PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF SELECTED CHENOPODIUM SPECIES
HTML Full TextPHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF SELECTED CHENOPODIUM SPECIES
Hanuman Sahay Meena * and Rekha Vijayvergia
Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India.
ABSTRACT: Chenopodium album, Chenopodium murale, and Chenopodium giganteum are annual herb. Almost 250 different species of Chenopodium can be found all over the world. They are grown for many purposes, including some for their green leafy vegetables and others for the grains they provide. The phytochemicals, proteins, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, and saponins have attracted a lot of interest because of their significant application to the preservation of human health. The present study deals with phytochemical screening and measuring antioxidant potential on the extract of root, stem, and leaf of selected Chenopodium species. The antioxidant potential was analyzed using the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay activity. The antioxidant capacity of the root, stem and leaf extracts increased with increasing concentration; the values calculated µmol/ml FeSO4 equivalent (µmol/ml FeSO4/gdw) using a standard curve. Using recognized methodologies and procedures, the phytochemical analysis of the various extracts of Chenopodium album, Chenopodium murale, and Chenopodium giganteum was performed.
Keywords: Chenopodium album, Chenopodium murale, Chenopodium giganteum, Antioxidant activity, Phytochemical screening, Frap assay
INTRODUCTION: Two natural antioxidants, particularly vitamins E and C, are known to be essential for preserving human health 1. Polyphenols/flavonoids, which are naturally occurring in plants and plant-derived products, have potent antioxidant properties and can help prevent several cardiovascular disorders. The largest and most significant metabolites, such as sugars, protein, lipids, and starch, are crucial and fundamental for plant growth. Several primary metabolites are essential in pharmaceutical compounds like antipsychotic medications because they act as precursors or pharmacologically active metabolites 2.
Young Chenopodium giganteum shoots and leaves can be eaten cooked like spinach, another Amaranthaceae plant. The majority of the saponins and oxalic acid are destroyed during cooking, especially if the food is cooked for two minutes at 100°C 3. To prevent excessive blood pressure, the Na/K ratio in the body is extremely important. It is advised to keep the Na/K balance under one. Due to its Na/K ratio, which is below one, C. album use will probably reduce high blood pressure circumstances 4.
Flavonoids have great taxonomic importance among secondary products because of their distributional, structural, and enzymatic characteristics. Compared to other plant products and noted that while flavonoids provide fewer features than the amino acid sequence of a protein like cytochrome-C, they do have the advantage that their structure can be determined much more quickly 5. Isoleucine, Lysine, phenylalanine, leucine, tyrosine, tryptophan, threonine, histidine, valine, and methionine are the ten amino acids that are necessary. All of these amino acids are found in C. album. The green matter of C. album is a valuable high-protein product 6. Non-polar phenols, lipids, alkaloids, lignins, flavonoids, saponins, and glycosides are among the major classes of phytoconstituents. Vysochina has provided information on the flavonoid composition and current scientific knowledge of the biological activities of the C. album species of the global flora 7. Kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin 3-0-glycosides are the primary flavonoids found in C. album. Several species are distinguished by their flavones. Because it includes flavonoids, cinnamic acids amides, and apo carotenoids, Chenopodium spp. is an exciting source of raw materials 8. The crude extract of C. album was separated and chromatographed by Ibrahim et al. 2007 Eight flavonoid compounds were isolated 9. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant potential and preliminary phytochemical Screening of selected Chenopodium species.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Collection of Plant Materials and Identification: During April 2022, healthy plants of C. album,C. giganteum, and C. murale were collected from Jaipur, Rajasthan, and authenticated by Dr. Praveen Mohil, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India. The plant samples were well-preserved in the departmental herbarium of the Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India. The plant’s leaves, stem, and roots were manually trimmed. The leaves stem and root was cleaned of adhesions, dirt, and other surface imperfections with cold water, and then they were dried in the shade and pulverized with a mechanical grinder. The powder was preserved until utilization in an airtight container.
Chemicals, Reagents, and Instruments: A Shimadzu UV-visible spectrophotometer-1800, an electronic analytical weighing balance, a volumetric flask, micropipettes, a conical flask, test tubes, beakers, measuring cylinder, Whatman no.1 filter paper, Glass marker, Tissue roll, Cuvettes, and other tools were used in this research study. The chemicals and reagents used in the study were Sodium Acetate Trihydrate, Glacial Acetic Acid, Hydrochloric Acid (HCl), 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ), Ferrous Sulphate heptahydrate (FeSO4. 7H2O), and Ferric Chloride Hexahydrate (FeCl3. 6H2O). All the chemicals were purchased and all used were of analytical grade.
