PHYTOTHERAPY IN FUNGI AND FUNGAL DISEASE: A REVIEW OF EFFECTIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS ON IMPORTANT FUNGAL STRAINS AND DISEASES
HTML Full TextPHYTOTHERAPY IN FUNGI AND FUNGAL DISEASE: A REVIEW OF EFFECTIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS ON IMPORTANT FUNGAL STRAINS AND DISEASES
Asghar Sepahvand 1, Behrouz Ezatpour 1, Fazel Tarkhan 2, Mahmoud Bahmani 3, Azadeh Khonsari 1 and Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei*4
Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center 1, Student Research Committee 2, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
Leishmaniasis Research Center 3, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Medical Plants Research Center 4, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
ABSTRACT: Infectious diseases are among the most important common diseases worldwide that bring stupendous costs for human community. Medicinal plants are considered a rich source of antimicrobial agents and therefore can be used as antimicrobial remedies because of producing secondary metabolites. This article was designed to review the effective medicinal plants on fungi and fungal disease. In this study, the relevant articles published in Persian and English languages were searched for in the databases Magiran, Iranmedex, Irandoc, PubMed, Scopus, SID, Web of Science, and Science Direct using the search engine Google Scholar. To maximize the comprehensiveness of the search, the general terms antimicrobial, dermatophyte, mycotic, Iran, and anti-Candida as well as their Persian equivalents were used. AND and OR were used for combining searches. Medicinal herbs such as Zataria multiflora, Thymus vulgaris, Thymus kotschyanus, Punicagranatum L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Matricaria chamomilla L., Urtica dioica L., Mentha piperita L. and Salvia officinalis L., Thymus vulgaris, Salvia officinalis, Eucalyptus globulus, Mentha piperita, Oliveria decumbens, Echinophora Platyloba, Thymus eriocalyx and Thymus X-porlock, Achillea millefolium, Artemisia sieberi, Cuminum cyminum, Nigella sativa, Heracleum persicum, Hyssopus officinalis, Matricaria recutital, Menta spicata, Foeniculum vulgare, Pimpinella anisum, Plargonium graveolens, Rosmarinus officinalis, Saturia hortensis, Zataria multiflora, Thymus kotschyanus, Zataria multiflora, Ziziphora clinopodioides, Mentha piperita L., Physalis alkekengi L., Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth and are the most important Medicinal herbs effective on fungal diseases. Medicinal herbs mentioned in this study due to phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities have antifungal effects.
Keywords: |
Medicinal plants, Fungi, fungal strains
INTRODUCTION: Infectious diseases are among the most important common diseases worldwide that bring stupendous costs for human community1. To date, around 200000 fungal species have been identified of which 100 species are pathogenic.
Fungal infections are widely various and can cause mucosal, submucosal, superficial, cutaneous and visceral diseases depending on the involved part of the body 2.
Studies have demonstrated increased prevalence of opportunistic fungal infections for certain reasons such as AIDS, organ transplant, chemotherapy, and increased rate of cancer incidence that are associated with weak immune system, as well as expansion of resistance to the currently used antifungal drugs, which intensifies the necessity of conducting pharmacological investigations to develop new antifungal drugs and compounds.
In addition, most available drugs have limited antifungal activity or have no potential safety for systemic administration 3. Medicinal plants are considered a rich source of antimicrobial agents and therefore can be used as antimicrobial remedies because of producing secondary metabolites 4 - 6. This article was designed to review the effective medicinal plants on fungi and fungal disease.
Search Strategy and Study Design: In this study, the relevant articles published in Persian and English languages were searched in the databases including Magiran, Iranmedex, Irandoc, PubMed, Scopus, SID, Web of Science, and Science Direct using the search engine Google Scholar. Manual search was also conducted on the references of the relevant articles. The main search terms used were essential oil, extract, fungi, plant, antifungal and their Persian equivalents. To maximize the comprehensiveness of the search, the general terms antimicrobial, dermatophyte, mycotic, Iran, and anti-Candida as well as their Persian equivalents were used. AND and OR were used for combining searches.
RESULTS: Based on the results in this review some plants with antifungal activity were obtained. The full lists of antifungal herbs are specified in Table 1.
DISCUSSION: Fungi are mostly plant like organisms. These organisms usually grow in warm and damp areas. Fungi mostly grow between the toes or on the scalp but may grow anywhere on or in the body. The symptoms of fungus infection include moist and red patches, scaling, and irritable, thickened or peeling skin. Sometimes infections are alongside with blisters and unpleasant odor. As showed, a lot of plants have antifungal activities, but the essential oils of Tea tree are good remedies to fight fungal infections. The essential oil of Tea tree should be applied directly to infected areas once, two or three times a day. Frequent applications for a period of time are important to complete the treatment period and diminish the signs infections 7.
Garlic also has anti-fungal activity, if it is applies to the infected regions three or four times per day. Garlic caps might be a good choice; however, its smell is a concern. Garlic is usually taken as a supplement but provides tremendous health benefits. Sometimes combination of medicinal plants extract such as mixture of essential oils or extracts of tea tree and black walnut are used to treat fungal infections. Vinegar is also frequently used alone or in addition to other remedies 7. Phenolic compounds are the predominant content of most of these plants. These chemicals have antioxidant and anti-microbial activities. Some of these compounds have synergistic effects. They also might have synergistic impact with conventional ant-fungal drugs. This is an important subject in complementary medicine 8. It should be noted that more plants have anti-bacterial activities than anti-fungal properties 9. This maters further support that anti-microbial activities of some of these plants might be due to the presence of phenolic compounds. Especially the present of high flavonoid contents 9.
TABLE 1: NATIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS NATIVE TO IRAN EFFECTIVE ON IMPORTANT FUNGAL STRAINS AND DISEASES
Authors | Fungi | Plant | Family | Compounds | Main findings | |
(Amini et al., 2012) 10 | Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani,
Fusarium graminearum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. |
Zataria multiflora, Thymus vulgaris, Thymus kotschyanus | Labiatae | methanol | The results showed that the essential oils were highly effective on the four studied plant pathogenic fungi with mean growth inhibition of 100% at 200 μl/l concentration | |
(Sahraie-Rad et al., 2015) 11 | Malassezia fungus | Punica granatum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Matricariachamomilla,
Urtica dioica, Mentha piperita Salvia officinalis L. |
Punicaceae
Labiatae Compositae Urticaceae Labiatae Labiatae |
methanol | Based on evidence, medicinal plant-based extracts have remarkable effects on dandruff removal with less side effects, though it takes a long time to treat this concern. The results showed that applying the combination of medicinal plant-based extracts and natural ingredients with chemical compounds in pharmaceutical industry could optimize treatment | |
(Mousavi and Raftos, 2012) 12 | Metrhizium sp.
