PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL EVALUATION OF CURCUMA LONGA AND CURCUMA AROMATICA AGAINST ENTERIC POULTRY PATHOGENS

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL EVALUATION OF CURCUMA LONGA AND CURCUMA AROMATICA AGAINST ENTERIC POULTRY PATHOGENS

Vihang Vithalrao Patil ^{* 1}, Shilpa Rajabhau Surwase ¹, Avinash Sangram Belure ², Anuradha Govindrao Suryawanshi ² and Dilip Vithalrao Mane ³

Department of Biotechnology ¹, Rajarshi Shahu Mahavidyalaya (Autonomous), Latur - 413512, Maharashtra, India.

Department of Biotechnology ², College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Latur - 413531, Maharashtra, India.

Indovax Private Limited ³, Gurgaon - 122004, Haryana, India.

ABSTRACT: After an increasing concern of sub-therapeutic use of antibiotics in poultry to treat enteric and other infections, an interest in alternative and efficient products with antibacterial properties has increased. From ancient time, the plants are constantly contributing as a useful source for the therapeutic and pharmaceutically important compounds. In this study, we therefore tested for the presence of important phytochemicals and antibacterial potential of Curcuma longa and Curcuma aromatica rhizome extracts against poultry enteric pathogens. Pharmaceutically important phytochemicals including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, phenols, glucosides, etc. were found to be present in extracts of C. longa and C. aromatica. The extracts of C. aromatica exhibited excellent inhibitory action against Escherichia coli and Salmonella entertidis. However, C. longa extracts showed zone of inhibition against E. coli alone. This study provides significant insight into therapeutic application of Curcuma spp. against enteric poultry pathogens, suggesting it’s potential as an alternative to antibiotics and opens the way for further use in poultry feed for effective production.

Antibacterial activity, Curcuma longa, Curcuma aromatica, E. coli, S. entertidis, Poultry

INTRODUCTION: Indian poultry industry is one of the fastest growing segment in agriculture sector, provides source of livelihood to 4 million people directly or indirectly ¹. Due to relatively lower price, excellent nutritional profile and religious acceptability; poultry meat and egg consumption is gaining more popularity among developing nations².

As a result, the poultry production in India is doubled in last two decades. In spite of substantial advancements in poultry sector, the industry still faces numerous challenges including bacterial and viral diseases.

Currently, enteric diseases in poultry are root cause of lower productivity, increased mortality and possibility of zoonoses ³. Generally these infections are treated by using antibiotics but increasing concern of antibiotics residues and ban on sub-therapeutic antibiotics use in many developed countries generating interest for the development of an alternative method to control poultry associated pathogens in different parts of the world ⁴. From ancient time, plants and its products are used as a medicine to treat various diseases in human and animals ⁵. Many plants secrete thousands of phytochemicals showing inhibitory effects against different types of micro-organisms ⁶. However, the potential of many plants as a source of new drugs is still largely unexplored. Curcuma longa and Curcuma aromatica are perennial rhizomatous shrubs belongs to the Zingiberaceae family ⁷. Both the species are native to the Indian subcontinent and South East Asia ⁸. They are traditionally used as a home remedy for various diseases in India. In-vitro antimicrobial and anti- inflammatory activity of Curcuma spp. is reported previously ^{9, 10}. In this research work, we have explored antibacterial activity of Curcuma longa and Curcuma aromatica extract against enteric avian pathogens including Escherichia coli and Salmonella entertidis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Collection of Plant Materials: Dried rhizomes of Curcuma longa and Curcuma aromatica were collected from local Ayurvedic Medicinal Shop, Latur. The plant material was properly identified with the help of authentic literature and documented with their characteristics features. The rhizomes were further powdered and stored at room temperature till further use.

Preparation of Plant Extract: The preparation of extract was done by using continuous hot extraction method. 10 gm of rhizome powder was packed in Soxhlet apparatus and extracted with 150 ml water and methanol subsequently. The liquid extracts were collected in conical flasks and remaining solvent is removed by distillation ¹¹. The prepared extracts were further used for preliminary phytochemical analysis and its antibacterial potential against poultry pathogens.

Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis: Pre-liminary phytochemical screening of water and methanolic extract of rhizome of Curcuma longa and Curcuma aromatica was carried by using standard procedures ¹². The tests were performed to check the presence of important phyto-constituents like; alkaloid, flavonoid, phenols, saponin, terpenoid, steroid, carbohydrate, protein, glucosides.