Determination of the Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP):
Preparation of Extract: At room temperature, one gram of dried powder was soaked separately in 10 ml of acetone for 24 h. The resultant extracts were filtered with no. 1 Whatman filter paper and let dry at room temperature. The filtrates were collected and concentrated at room temperature. The extracts were weighed and the percentage extractive values were calculated. A stock solution of crude extracts containing 1 mg/ml was prepared and kept at 4°C for later use by dissolving in acetone. The working solutions (50, 100, 150, 200, 300, and 400 µg/ml of the extracts) were prepared from the stock solution using the appropriate dilution.
Preparation of Reagents for FRAP Assay: Acetate buffer 300 mM, pH 3.0: 0.31g sodium acetate trihydrate was dissolved in distilled water, and added 1.6 ml of glacial acetic acid was made the volume of 100 ml with distilled water using a volumetric flask. 2, 4, 6-tripyridyl-s- triazine (TPTZ) solution: 156.20 mg TPTZ powder was dissolved in water with help of a conical flask and added 0.17 ml HCl and made the volume was 100 ml was with distilled water. FeCl3. 6H2O: 270.3 mg of ferric chloride was dissolved in 50 ml of distilled water.
The FRAP Assay Procedure: The methodology is providing Benzie and strain explanation with some modifications 10. Different concentrations of the acetone extract of Chenopodium species and various fractions (50, 100, 150, 200, 300, and 400 µg/ml) were added 1ml acetate buffer, 300 µl ferric chloride, and 300 µl TPTZ solution. Mix well and then dark incubated at 37°C for 15 min.
The reaction mixture was kept for 10 min at room temperature and filtrated with filter paper. The blue color solution was read absorbance (which ranged from light blue to dark blue) Shimadzu UV-visible spectrophotometer measured at 593 nm compared to a blank. As a reference, 1 mmol ferrous sulfate was employed. The following formula was used to get the percentage of extractive values: -
Extractive values (g/gdw) % = (W2/W1) × 100
Where, W1 = weight of plant powder, W2 = weight of crude extract residue obtained after solvent removal.
Preparation of Standard Calibration Curves: To make a standard solution of 1 mmol ferrous sulfate, 0.0278 g of FeSO4. 7H2O were dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water. The working stock solutions (50 µmol, 100 µmol, 150 µmol, 200 µmol, 300 µmol, and 400 µmol) were prepared using appropriate dilutions of the distilled water. Various working stock solutions were added 1ml acetate buffer, 100 µl ferric chloride, and 100 µl TPTZ solution and mix well. All test tubes were dark incubated at 370C for 15 min, 10 min at room temperature, and filtrated with filter paper. Shimadzu UV-spectrophotometer measurements were made in comparison to a blank to determine the absorbance at 593 nm (light blue to dark blue color). Absorbance vs. concentration was utilized to create the standard curve. The Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power concentration was expressed as µmol/ml FeSO4 equivalent (µmol/ml FeSO4/gdw) using a standard curve equation: y= 0.0031x + 0.1896, R2= 0.9933. Three times the test was administered.
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening:
Preparation of Extract: The macerated method was used for the preparation of extracts. 1g dried and mild powder was soaked separately in 30 ml of hexane, acetone, methanol, and water for 24 h with helped shaker. Centrifuged 10 min with 1500 rpm. The collected filtrates were concentrated at room temperature and preserved for subsequent use in a freezer. The extracts were weighed and the percentage extractive values were calculated (% of dry weight basis). By dissolving in hexane, acetone, methanol, and water various stock solution of crude extracts containing 1 mg/ml was prepared and kept at 4°C for later use. The following formula was used to get the percentage of extractive values:
Extractive values (g/gdw) % = (W2/W1) × 100
Where, W1 = weight of plant powder, W2 = weight of crude extract residue obtained after solvent removal.