Ophiostoma sp. Trichoderma sp. Penicillium expansum |
Thymus vulgaris
Salvia officinalis Eucalyptus globulus Mentha piperita |
Labiatae
Labiatae Myrtaceae Labiatae |
hydro distillation | The MIC and MFC were, respectively, 0.022 and 0.064 mg/ml for Metrhizium sp., 0.02 and 0.064 mg/ml for Ophiostoma sp., 0.018 and 0.048 mg/ml for Trichoderma sp. and 0.03 and 0.085 mg/ml for Penicillium expansum. Penicillium expansum showed the lowest inhibitory activity yet the difference was insignificant (p>0.05). Also, Trichoderma sp. was the most sensitive species to this combination. According to this experiment, this combination was found to have a wide spectrum of activities against all filamentous fungi examined in this study and may be recommended to control fungal diseases | |
(Amin et al., 2005) 13 | Aspergillus niger
Candidia albicans |
Oliveria decumbens
|
Umbellifera
|
oil | The oil displayed high antimicrobial activity against all tested gram positive and gram negative bacteria and fungal strains | |
(Entezari et al., 2009) 14 | Candidia albicans, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergilus niger | Echinophora Platyloba | Umbellifera
|
methanol | The growth of the three studied fungi, C. albicans, A. flavus, and A. niger, was not inhibited | |
(Rasooli and Owlia 2005) 15 | Aspergillus parasiticus | Thymus eriocalyx and Thymus X-porlock | Labiatae | Ethanol | Static effects of these oils against A. parasiticus were at 250 ppm and lethal effects of T. eriocalyx and T. X-porlock were 500 and 1000 ppm of the oils, respectively. Aflatoxin production was inhibited at 250 ppm of both oils with T. eriocalyx being a stronger inhibitor. Transmission electron microscopy of A. parasiticus exposed to MIC level (250 ppm) of the oils showed irreversible damage to cell wall, cell membrane, and cellular organelles | |
(Gharachorlou and Shamami, 2013) 16 | Dermatophytes
|
Artemisia L. | Asteraceae
|
Ethanol | Measurement of colonies diameter showed that there was significant difference in the groups administered with different doses of amino acid and herbal extract (P<0.05). Furthermore, it was shown that the efficacy of high doses of amino acid was higher than low doses; therefore, it can be argued that it acts dose-dependently. But compared with group 4, herbal extract showed better antifungal activity against trichophyton mentagrophytes. The strong effects of the essential oils of Artemisia are probably due to the high amount of terpenoids and flavonoids especially α-thujone content | |
(Naeini, et al., 2009) 17 | Candida albicans
|
Achillea millefolium
Artemisia sieberi Cuminum cyminum Nigella sativa Heracleum persicum Hyssopus officinalis Matricaria recutital Menta spicata Foeniculum vulgare Pimpinella anisum Plargonium graveolens Rosmarinus officinalis Saturia hortensis Zataria multiflora Thymus kotschyanus Zataria multiflora Ziziphora clinopodioides |
Asteraceae
Compositae Apiaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Labiatae Asteraceae Labitae Ranuculaceae Apiaceae Geraniaceae Labiatae Labiatae Labiatae Labiatae Labiatae
|
Ethanol | Fourteen (87%) out of the 16 plants were found to be active. These oils confirmed the existence of a significant activity against C. albicans tested with MICs of 150-2300 mg/ml using broth macrodilution method and the growth inhibition zone of 16-55 mm using disc diffusion method. The essential oils
of Zatariamultiflora, Thymuskotschyanus, Cuminumcyminum, and Plargoniumgraveolens showed significant activity against C. albicans (P < 0.05) |
|
(Rasooli, Fakoor et al., 2008) 18 | Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) of Aspergillus parasiticus | Rosmarinus officinalis
Trachyspermum copticum |
Labiatae
Umbelliferae |
Ethanol | Aflatoxin production was inhibited at
450 ppm of both oils with R. officinalis being a stronger inhibitor |
|
(Razzaghi-Abyaneh, Shams-Ghahfarokhi et al., 2008) 19 | Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) of Aspergillus parasiticus | Satureja hortensis L. | Labiatae
|
Ethanol | Clearly show a new biological activity for S. hortensis L. as strong inhibition of aflatoxin production by A. parasiticus. Carvacrol and thymol, the effective constituents of S. hortensis L., may be useful to control aflatoxin contamination of susceptible crops in the field | |
(Hadi, Sorkhi et al., 2013) 20 | Penicilium digitatum Sacc | Urtica dioica ,
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume, Matricaria chamomilla, Mentha piperita L. |
Urticaceae
Lauraceae Compositae Labiatae |
ethanol | The results demonstrated the plant extracts and their components had inhibitory activities on the growth rate and mycelial
weight of this fungus |
|
(Torabzadeh and Panahi 2011) 21 | Microsporum canis, Candida albicans,
Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Nocardia asteroids |
Physalis alkekengi L. | Solanaceae | Ethanol | Ethanol extracts had the strongest effect with MIC=15.62 for all the studied fungi. Although acetone extracts have a broad spectrum of activities as with ethanol extracts, they should be used at higher concentration to fully inhibit C. albicans. Isolated N. asteroids were the most sensitive fungi in this study. C. albicans was the most resistant fungus compared to the three other fungal species | |
(Tolouee, et al., 2010) 22 | Aspergillus niger | Matricaria chamomilla L. | Compositae
|
Ethanol | These findings indicate the potential of M. chamomilla L. essential oil in preventing fungal contamination and subsequent deterioration of stored food and other susceptible materials | |
(Gandomi, et al., 2009) 23 | aflatoxin formation
by Aspergillus flavus
|
Zataria multiflora Boiss. | Labiatae | Ethanol | The results suggested the potential substitution of the antifungal chemicals by this essential oil as a natural inhibitor to control the growth of molds in foods such as cheese | |
(Ahmadi et al., 2010)24 | Aspergillus niger
Candida albicans. |
Hymenocrater longiflorus
Benth. |
Labiatae | methanol | The results revealed that the essential oil and polar sub-fraction were effective mostly on Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. | |
(Ebrahimabadi, et al., 2010) 25 | Candida albicans Aspergillus niger
|
Salvia eremophila Boiss | Labiatae | methanol | Among the fungal strains tested, C. albicans showed moderate sensitivity to both essential oil and extract while A. niger was only weakly sensitive to the oil. The maximum inhibition zones and MICs for microbial strains sensitive to the plant products were 8–32 mm and 7.8 to >500 lg/ml, respectively | |
