extract of Ananas comosus against isoproterenol induced myocardial infraction in Wistar Albino rats. J Acute Dis [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2021 Dec 10]; 3(3): 228–34. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270595478_Cardioprotective_potential_of hydroalcoholic_fruit_extract_of_Ananas_comosus_against_isoproterenol_induced_myocardial_infraction_in_Wistar_Albino_rats
- Juhasz B, Thirunavukkarasu M, Pant R, Zhan L, Penumathsa SV and Secor ER: Bromelain induces cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury through Akt/FOXO pathway in rat myocardium. Am J Physiol - Hear Circ Physiol [Internet]. 2008 Mar [cited 2021 Dec 10]; 294(3). Available from: https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajpheart.01005.2007
- Saptarini NM, Rahayu D and Kartikawati E: Immunomodulatory Activity of Crude Bromelain of Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) Crown from Subang District, Indonesia. Res J Pharm Technol [Internet]. 2020 Nov 13 [cited 2021 Dec 10]; 13(11): 5177–82. Available from: https://rjptonline.org/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2020-13-11-20
- Mohamad NE, Keong Yeap S, Beh BK, Romli MF, Yusof HM and Kristeen-Teo YW: Comparison of in vivo toxicity, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of coconut, nipah and pineapple juice vinegars. J Sci Food Agric [Internet]. 2018 Jan 1 [cited 2021 Dec 10]; 98(2): 534–40. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jsfa.8491
- Engwerda CR, Andrew D, Ladhams A and Mynott TL: Bromelain modulates T cell and B cell immune responses in-vitro and in-vivo. Cell Immunol [Internet]. 2001 May 25 [cited 2021 Dec 10]; 210(1):66–75.
- Xie W, Wang W, Su H, Xing D, Cai G and Du L: Hypolipidemic mechanisms of Ananas comosus L. leaves in mice: different from fibrates but similar to statins. J Pharmacol Sci [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2021 Dec 10]; 103(3): 267–74. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17380035/
- Rathnavelu V, Alitheen NB, Sohila S, Kanagesan S and Ramesh R: Potential role of bromelain in clinical and therapeutic applications. Biomed Reports [Internet]. 2016 Sep 1 [cited 2021 Dec 10]; 5(3): 283. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4998156/
- Ketnawa S, Chaiwut P and Rawdkuen S: Pineapple wastes: A potential source for bromelain extraction. Food Bioprod Process [Internet]. 2012 Jul [cited 2021 Dec 10];90(3):385–91. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257415668_Pineapple_wastes_A_potential_source_for_bromelain_extraction
- Maurer HR: Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use. Cell Mol Life Sci [Internet]. 2001 Aug [cited 2021 Sep 26]; 58(9): 1234–45. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11577981/
- Debnath B, Singh WS and Manna K: A phytopharmacological review on Ananas comosus. Adv Tradit Med [Internet]. 2021 Mar 14 [cited 2021 Dec 3]; Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350055999_A_phytopharmacological_review_on_Ananas_comosus
- Rosenberg L, Lapid O, Bogdanov-Berezovsky A, Glesinger R, Krieger Y and Silberstein E: Safety and efficacy of a proteolytic enzyme for enzymatic burn debridement: a preliminary report. Burns [Internet]. 2004 Dec [cited 2021 Dec 3]; 30(8): 843–50. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15555800/
- Reinhardt A, Rodriguez L V. Industrial processing of Pineapple - Trends and perspectives. Acta Hortic 2009; 822: 323–8.
How to cite this article:
Kumar V, Garg V and Dureja H: Pharmacognostical standardization and preliminary phytochemical investigations on Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2022; 13(11): 4671-79. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.13(11).4671-79.
All © 2022 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Article Information
37
4671-4679
1118 KB
293
English
IJPSR
Virender Kumar, Vandana Garg * and Harish Dureja
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M. D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, India.
vandugarg@rediffmail.com
29 March 2022
24 April 2022
25 April 2022
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.13(11).4671-79
01 November 2022