Qualitative Analysis of Primary and Secondary Metabolites: The presence of carbohydrates, proteins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, Phyto-steroids, terpenoids, and saponins using the established protocols Harborne JB, 1998 11.Each of the extracts in the respective solvent and the following tests were performed: -
Test for Carbohydrates:
Fehling’s Test: 2ml of extract in a clean test tube was taken. After adding 2 ml of each Fehling's solution (A & B), the mixture was placed in a boiling water bath for about 10 minutes. A rusty brown color or red precipitate indicated the presence of carbohydrates.
Benedict’s test: A clean test tube was utilized to contain 2 ml of the extract. Benedict's solution was put in a few drops. For around five minutes, test tubes were placed in a bath of boiling water. The presence of carbohydrates was indicated by a red precipitate or coloration.
Test for Proteins:
Biuret Test: A clean test tube was used to add two ml of the extract. 20% KOH solution and one ml of 0.5% CuSO4 were added and mixed thoroughly. A pale-yellow color indicated the presence of proteins.
Xanthoprotein Test: A few drops of conc. H2SO4haveadded 2 ml of extract. A yellow color precipitate indicates the presence of proteins.
Test for Alkaloids: One ml of extract was mixed with a few drops of Wagner's reagent. An alkaloid was present if a reddish-brown precipitate formed.
Test for Flavonoids: The 10% lead acetate solution is added in a few drops to the 1 ml extract. The presence of flavonoids is indicated by a precipitate that is yellow in coloration.
Test for Tannins: Added a few drops of 5% ferric chloride solution to the 2 ml extract. A dark green color indicates the presence of tannins.
Test Forsteroids: 2 ml of chloroform and 2 ml of concentrated H2SO4 were added to 2 ml extract. The formation ofred color and yellowish-green interface recognizes the presence of steroids.
Test for Terpenoids: In the test tube, 2 ml of the extract was mixed with 1 ml of chloroform and 1 ml of concentrated H2SO4. The interface's reddish-brown color denotes the presence of terpenoids.
Test for Saponins: 2 ml of extract was mixed with 2 ml of distilled water. The appearance of frothing is an indicator that saponins are present.
Statistical Analysis: All Qualitative analyses of primary and secondary metabolites and determination of antioxidant Potential by FRAP assay were conducted in triplicates. The means and standard deviations of the experimental results were presented. Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word 2019 were used for statistical and graphical evaluations.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
The Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP):
The Percentage of Extractive Values: The percentage of extractive values in acetone solvent with all the extracts was calculated and mentioned in Table 1 & Fig. 1.
TABLE 1: THE EXTRACTIVE VALUES IN PERCENTAGES OF VARIOUS CHENOPODIUM SPECIES
Chenopodium Species | % Extractive values | ||
Leaves | Stem | Root | |
Chenopodium album | 2.617 ± 0.009 | 2.403 ± 0.003 | 1.947 ± 0.013 |
Chenopodium murale | 2.384 ± 0.107 | 1.410 ± 0.014 | 1.320 ± 0.002 |
Chenopodium giganteum | 5.633 ± 0.026 | 1.317 ± 0.010 | 1.35 ± 0.002 |
All % Extractives values were indicated as Mean ± Standard deviation forms.
The percentage of extractive value was found to be maximum in the leaves of the Chenopodium species. Compared to other species, the maximum percentage extractive value was found in the leaves (5.633 ± 0.026) of Chenopodium giganteum, while the minimum was found in the stem (1.317 ± 0.010) of Chenopodium giganteum.
FIG. 1: % MEAN EXTRACTIVE VALUE IN ACETONE SOLVENT OF SELECTED CHENOPODIUM SPECIES. CA- Chenopodium album, CM- Chenopodium murale, CG- Chenopodium giganteum
Determination of Standard Calibration Curves: Fig. 2 and 3 show that the blue color intensifies as the concentration of ferrous sulfate increases. The darker the blue color, the higher the antioxidant capacity. TPTZ (Fe3+) changes to TPTZ (Fe2+) to produce a blue color, which shows its antioxidant capacity. Using produced dilutions; a calibration curve was drawn using the absorbance and concentrations (FeSO4.7H2O µmol/ml). Fig. 4 demonstrates the linearity of the FRAP for the standard solution.
FIG. 2: RESULT OF WORKING STANDARDS SOLUTION DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF FESO4.7H2O FOR FRAP ASSAY
FIG. 3: ANTIOXIDANTS CAUSE THE (FE3+- TPTZ) COMPLEX TO TRANSFORM INTO (FE2+- TPTZ) COMPLEX 12
FIG. 4: LINEARITY OF FRAP FOR A STANDARD SOLUTION (µM OF FESO4.7H2O). Bars show the standard deviation from the standard deviation (n= 3).