(Ebrahimabadi et al., 2010) 26 | Candida albicans
Aspergillus niger |
Stachys inflata Benth | Labiatae | methanol | The plant showed a week antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms | |
(Bamoniri et al., 2010) 27 | Candida albicans
Aspergillus niger |
Semenovia tragioides Boiss | Umbelliferae | methanol | No effect | |
(Mahboubi and Bidgoli 2010) 28 | Candida albicans
|
Myrtus communis | Myrtaceae | methanol | The antifungal examinations showed that myrtle oil exhibited good antifungal activity against fungi. Myrtle oil showed significant antifungal activity when combined with amphotericin B | |
(Rasooli et al., 2006) 29 | Aspergillus niger | Thymus eriocalyx
Thymus x-porlock |
Labiatae | methanol | It was concluded that the essential oils could be safely used as preservatives | |
(Omidbeygi et al., 2007) 30 | Aspergillus Xavus | Thymus vulgaris
Satureja hortensis Syzygium aromaticum |
Labiatae
Labiatae
|
methanol | The results showed that all essential oils could inhibit the growth of A. Xavus, and the thyme oil and summer savory showed the strongest inhibition at 350 ppm and 500 ppm, respectively | |
(Khosravi et al. 2009) 31 | Pityriasis versicolor | Artemisia sieberi | Compositae | methanol | The results showed 71% improvement in clotrimazole group and 91.9% in Mycoderm group after two weeks of the treatment with a significant statistical difference between the two groups (p < 0.05). The rate of improvement was derived 67.7% and 100% in clotrimazole and Mycoderm groups after four weeks of the treatment, respectively (p < 0.001) | |
(Khosravi et al., 2013) 32 | dermatophytosis | Artemisia sieberi, Cuminum cyminum, Foeniculum vulgare,
Heracleum persicum, Menta spicata, Nigella sativa, Rosmarinus officinalis, Zataria multiflora Ziziphora clinopodioides |
Asteraceae
Apiaceae Apiaceae Apiaceae Labiatae Ranunculaceae Labiatae Labiatae Labiatae |
methanol | The most significant activity was observed with A. sieberi, exhibiting a lower MIC against dermatophytes than other plant oils (P < 0.05) | |
(Gavanji, Zaker et al., 2015) 33 | Candida albicans | Foeniculum vulgare Mill,
Satureja hortensis L, Cuminum cyminum, Zataria multiflora |
Umbellifera
Labiatae Umbellifera Labiatae
|
methanol | Z. multiflora Boiss essential oil at MIC of 34 g/mL and minimal lethal concentration [i.e., minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC)] of 64 g/mL had more powerful anti-Candida activity than the other essential oils. C. cyminum essential oil showed the least effect on the tested fungus | |
(Karbin, Rad et al., 2009) 34 | Aspergilus flavus | Hyssopus officinalis,
Cuminum cyminum, Thymusvulgaris cupressus arizonica |
Labiatae
Labiatae Labiatae Cupressaceae |
methanol | The results showed that the essential oil of all plants affected the growth of Aspergillus flavus in vitro | |
(Sadeghi-Nejad, et al., 2010) 35 | Aspergillus flavus,
A. niger, Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Rhizopus sp., Mucor sp. |
Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad | Labiatae
|
ethanolic | The findings showed that the ethanolic extract of S. khuzestanica leaves exhibited antifungal activity against all tested saprophytic fungi with MICs (625-5000 microg/ml)
|
|
(Falahati et al., 2005) 36 | Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Tricophyton rubrum, Tricophyton schoenleinii, Tricophyton mentagrophytes Epedermophyton floccosum | Eucalyptus camaldulensis | Myrtaceae | Methanolic | Eucalyptus camaldulensis showed antifungal activity against all tested dermatophytes with MICs of 0.4-1.6 mg/mL according to inhibitory zones, 0.4-1.6 mg/mL according to agar dilution, and 0.2 to 1.6 mg/mL according to broth dilution | |
(Alizadeh and Shaabani, 2012) 37 | Candida albicans | Salvia officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | hydro-distillation | The oil showed high antimicrobial activity against C. albicans, two medically important pathogens compared with standard antibiotics | |
(Badiee et al., 2012) 38 | candida species | Salvia officinalis L | Lamiaceae | The MICs of essential oil extracts against C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei (standard species), as well as C. albicans and C. glabrata (isolated from patients) were 15.6, 3.9, 31.3, 31.3 and 1.9 μg/ml, respectively | ||
(Rasouli-Sadaghiani et al., 2010) 39 | Glomus fasciculatum Glomus etuonicatumi Glomus intraradices | Ocimum basilicum | Labiatae
|
The results showed that mycorrhizal plants significantly had higher shoot and root dry weight, more leaf area, plant height, and lateral branches, as well as N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Cu and Mn concentration compared to non-inoculated plants | ||
(Nejat et al., 2015) 40 | Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trichophyton verrucosum Microsporum gypseum | Thymus daenesis, Satureja bachtiarica,
Althaea officinalis |
Labiatae
Labiatae Malvaceae |
ethanolic | The results showed that propolis extract suppressed the growth of all tested fungi with different degrees | |
(Avijgan et al., 2012) 41 | Candida vaginitis | Echinophora platyloba | Umbellifera | hydroalcoholic
|
Fourteen days after treatment, the positive culture of vaginal discharge was observed in 13 cases (43.3%) of the group treated with fluconazole, and 6 cases (20%) treated with fluconazole and Echino cream (p < 0.5). The rate of recurrent candida vaginitis was 17 cases (56.7%) in the group treated with fluconazole and 8 cases (26.7%) in the other group (p < 0.5) | |
(Mousavi et al., 2014) 42 | Oncorhynchus mykiss | Thymus vulgaris
Salvia officinalis Eucalyptus globulus Mentha piperita |
Labiatae
Labiatae Myrtaceae Labiatae |
hydroalcoholic | According to these findings, the combination use of essential oils can be proposed as a suitable antifungal therapeutic strategy in hatcheries | |
(Nabigol and Morshedi 2013) 43 | Rhizopus stolonifer,
Penicillium digitatum, Aspergillus niger Botrytis cinerea |
Thymus danensis
Thymus carmanicus |
Labiatae | Thymus sp. oils showed inhibitory effect even at low concentration (300μl/L) against B. cinerea and R. stolonifer as well as against A. niger and P. digitatum at 600μl/L. The primary concentration of both essential oils tested in vivo exhibited inhibitory activity against the four pathogens | ||