Determination of Antibacterial Activity: The bacterial cultures of enteric pathogens i.e. E. coli and S. entertidis isolated from infected chickens were provided by Oyster Biologicals Pvt. Ltd., Omerga (Maharashtra), India. The antibacterial activity of rhizome extracts against E. coli and S. entertidis was tested by using Kirby- Bauer method with few modifications ⁸.

In brief, overnight grown cultures of E. coli and S. entertidis were inoculated on Mueller Hinton Agar (HiMedia, India) plates by using sterile swabs in order to get uniform and thick growth after incubation. Wells of 6 mm diameter were formed on inoculated Mueller Hinton Agar by using appropriate sized cork borer. The dried rhizome extracts of Curcuma longa and C. aromatica were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (SRL, India) at the concentration of 50 mg/ml. 75 µl of DMSO dissolved extracts were then filled in wells prepared on MHA plates. Inoculated plates were further kept for incubation at 37 °C for 18-24 h.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Phytochemical Analysis: Phytochemical analysis was carried out to detect the presence of any pharmaceutically active compound in rhizomes of Curcuma longa and Curcuma aromatica.

TABLE 1: QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICALS OF C. LONGA AND C. AROMATICA

+ Indicates the presence of constituent, - Indicates the absence of constituents

Major phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, steroids, etc. were found in both Curcuma longa and Curcuma aromatica extracts Table 1. Similar findings were also noted by various authors ^{10, 11, 13}. Glucosides were found to be present in Curcuma longa but absent in Curcuma aromatica extracts. On the other hand, terpenoid was found in Curcuma aromatica but lacking in Curcuma longa. The absence of glucosides is also confirmed in C. aromatic ¹⁴. Presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and phenolics strongly suggest plants involvement in antibacterial activity ¹⁵. In our experiments, all of these phytochemicals were noted in Curcuma longa and Curcuma aromatica.

Antibacterial Activity: Antibacterial activity of methanolic and Water extracts of C. longa and C. aromatica was tested against poultry enteric pathogens E. coli and S. entertidis recovered from chicken gut. Both methanolic and water extracts (50 mg/ml) of Curcuma longa showed moderate zones of inhibition against E. coli but no antibacterial potential was observed against S. entertidis. However, methanolic extract of C. aromatica found to be effective and exhibited good zone of inhibition against E. coli (14.66 ± 1.15 mm) and S. entertidis (13.00 ± 1.00mm). Similarly, water extract of C. aromatica also generated sensible effect against E. coli (11.66 ± 0.57 mm) and S. entertidis (9.00 ± 1.00 mm) Table 2. Various species of Curcuma have already exhibited antimicrobial properties against human and avian pathogens in recent years ^{16, 17, 18}. A report also suggested the antibacterial potential of Curcuma aromatica against human pathogenic E. coli, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa and P. vulgaris ¹⁰. A recently published report confirmed antibacterial effect of curcuma against S. entertidis infection in chicken¹⁹.

FIG. 1: ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CURCUMA AROMATICA AGAINST S. ENTERTIDIS

TABLE 2: ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF C. LONGA AND C. AROMATICA EXTRACTS

 CONCLUSION: Medicinal plants are always considered as an effective source of traditional and modern medicines. Many literatures suggest the medicinal and cosmetic importance of turmeric. In our study photochemical analysis reveals the presence of important phytochemicals like alkaloid, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, saponins etc. in both C. longa and C. aromatica. Extracts of C. aromatica rhizomes exhibited potential inhibitory effect against enteric pathogens of poultry. Hence, this study concludes that, the Curcuma aromatica rhizomes with certain processing can be used as a potential alternative for traditional treatments like antibiotics in enteric infections of poultry.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors deeply acknowledge the help and cooperation rendered by concerned authorities of Department of Biotechnology, RSM, Latur and Department of Biotechnology, COCSIT, Latur in carrying out the research work.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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    How to cite this article:

    Patil VV, Surwase SR, Belure AS, Suryawanshi AG and Mane DV: Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial evaluation of Curcuma longa and Curcuma aromatica against enteric poultry pathogens. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019; 10(4): 2000-03. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.10(4).2000-03.

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