Determination of FRAP: The concentrations of antioxidants with a ferric-reducing ability equal to those of µmol Fe (II)/gdw were used to express the antioxidant activity. The FRAP values were measured using the given method.
At low pH, when a ferric-tripyridyl-s-triazine (FeIII-TPTZ) complex is changed to the ferrous (FeII) form, a bright blue color with an absorption maximum of 593 nm is developed 13. A higher value of FRAP indicates a higher antioxidant potential in plants. The Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP) of Chenopodium album root, stem, and leaves in acetone extracts is displayed in Table 2 and Fig. 3.
Chenopodium album leaves showed the highest antioxidant potential of all the extractives. The FRAP values for the root, stem, and leaves of Chenopodium album were, respectively, 221.828 ± 0.012, 320.699 ± 0.080, and 374.946 ± 0.091 µmol Fe (II)/g at 400 µg/ml concentration. The antioxidant potential of Chenopodium album was found in increased order root < stem < leaves.
TABLE 2: THE FRAP ASSAY EXTRACT OF CHENOPODIUM ALBUM
Concentration µg/ml | Frap Value µmol Fe (II)/gdw | ||
Root | Stem | Leaves | |
50 | 16.237 ± 0.020 | 44.839 ± 0.041 | 100.323 ± 0.304 |
100 | 51.828 ± 0.023 | 80.000 ± 0.137 | 136.452 ± 0.284 |
150 | 79.677 ± 0.057 | 106.989 ± 0.166 | 189.247 ± 0.234 |
200 | 99.355 ± 0.091 | 172.258 ± 0.226 | 234.731 ± 0. 222 |
300 | 149.785 ± 0.035 | 248.387 ± 0.200 | 298.602 ± 0.185 |
400 | 221.828 ± 0.012 | 320.699 ± 0.080 | 374.946 ± 0.091 |
Data was reported as Mean ± Standard deviation (n=3).
FIG. 5: THE FRAP VALUES IN VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF CHENOPODIUM ALBUM OF ROOT, STEM, AND LEAF EXTRACT
The FRAP values of Chenopodium murale root, stem, and leaves in acetone extracts are displayed in Table 3 and Fig. 4. Chenopodium murale leaves showed the highest antioxidant potential of all the extractives. The FRAP values for the root, stem, and leaves of Chenopodium murale were, respectively, 208.710 ± 0.209, 335.914 ± 0.201, and 449.892 ± 0.120 µmol Fe (II)/g at 400 µg/ml concentration. The antioxidant potential of Chenopodium murale was found in increased order root < stem < leaves.
TABLE 3: THE FRAPVALUES EXTRACT OF CHENOPODIUM MURALE
Concentration µg/ml | Frap Value µmol Fe (II)/gdw | ||
Root | Stem | Leaves | |
50 | 66.882 ± 0.165 | 80.323 ± 0.123 | 76.108 ± 0.036 |
100 | 103.763 ± 0.146 | 165.054 ± 0.111 | 124.731 ± 0.008 |
150 | 127.204 ± 0.158 | 199.462 ± 0.121 | 171.720 ± 0.102 |
200 | 139.785 ± 0.168 | 263.441 ± 0.183 | 233.871 ± 0. 206 |
300 | 179.892 ± 0.179 | 316.774 ± 0.212 | 385.269 ± 0.083 |
400 | 208.710 ± 0.209 | 335.914 ± 0.201 | 449.892 ± 0.120 |
Data was reported as Mean ± Standard deviation (n=3).
FIG. 6: FRAP VALUES IN VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF CHENOPODIUM MURALE OF ROOT, STEM, AND LEAF EXTRACTS
The FRAP assay of Chenopodium giganteum root, stem, and leaves in acetone extracts are displayed in Table 4 and Fig. 7. Chenopodium giganteum leaves showed the highest antioxidant potential of all the extractives. The FRAP values for the root, stem, and leaves of Chenopodium giganteum were, respectively, 172.151±0.268, 187.312±0.431, and 384.194±0.237 µmol Fe (II)/g at 400 µg/ml concentration. The antioxidant potential of Chenopodium giganteum was found in increased order root < stem < leaves.