(Mikaeili et al., 2014) 44 | Microsporum canis | Urtica dioica L | Urticaceae | hydroalcoholic | The extracts did not display considerable antifungal activity against M. canis compared with terbinafine. The MICs of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts were 30 and 20 mg.ml-1, respectively | |
(Mahmoudvand et al., 2014) 45
|
Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trichophyton rubrum, Microsporum canis,
Microsporum gypseum
|
Berberis vulgaris
|
Berberidaceae
|
Methanolic
and Chloroform |
In evaluating antidermatophytic effects of various extracts of B. vulgaris and berberine by disk diffusion MLB, it could be observed that all the aforementioned extracts and berberine had potent antidermatophytic effects | |
(Saharkhiz et al., 2012) 46 | C. albicans
C. glabrata C.tropicalis C. krusei C.dubliniensis C.parapsilosis C. neoformance C. albicans C.dubliniensis C. tropicalis C.parapsilosis C. glabrata A. flavus A. fumigatus A. fumigates A. oryzae A. clavatus |
Mentha piperita | Labiatae | hydrodistillation | The essential oil exhibited strong antifungal activities against the studied fungi at concentrations of 0.12 to 8.0 μL/mL | |
(Mahboubi and Bidgoli 2009) 47 | Candida albicans | Artemisia aucheri Boiss | Compositae | methanolic | The results showed that Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to the oil and Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans showed the best sensitivity to the oil | |
(Verdian, et al., 2008) 48 | Candida albicans | Artemisia annua L. | Compositae | methanolic | The activity was found to be more pronounced against fungal organisms than against gram-positive and gram negative bacteria | |
(TO and AA) 49 | Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum Epidermophyton floccosum | Artemisia siebri | Compositae | methanolic | Among the tested species, Epidermophyton floccosum was the most sensitive species fungal than the three combined. Trichophyton rubrum the most resistant species to the antifungal effects of alcoholic and aquatic extracts and Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis is the most resistant to the effects of antifungal miconazole were found. Among the species tested, E. floccosum most sensitive species fungal than the three combined. T. rubrum and M. canis is the most resistant to the effects of Antifungal miconazole and Artemisia siebri were found. Our results demonstrate that A. sieberi extract have good effect on saprophyte | |
(Larypoor, Akhavansepahy et al., 2009) 50
|
Epidermophyton floccosum Microsporum canis Microsporum gypseum,
T. mentagrophytes T. mentagrophytes T. rubrum Trichophyton tonsurans |
Hypercom perforatum | Hypericaceae | hydro distillation | The essential oil of H. perforatum sufficiently inhibited and killed all tested dermatophytes at all different dilutions | |
(Abdollahi et al., 2011) 51 | Aspergillus niger
|
Zataria multiflora Boiss | Labiatae
|
Hydrodistillated | The essential oil inhibited sporulation of A. niger with no sporulation at 1,500 ppm | |
(Fateh et al., 2010) 52 | Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus niger, Penicillium gryseogenum, Alternaria,
Microsporum canis Trichophyton mentagrophytes |
Allium hirtifolium | Liliaceae | Alcoholic and aqueous extracts | Antifungal activity against all the tested fungal species with MICs of 0.058-0.8 mg/ml for alcoholic extract and 0.26-3.84 mg/ml for aqueous extract. The minimum fungicidal concentration of alcoholic and aqueous extracts ranged from 0.1 to 12.8 mg/ml and 0.6 to 68.26mg/ml, respectively. | |
(Khanahmadi et al., 2009) 53 | Candida albicans
|
Artemisia haussknechtii | Compositae | ethanolic extract | MIC of the extract against yeast was the lowest (2.5 µg/ml). | |
(Aghel et al., 2011) 54 | Candida albicans
|
Dittrichia gravolence | Compositae | Hydro distilled | Numerous essential oils have been tested for in vivo and in vitro antimycotic activity and some of them were found to be potential antifungal agents. | |
(Ahanjan et al., 2009) 55 | Fusarium oxysporum
Candida albicans |
Parrotia persica | Hammamelidaceae | methanol | These results revealed that the compound was 6-(ethoxymethyl)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2, 3, 4, 5-tetraol compound with 1- isopropyl-4- methoxybenzene, the compound was found responsible for antifungal activity against both F. oxysporum and C. albicans | |
(Arabi and Sardari 2010) 56 | Candida albicans
Aspergillus fumigatus Asperigillus niger |
Dalbergia sissoo, Lathyrus pratensis,
Oreophysa microphyalla, Astragalus stepporum, Ebenus stellata, Sophora alopecuroides, Ammodendron persicum and Taverniera cuneifolia |
Fabaceae
|
ethanol | The results showed activity against at least one of the microorganisms investigated in this study | |
(Naeini et al., 2014) 57 | Candida albicans | Cuminum cyminum
Salvadora persica |
Apiaceae
Salvadoraceae |
Alcoholic | The results suggested the possibility of substitution of the antifungal chemicals by C. cyminum essential oil and S. persica alcoholic extract as nature-based inhibitors to control the growth of the most important pathogenic Candida species and alternative therapies for candidiasis | |
(Pirbalouti et al., 2009) 58 | Candida albicans | Satureja bachtiarica,
Thymus daenensis, Scrophularia striata, Thymbra spicata, Tanacetum polycephalum, Artemisia kermanensis, Ziziphus spina-christi, Trachyspermum ammi Carum copticum L. Quercus brantii Lindl. |
Labiatae
Labiatae Scrophulariaceae Labiatae Compositae Asteraceae Rhamnaceae Umbelliferae Umbelliferae Fagaceae |
hydro-distillation | The herbs showed anti-Candida activity, including Saturejab achtiarica, Thymus daenensis,
Thymbra spicata, Tanacetum polycephalum, and Trachyspermum ammi. Moreover, the extracts of Scrophularia striata and Ziziphus spinachristi were the most active at any of the tested concentrations. |
|
(Hajieghrari et al., 2005) 59 | Rhizoctonia solani, Pyricularia orizea Fusarium oxysporum
|
Cymbopogon parkeri stapf | Gramineae | Hydro distillation | The results showed that concentrations of 600 microl/L of the essential oil completely inhibited the growth of all studied fungi. EC50 for Rhizoctonia solani, Pyricularia orizea, and Fusariumoxy sporum were 39.82, 72.00 and 43.63microl/L, respectively. The results indicated that the essential oil had strong fungi static activity | |
(Zihayat et al., 2013) 60 | Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum,
Trichophyton mentagrophytes |