TABLE 4: THE FRAP VALUES EXTRACT OF CHENOPODIUM GIGANTEUM
Concentration µg/ml | Frap Value µmol Fe (II)/gdw | ||
Root | Stem | Leaves | |
50 | 78.172 ± 0.223 | 64.516 ± 0.254 | 41.075 ± 0.072 |
100 | 96.667 ± 0.170 | 101.398 ± 0.239 | 89.785 ± 0.109 |
150 | 112.043 ± 0.197 | 117.742 ± 0.307 | 133.118 ± 0.135 |
200 | 125.054 ± 0.189 | 133.333 ± 0.363 | 195.914 ± 0.142 |
300 | 144.624 ± 0.259 | 160.000 ± 0.412 | 308.387 ± 0.223 |
400 | 172.151 ± 0.268 | 187.312 ± 0.431 | 384.194 ± 0.237 |
Data was reported Mean ± Standard deviation (n=3).
FIG. 7: FRAP VALUES IN VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF CHENOPODIUM GIGANTEUM OF ROOT, STEM, AND LEAF EXTRACTS
The highest antioxidant capacity was found in the leaves of all three species of Chenopodium. The highest antioxidant capacity was found in the leaves of Chenopodium Murale (449.892 ± 0.120). This study suggested that the FRAP assay showed great consistency, was easy to use, and could be finished in a very short period.
Preliminary Phytochemical Screening: Chenopodium album, Chenopodium murale, and Chenopodium giganteum plant extracts (root, stem, and leaf) were used for the study. Using four different solvents for phytochemical analysis namely- hexane, distilled water, methanol, and acetone.
The Percentage of Extractive Values: The percentage of extractive values in hexane, water, methanol, and acetone solvents with all the extracts of Chenopodium album, Chenopodium murale, and Chenopodium giganteum were calculated and mentioned in Table 5, 6, 7 & Fig. 8, 9 and 10. The percentage of extractive values was found to be maximum in the methanolic extracts. The maximum percentage extractive value was found in the leaves of Chenopodium album methanolic extract (36.410±0.030); while the minimum was found in the root of Chenopodium murale hexane extract (0.890±0.002). The percentage of extractive values was found in increased order root < stem < leaves.
TABLE 5: THE PERCENTAGE EXTRACTIVE VALUESEXTRACTS OF CHENOPODIUM ALBUM
Solvent | % Extractives values of Chenopodium album | ||
Root | Stem | Leaves | |
Hexane | 1.443 ± 0.006 | 1.937 ± 0.009 | 3.627 ± 0.013 |
Distilled water | 6.903 ± 0.007 | 18.847 ± 0.012 | 19.840 ± 0.015 |
Methanol | 14.147 ± 0.036 | 24.983 ± 0.051 | 36.410 ± 0.030 |
Acetone | 1.637 ± 0.004 | 2.450 ± 0.010 | 4.510 ± 0.017 |
All results indicated g/gdwpercentage as Mean ± SD.
FIG. 8: % EXTRACTIVE VALUES IN HEXANE, DISTILLED WATER, METHANOL, AND ACETONE SOLVENTS OF CHENOPODIUM ALBUM EXTRACTS
TABLE 6: THE PERCENTAGE EXTRACTIVE VALUES EXTRACTS OF CHENOPODIUM MURALE
Solvent | % Extractives values of Chenopodium murale | ||
Root | Stem | Leaves | |
Hexane | 0.890 ± 0.002 | 1.403 ± 0.005 | 2.603 ± 0.002 |
Distilled water | 1.807 ± 0.003 | 14.410 ± 0.017 | 21.777 ± 0.013 |
Methanol | 22.147 ± 0.096 | 23.250 ± 0.081 | 34.917 ± 0.063 |
Acetone | 3.403 ± 0.014 | 3.780 ± 0.007 | 8.020 ± 0.033 |
All results indicated g/gdw percentage as Mean ± SD.