Myrtus communis | Myrtaceae | Ethanolic | According to the disk diffusion, the ethyl acetate extract had the most optimal anti-fungal effect while according to autobiography, both ethyl acetate and methanol extracts in Rf=0.03 had anti-fungal effects and inhibition zone on the three examined fungi | |
(Naeini et al., 2011) 61 | pityriasis versicolor | Zataria multiflora,
Pelargoniumgraveolens Cuminum cyminum |
Labiatae
Geraniaceae Apiaceae
|
water-distillation | This study indicated that Z. multiflora, P. graveolens, and C. cyminum essential oils had considerable anti-Malassezia activities, deserving further investigation to be clinically used for the treatment of P. versicolor | |
(Noori and Taghavi, 2013) 62 | Aspergillus flavus Rhizopus stolonifer | Fistulina hepatica | Methanolic | F. hepatica methanolic extract showed antibacterial effects on a gram-positive bacterium (S. aureus) and also antifungal effects on A. flavus while it was not effective on a gram-negative bacterium (E. coli) and R. stolonifer | ||
(Hardani and Sadeghi-Nejad, 2013) 63 | 10 Candida isolates | Ixora brachiata | The anticandidal effects of the plant caused the growth inhibition zones of 12-14 mm and MICs of 5. 0-10 mg ml<sup>-1</sup> for both root and leaf extracts of I. brachiata at 24-hour incubation period | |||
(Mikaeili et al. 2012) 64 | C. albicans | Astragalus verus | Fabaceae | methanol and acetone | The aqueous extract (40%) prevented heavy burden of C. albicans in the tissues and the skin in oral and topical application, respectively. The results indicated that A. verus could serve as a potential source of anti-candidal drugs | |
(Torbati et al., 2014) 65 | Alternaria alternate
Fusarium nygamai Aspergillus ochraceus Arthrinium phaeospermum Cladosporium cladosporioides Aureobasidium pullulans Epicoccum nigrus Penicillium expansum Truncatella angustata Trichothecium roseum Trichoderma harzianum |
Olive fruit rot
Olea L. |
Oleaceae | ethanol | Fungal infection caused significant increase in the extracted oil's acidity and peroxide values. However, there was no significant difference in the acidity and peroxide values among different treatments (fungal isolates) | |
(Ghasemi et al., 2005) 66 | Candida albicans
C. kefyr |
Ferula gummosa Boiss | Apiaceae | Hydro-distilation | The essential oil remarkably inhibited the growth of the tested microorganisms. The results indicated that the fruits could be used as an aromatic antimicrobial agent | |
(Faridi et al., 2008) 67
|
Candida albicans
Candida kefyr |
Smyrniopsis aucheri | Apiaceae | The studied oil showed strong candidacidal activity. The antibacterial and antifungal effects may be due to the high level of bisabolol and pinene in the essential oil | ||
(Faramarzi et al., 2008) 68 | Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus fumigatus Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans |
Geum kokanicum | Rosaseae | Hydro-distillate | Inhibition zones for all fungal strains appeared in 1 mg per disc of the essential oil. A. flavus showed the zone even at 0.25 mg per disc and was the most susceptible fungal strain | |
(Yahyazadeh et al., 2008) 69 | Penicillium digitatum | Foeniculum vulgare,
Thymus vulgaris, Eugenia caryophyllat Salvia officinalis
|
Umbelliferae
Labiatae Myrtaceae Labiatae
|
Thyme and clove essential oils completely inhibited P. digitatum growth either when added into the medium 600 ll l-1 or by their volatiles with 24 ll per 8 cm diameter Petri dish. Sage and fennel oils did not show any inhibitory activity on this fungus. Scanning electron microscopy was done to study the mode of action of clove oil in P. digitatum and it was observed that treatment with the oil led to large alteration in hyphal morphology | ||
(Razzaghi-Abyaneh, et al., 2013) 70 | Aspergillus parasiticus | Heracleum persicum | Apiaceae | ethyl acetate | H. persicum extract exerts antifungal and anti-AF activities by disrupting plasma membrane integrity and permeability mainly through interfering with ergosterol biosynthesis | |
(Iranshahi et al., 2008) 71 | dermatophytes | Ferula latisecta | Umbelliferae | Ferulalatisecta fruits exerted activity against a range of human pathogenic dermatophytes | ||
(Zarrin et al., 2010) 72 | Cryptococcus neoformans | Satureja Khuzestanica jamzad | Labiatae
|
ethanol | This study demonstrated that Satureja khuzestanica extract had anticrptococcal activity | |
(Farjam, 2012) 73 | Candida albicans | Salvia urmiensis | Labiatae
|
ethyl acetate | The greatest antimicrobial activity was seen against Bacillus subtilis (106.7μg/ml) and Candida albicans (5.3μg/ml) | |
(Naeini et al., 2010) 74 | Fusarium verticillioides
Fusarium poae Fusarium equiseti |
Zataria multiflora
Cuminum cyminum Foeniculum vulgare Heracleum persicum |
Labiatae
Apiaceae Ranuculaceae Apiaceae
|
Z. multiflora and H. persicum showed the highest and lowest activity against toxigenic Fusarium isolates, whereas C. cyminum and H. persicum had the highest and lowest effect on non-toxigenic isolates, respectively. However, F. vulgare and Pinaceae had moderate effects on the tested fungi | ||
(Ghaderi and Maleknezhad 2006) 75 | Candida albicans
|
Berberis vulgaris | Berberidaceae | ethanolic | Berberisvulgaris root extracts had anticandidal effects that were more prominent for ethanolic extract | |
(Behravan et al., 2004)76 | Aspergillus niger, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichoderma reesei
Microsporum gypseum Candida albicans Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
Satureja mutica | Labiatae
|
hydrodistillation | The essential oil was found to be fungicidal at ≥0.25 μl/ml against the filamentous fungi. The MIC of the oil against the two yeast strains was found to be 1333 ppm (1/750 v/v) | |
(Abolfazl, et al., 2014) 77 | Fusarium Oxysporum
Aspergillus flavus Alternaria alternate |
Stachys pubescens
Coriandrum sativum, Cinnamomum zelanicum Bupleurum falcatum |
Labiatae
Umbelliferae Lauraceae Umbelliferae |
hydro-distillation | These oils exhibited a remarkable potency against the fungi | |
(Farzaneh, Ahmadzadeh et al., 2005) 78 | Tiarosporella phaseolin
Fusarium moniliforme |
Artemisia scoparia,
A. sieberi A. aucheri |
Asteraceae
|
hydro-distillation | According to the bioassay results, the oils of A. aucheri and A. sieberi exhibited stronger antifungal activity. Minimum EC50 (41.406 microL/L) was resulted from A. aucheri on Rhizoctonia solani | |
(Kazemi Oskuee, Behravan et al., 2011) 79 | Candida albicans
|
Carum copticum | Umbelliferae | C. albicans appeared to display significant resistance | ||
(Behnam et al., 2005) 80 | Rhizopus stolonifer, Botrytis cinerea Aspergillus niger | Mentha piperita Lavendula angustifolia | Labiatae
Labiatae
|
hydrodistillation | Plate assays showed that the different concentrations of essential oils had antifungal activity against these fungi, and the essential oil of L. angustifolia showed stronger fungistatic activity | |
(Yousefzadi et al., 2009) 81 | C. albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus niger | Tanacetum balsamita | Compositae | hydrodistillation | According to the disc diffusion method and MICs, the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was moderate to high | |
(Dehghan et al., 2007) 82 | Aspergillus niger
Candida albicans |
Ferula
szovitsiana |
Umbelliferae | hydrodistillation | It was found that F. szovitsiana oil could be the most potent antimicrobial candidate with MIC of 1.25 mg | |
(Mohajeri et al., 2012) 83 | Penicellium citrinum | Zataria multiflora | Labiatae | It was found that the effect of different concentrations of essential oil on radial growth and sporulation was statistically significant (p<0.05) | ||
(Darougheh et al., 2014) 84 | Carum Carvi L | Umbelliferae | distilled water | |||
(Ramezani, 2005) 85 | Alternaria triticina | eucalyptus Citriodora | Myrtaceae | A complete inhibition of radial growth, dry weight, and spore germination was observed at 1500, 1000 and 100 ppm, respectively | ||
(Ghorbanian et al., 2008) 86 | Aspergillus parasiticus | Azadirachta indica
A. juss |
The inhibition of aflatoxin synthesis by plant extracts was found to be time- and dose-dependent. The maximum inhibitory effect was 80–90% in the presence of 50% concentration that was significant compared with control samples (p< 0.05) | |||
(Mahboubi and Kazempour 2011) 87 | Candida albicans
Candida glabrata Aspergillus niger Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus parasiticus |
Satureja hortensis, Trachyspermum copticum | Labiatae
Umbelliferae |
Two essential oils exhibited strong antimicrobial activity but the antimicrobial activity of T. copticum oil was higher than that of S. hortensis oil | ||
(Sadeghi-Nejad and Deokule 2010) 88 | Microsporum, Trichophyton Epidermophyton | Pogostemon parviflorus | ethanolic | It completely prevented the growth of the dermatophytic species with MICs of 2.5-10 mg/mL | ||
(Sonboli et al., 2010) 89
|
Candida albicans
Aspergillus niger Microsporium gypsium
|
Cymbopogon Olivieri | Gramineae | hydrodistillation | The oil exhibited moderate to high activity towards the microorganisms among which B. subtilis and
C. albicans with inhibition zones of 20 mm and MICs of 3.75 mg/ml and 2.5 mg/ml, respectively, being more sensitive than the others |
|
(Avijgan et al., 2010) 90 | Candida albicans
|
Echinophora Platyloba | Umbelliferae | ethanol | The results showed that Echinophora platyloba, at 2mg/ml or higher concentrations, effectively inhibited the growth of Candida albicans. In other words, C. albicans could grow on media containing 1mg/ml of the extract | |
(Aghel et al., 2007) 91 | Trichophytumrubrum
Trichophytumverrucosum Microsporumcanis Microsporumgypseum |
Zataria multiflora Boiss
|
Labiatae | methanolic
|
||
(Shokri et al., 2011) 92 | Aspergillus flavus
A. parasiticus A.ochraceus Fusarium verticillioides
|
Zataria multiflora Geranium pelargonium | Labiatae
Geraniaceae |
The essential oils exhibited considerable inhibitory effects on these important toxigenic fungi with different concentrations demenstrating various degrees of growth inhibition. | ||
(Mohaddese and Nastaran, 2009) 93 | Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus niger |
Zhumeria majdae | Lamiaceae | The oil displayed inhibitory effect against Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. | ||
(Ayatollahi and Kazemi, 2015) 94 | Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trichophyton interdigitale
Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum |
Myrtus communis L.
Cinnamomum zeylanicum |
Myrtaceae
Lauraceae
|
macro dilution method | According to the findings, natural plants could be used in traditional medicine for the prevention and treatment of dermatophytic infections | |
(Bahadoran et al., 2010) 95 | Candida albicans
|
garlic and thyme | Liliaceae
Labiatae |
|||
(Shams Ghahfarokhi, et al., 2003) 96 | Trichophyton mentagrophytes | Onion and Garlic | Liliaceae | This inhibition reached a maximum
of 100% for both extracts at 10% v/v concentrations |
||
(Sadeghi, et al., 2013) 97 | A. niger
C. albicans S. cerevisiae |
Satureja
Intermedia |
Labiatae
|
hydrodistilled | The essential oil exhibited considerable antimicrobial activity against the studied bacteria and fungi | |
(Omran et al., 2009) 98 | C. albicans | Thymus vulgaris L
|
Labiatae | Thyme and lemon essential oils had the highest (0.008-0.271%) and lowest (1-32%) anticandidal activities, respectively | ||
(Hadizadeh et al., 2009) 99 | Alternaria alternate | Urtica dioica L
Thymus vulgaris L Eucalyptus spp Ruta graveolens L Achillea millefolium L |
Urticaceae
Labiatae Myrtaceae Rutaceae Compositae |
Both the nettle and the thyme oils exhibited antifungal activity against A. alternata | ||
(Gandomi et al., 2014) 100 | Penicillium citrinum
Penicillium chrysogenum Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus niger Aspergillus parasiticus |
Trachy spermum ammi | Umbelliferae | hydrodistillation | The fungal species were inhibited at concentrations of 1000–2000 ppm | |
(Mohseni et al., 2014) 101
|
Aspergillus parasiticus
|
Glycyrrhiza glabra | Fabaceae | Study of the antifungal and antitoxin activity of licorice extract on Aspergillus parasiticus revealed its antifungal properties as well as its effective ability to decrease aflatoxin production | ||
(Sharifi‐Rad et al. 2015) 102 | Candida albicans Aspergillus niger | Lallemantia royleana | Labiatae | hydrodistilled | Antifungal screening of the essential oil of L. royleana showed that this oil significantly inhibited the growth of Candidaalbicans and Aspergillus niger (MIC=3.1 and 2.5 μg/mL, respectively). | |
(Nejad et al., 2014) 103 | Candida
Aspergillus species |
Myrtus communis | Myrtaceae | ethanolic | The MICs of Myrtus communis leaf extract ranged 0.625-5.0 μg/μL and 5-40 μg/μL against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp., respectively | |
(Mehrabani et al., 2013) 104 | M. canis.