FIG. 9: % EXTRACTIVE VALUES IN HEXANE, DISTILLED WATER, METHANOL, AND ACETONE SOLVENTS OF CHENOPODIUM MURALE EXTRACTS
TABLE 7: THE PERCENTAGE EXTRACTIVE VALUES EXTRACTS OF CHENOPODIUM GIGANTEUM
Solvent | % Extractives values of Chenopodium giganteum | ||
Root | Stem | Leaves | |
Hexane | 1.463 ± 0.006 | 4.320 ± 0.006 | 6.783 ± 0.025 |
Distilled water | 6.727 ± 0.020 | 16.937 ± 0.046 | 22.170 ± 0.008 |
Methanol | 10.887 ± 0.043 | 13.223 ± 0.028 | 25.283 ± 0.129 |
Acetone | 2.280 ± 0.006 | 3.133 ± 0.010 | 8.017 ± 0.015 |
All results indicated g/gdw percentage as Mean ± Standard deviation.
FIG. 10: % EXTRACTIVE VALUES IN HEXANE, DISTILLED WATER, METHANOL, AND ACETONE SOLVENTS OF CHENOPODIUM GIGANTEUM EXTRACTS
Phytochemical Analysis: Several phytochemicals, including proteins, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, and saponins were identified through qualitative phytochemical analysis of the different Chenopodium album, Chenopodium murale, and Chenopodium giganteum extracts utilizing accepted methods and techniques. Table 8, 9, and 10 displays the phytoconstituents found in various extracts.
TABLE 8: PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS FOR THE VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF CHENOPODIUM ALBUM
Phytochemical | Hexane | D. Water | Methanol | Acetone | ||||||||
*RE | SE | LE | RE | SE | LE | RE | SE | LE | RE | SE | LE | |
Protein | – | – | – | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Carbohydrates | – | – | – | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Tannins | – | – | – | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Flavonoids | – | – | – | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Alkaloids | – | – | – | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Steroids | – | – | – | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Terpenoids | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Saponins | – | – | – | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | – | – |
(+) indicates presence | (-) indicates the absence of phytochemical |
TABLE 9: PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS FOR THE VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF CHENOPODIUM MURALE
Phytochemical | Hexane | D. Water | Methanol | Acetone | |||||||||
*RE | SE | LE | RE | SE | LE | RE | SE | LE | RE | SE | LE | ||
Protein | – | – | – | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
Carbohydrates | – | – | – | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
Tannins | – | – | – | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
Flavonoids | – | – | – | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
Alkaloids | – | – | – | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
Steroids | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
Terpenoids | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
Saponins | – | – | – | + | + | + | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
(+) indicates presence | (-) indicates the absence of phytochemical |
TABLE 10: PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS FOR THE VARIOUS SOLVENT EXTRACTS OF CHENOPODIUM GIGANTEUM
Phytochemical | Hexane | D. Water | Methanol | Acetone | ||||||||
*RE | SE | LE | RE | SE | LE | RE | SE | LE | RE | SE | LE | |
Protein | – | – | – | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Carbohydrates | – | – | – | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Tannins | – | – | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Flavonoids | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Alkaloids | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Steroids | – | – | – | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Terpenoids | – | – | – | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Saponins | – | – | – | + | + | + | – | – | + | – | – | – |
(+) indicates presence | (-) indicates the absence of phytochemical |
*RE- Root extract, SE- Stem extract, LE- Leaf extract, D. Water- Distilled water.
For determining the active constituents in various solvents and their extractives, preliminary phytochemical screening of plants is highly helpful. Methanolic, acetone, and distilled water extracts contain the majority of the active phytoconstituents.
CONCLUSION: The root, stem, and leaf of Chenopodium album, Chenopodium murale, and Chenopodium giganteum may be employed as a widely available source of natural antioxidants, suggest the present study.
The medicinal plant Chenopodium album, Chenopodium murale and Chenopodium giganteum are promising due to their wide range of pharmacological actions and their potential for use in a variety of medical procedures. The highly identified active metabolites could be further investigated for research by collecting samples with quantitative phytochemical methods and characterization investigations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The authors are thankful to RUSA 2.0 Component 10 Thematic Project-1 for providing chemicals and reagents. The author Hanuman Sahay Meena expresses special gratitude to Dr. Saroj Jha, Dr. Pratima Vijayvargiya, Dr. Shruti Shree Pareek, and research scholars for their invaluable cooperation. Farmers in rural Bassi, Jaipur, who gave crucial assistance with the collecting of plant samples, are especially thanked by the author Hanuman Sahay Meena.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The author declares that no conflicts of interest exist.
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How to cite this article:
Meena HS and Vijayvergia R: Phytochemical screening and antioxidant potential of selected Chenopodium species. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2023; 14(11): 5422-30. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.14(11).5422-30.
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