M.gypseum m.mentagrophytes |
Myrtus communis | Myrtaceae | hydroalcholic | Ethyl acetate followed by total methanolic extracts had the most optimal antifungal effects against the three tested genera of dermatophytes | |
(Bassiri-Jahromi et al., 2015) 105 | Candida albicans
Candida parapsilosis Candida tropicalis Candida krusei Candida glabrata |
Punica granatum L. | Punicaceae | methanol | Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel had potential antifungal activity against candidiasis, and was found to be an attractive option for the development of new management strategies for candidiasis | |
(Esfandiary et al., 2015) 106 | Candida glabrata
Candida kefyer Candida krusei Candida parapsilosis |
Zataria multiflora | Labiatae | In this study, optimal antifungal activity against non-albicans Candida species was exhibited by Z. multiflora despite a wide range of MICs (34875-139500 μg/ml) | ||
(Abdollahzadeh et al., 2011) 107 | Candida albicans | Punica Granatum | Punicaceae | methanolic | None of the concentrations of
MEPGP inhibited C. albicans |
|
(Mahmoudvand et al., 2014) 108 | Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum | Nigella sativa | Apiaceae
|
The results showed that the essential oil and various extracts of N. sativa especially thymoquinone had potent antifungal effects on T. mentagrophytes, M. canis, and M. gypseum as pathogenic dermatophyte strains | ||
(Jamalian, et al., 2012) 109 | Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus fumigatus Trichoderma harzianum Fusarium oxysporum |
Matricaria recutita | Compositae
|
hydrodistillation | According to this study, M. recutita could be considered a potential candidate for development of effective antifungal formulations suitable for treatment of dermatophytosis and other fungal infections | |
(Ali et al., 2012) 110 | Aspergillus flavus
|
Parsley
Ginger Volatile |
Umbelliferae
Zingiberaceae |
hydrodistillation and ethanol | Parsley essential oil showed a stronger inhibitory effect than ginger on A. flavus growth. In contrast, ginger ethanolic extract exerted a superior inhibitory activity for aflatoxin production at 20000 ppm (92.93%) | |
(Mannani et al., 2012) 111 | Microsporum canis
Microsporum gypseum Microsporum nanum
|
Propolis | ethanolic | The MIC of propolis ethanolic extract was 0.2 µL/mL for M. gypseum, 0.05µL/mL for M. nanum and 0.025µL/mL for M. canis | ||
(Asili et al., 2009) 112 | Candida albicans | Ferula badrakema | Apiaceae | hydrodistillation | The essential oil of the fruits was moderately active against C. albicans as a fungal strain with MICs of 3.125 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml, and 6.25 mg/ml, respectively | |
(Morteza-Semnani et al., 2011) 113 | Aspergilus niger
Candida albicans |
Mentha pulegium L. | Lamiaceae | M. pulegium oil's antimicrobial activity against Aspergilus niger and Candida albicans was concentration-dependent | ||
(Alizadeh 2013) 114 | Candida albicans | Salvia virgata | Labiatae | hydrodistillation | The oils of various ontogenetic conditions exerted moderate antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans | |
(Alizadeh et al., 2013) 115 | Alternaria solani, Fusarium solani Rhizoctonia solani | Thymus daenensis | Labiatae
|
hydro distillation | T. daenensis oil exhibited great antifungal activities against three phathogenic fungi
|
|
(Hadian et al., 2007) 116 | Tiarosporella phaseolina, Fusarium moniliforme
Fusarium solani |
Artemisia khorasanica | Compositae
|
hydro-distillation | The oil was effective and showed fungi static activity | |
(Jahansooz et al., 2008) 117 | Colletotrichum gleosporoides,
Botrytis cinerea Fusarium verticillioides Aspergillus niger |
Ferula gummosa
|
Apiaceae | The antifungal activities of oils against four plant phytopathogenic fungi showed that the oil of all samples were effective on growth of B. cinerea with increasing the concentrations, and the effect was less pronounced for 1200 ppm. However, the various concentrations of F. gummosa oil in each sample coud not affect F. verticillioides growth. The growth of C. gleosporoides and A. niger was inhibited only in Semnan and Kashan, respectively. The results showed that F. gummosa essential oils could be used as antifungal agents to manage some diseases due to plant fungi | ||
(Morteza-Semnani and Saeedi 2009) 118 | Aspergilus niger
Candida albicans |
Stachys persica | Labiatae | Hydro distillation | The S. persica oil exhibited concentration-dependent antimicrobial effect on Bacillus subtilis, Aspergilus niger, and Candida albicans | |
(Iranshahi et al., 2008)119 | Candida albicans
|
Ferula latisecta | Apiaceae | The MIC of the oil was determined using broth dilution method against four bacterial and one fungal strains. The MIC of the oil was found to be 0.195 mg/ml against Candida albicans | ||
(Yousefzadi et al., 2013) 120 | khuzistanica Jamzad | Lamiaceae | hydro-distillation | Based on the findings, it was concluded that the essential oil of S. khuzistanica and its major components could have potentially further anti-bacterial and anti-cancer uses; however, far more extensive testing of toxicities of normal (i.e. primary) cells is needed | ||
(Razavi and Nejad-Ebrahimi 2010) 121 | Zosima absinthifolia | Umbelliferae | hydro-distillation | The major components of the oil were octyl acetate (87.48%), octyl octanoate (5.03%), and 1-octanol (2.37%). The oil showed modest to weak allelopatic effects and high antibacterial effects against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, and modest to strong effects on different bacteria and fungi | ||
(Khosravi et al., 2011) 122 | Candida glabrata
|
Artemisia sieberi
Origanum vulgare |
Compositae
Labiatae
|
hydro-distillation | According to broth macrodilution method, all the tested C. glabrata isolates were sensitive to the essential oils in a concentration-dependent manner. MICs varied from 37.4 to 4781.3 μg/ml for A. sieberi (mean: 1496.4 μg/ml) and 0.5 to 1100 μg/ml for O. vulgare (mean: 340.2 μg/ml) essential oils | |
(Mikaeili et al., 2012) 123 | Trichophyton verrucosum | Astragalus verus | Fabaceae | Aqueous extract displayed promising antidermatophytic activity | ||
(Avijgan et al., 2014) 124 | Candida albicans | Echinophora platyloba | Umbellifera
|
ethanolic | The results of this study showed a potent synergistic effect of E. platyloba ethanolic 34 extract | |
(Safaei-Ghomi and Ahd 2010) 125 | Eucalyptus largiflorens Eucalyptus intertexta | Myrtaceae
|
methanol | The results of MIC study revealed that the essential oil had a stronger activity and broader spectrum than those of the methanol extract | ||
(Safaei-Ghomi and Batooli 2010) 126 | Aspergillus niger
Candida albicans |
Eucalyptus sargentii | Myrtaceae
|
According to the bioassay results, the oil exhibited moderate to high antimicrobial activity | ||
(Khakshoor and Pazooki 2014) 127 | Candida albicans
Aspergillus niger Saprolegnia parasitica Fusarium solani Saprolegnia sp. |
Gelliodes carnosa | Ethanol
ethyl acetate methanol |
Strong antifungal activities were exerted by E4 against Fusarium sp.2, Fusarium sp.1, F. solani, and Saprolegnia parasitica (MIC: 500 μg/ml) | ||
(Ramezani et al., 2006) 128 | Aspergillus niger
Candida albicans |
Artemisia kopetdaghensis | Asteraceae | Hydro-distillation | The essential oil showed a moderate antimicrobial activity | |
(Kazemi et al., 2009) 129 | Candida albicans | Artemisia
tschernieviana |
Asteraceae | Hydro-distillation | The results showed that this oil was active against all the tested strains | |
(Kordali et al., 2005) 130 | Artemisia absinthium
Artemisia santonicum Artemisia spicigera |
Asteraceae | Hydro-distillation | The results showed that all of the oils had potent inhibitory effects at a very broad spectrum against all of the tested fungi | ||
(Sonboli et al., 2007) 131 | Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger | Tetrataenium lasiopetalum | Apiaceae | Hydro-distillation | According to the bioassay results, the oil exhibited moderate to high antimicrobial activity | |
(Mahboubi and Kazempour, 2015) 132 | Trichophyton rubrum
Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis M. gypseum, Trichophyton schoenleinii Trichophyton verrucosum |
Allium hirtifolium | Liliaceae | aqueous extract | The anti-fungal activity of A. hirtifolium was great compared with ketoconazole | |
(Atai et al., 2009) 133 | Candida albicans | Zingiber officinale | Zingiberaceae | Ethanolic | The results showed that the ethanolic extract was effective on Candida albicans (2 mg/ml) at the concentration of 1:5. The study indicated that ginger extract could be used in treatment of oral candidiasis | |
(Zia et al., 2009) 134 | Trichophyton mentagrophytis
Trichophyton rubrum Trichophyton verrucosum |
Propolis | alcoholic | Alcoholic extract of propolis showed antifungal activity against these three species. MIC of alcoholic extract of the propolis per 1 mm of the medium was 0.00625 for T. verrucosum, 0.0125 for T. mentagrophytis, and 0.05 for T. rubrum | ||
(Soltani et al., 2009) 135 | Candida albicans
|
Garlic | Liliaceae | chloroformic | The results showed that allicin activated the immune system against this fungus. Macrophages with allicin produced more nitric oxide compared to the group without allicin | |
(Modaressi et al., 2013) 136 | Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus candidus Candida albicans
|
Mindium laevigatum | Campanulaceae | Methanolic | The antifungal activity of the extracts against different fungi varied from 14.0 to 3 mm and the MICs from 50 to 400 μg.mL | |
(Khosravi et al., 2009) 137 | Candida albicans
|
Zataria multiflora | Labiatae | steam distillation | These data may explain the increased rate of yeast clearance and reduced dissemination to the viscera in Z. multiflora-treated mice. | |
(Khosravi et al., 2011) 138 | Aspergillus Fumigatus and Aspergillus
Flavus |
Cuminum cyminum,
Ziziphora clinopodioides Nigella sativa |
Apiaceae
Labiatae Apiaceae
|
water distillation | The results demonstrated the anti-Aspergillus activities of C. cyminum, Z. clinopodioides and N. sativa essential oils, which strengthens the potential use of these substances as anti-mould in the future | |
(Mousavi and Kazemi, 2015) 139 | Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trichophyton interdigitale, Microsporum canis, and Microsporum gypseum | Myrtus communis Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume | ||||
(Massiha and Zolfaghar Muradov, 2015) 140 | Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum,
Trichophyton schoenleinii, Epidermophyton flocosum |
Calendula Officinalis
Acacia arabica Altheae officinalis Ginkgo biloba Juglans regia, Osimum basilicum, Solanum nigrum Hypericum perforatum Urtica dioica Anagalis arvensis |
Compositae
Mimosaceae Malvaceae Ginkgoaceae Juglandaceae Labiatae Solanaceae Hypericaceae Urticaceae Primulaceae |
methanol | Plants under review showed antifungal activity against all the studied dermatophytes with MICs of 0.001- 0.016 mg/mL according to inhibitory zone, 0.3-12.8 mg/mL according to agar dilution, and 0.2-12.5 mg/mL according to broth dilution | |
(Khosravi-Darani et al., 2013) 141 | Candida albicans | Honey and mint extract
Honey and ginger extract Honey and Zataria Extract Honey and ginger starch |
Labiatae
Zingiberaceae Labiatae Zingiberaceae
|
ethanolic | The results showed that ginger extract had a more significant impact on the microorganism growth compared to other extracts | |
(Khoshkholgh-Pahlaviani et al., 2013) 142 | Candida Albicans | Anagalis Arvensis | Myrsinaceae | methanol | Methanol extract of A. arvensis exerted inhibitory effect on the standard strain and clinical isolates of C. albicans. The MIC of the extract was lower than that of nystatin while the combination of the growth inhibitory concentration was greater than nystatin alone | |
(Sonboli et al., 2004) 143 | Candida albicans
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Aspergillus niger Microsporium gypsium |
Nepeta crispa | Labiatae | Hydro-distillation | The oil displayed a remarkable antifungal activity against all the studied fungi | |
(Sonboli et al., 2004) 144 | Candida albicans
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Aspergillus niger
|
Satureja laxiflora | Labiatae | Hydro-distillation | It was clearly seen that the antifungal activity of S. laxiflora oil at high volume (2.4 μl) mainly is similar to that of the standard antibiotic, nystatine. In comparison, a higher volume of the oil indicated a potent inhibitory activity against the tested bacteria than the positive control, ampicillin | |
(Sonboli et al., 2006) 145 | Aspergillus niger
Candida albicans Saccharomyces cerevisiae
|
S. santolinifolia
S. hydrangea
S. mirzayanii |
Labiatae | Hydro-distillation | The most susceptible microbial strains were Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis (MIC of 1.25 mg/ml) followed by Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans (MIC of 2.5 mg/ml) | |
(Sonboli et al., 2006) 146 | Candida albicans, Saccharomyces
cerevisiae Aspergillus niger |
Gontscharovia popovii | Labiatae | Hydro-distillation | According to bioassay results, the oil exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against all the tested fungi and bacteria | |
(Yousefzadi et al., 2007) 147 | Candida Albicans
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Aspergillus niger
|
Salvia multicaulis,
S. sclarea S. verticillata |
Labiatae | Hydro-distillation | In contrast to antibacterial activity, the oils exhibited no or slight antifungal property, and only the S. multicaulis oilshowed weak activity against the two tested yeasts, C. albicans and S. cerevisiae | |
(Taran et al., 2011) 148 | Candida Albicans
Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
Quercus brantii | Fagaceae | Ether and hydroalcoholic | Hydroalcoholic and ether Q. brantii extracts inhibited inhibitory effects on fungi, gram-positive bacteria, and gram-negative bacteria | |
(Nasiri Kashani et al., 2009) 149 | Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillus Flavus Aspergillus niger Penicillium gryseogenum Alternaria Trichophyton mentagrophytes Microsporum canis |
Allium Hirtifolium | Liliaceae | Ethanolic and aqueous | The MFC of aqueous and alcoholic extracts was derived 0.6-26.68 mg/ml and 0.1-28.12 mg/ml, respectively | |
(Banaeian-Boroujeni, et al., 2015) 150 | Candida albicans | Salvia Officinalis | Labiatae | Ethanolic | S. officinalis extract inhibited C. albicans growth and could be effective in treating vaginitis due to C. albicans | |
(Davoudi et al., 2014) 151 | Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Helichrysum arenarium L.
|
Compositae | Distillation | ||
(Ataei Azimi et al., 2007) 152 | Fusarium solani
Fusarium poae |
Sorghum
Bicolor (L.)
|
Gramineae | Aqueous, alcoholic, phenolic | Alcoholic extract at 20, 30, and 40 mg concentrations was studied and 30-mg concentration was found to exert an effect 2.5 times higher than those of the two other concentrations. Phenolic compounds at 0, 10, and 25 g/l were effective on both fungi | |
(Akbari 2007) 153 | Fluconazol-Resistant Susceptible Candida albicans | Thymus valgaris
Crigahum vulgare L.
|
Labiatae
Labiatae
|
Aqueous, methanolic | Methanolic T. vulgaris extractat 0.49-125 mg/ml followed by C. vulgare essential oil and the aqueous extracts of both plants displayed antifungal activity | |
(Avijgan et al., 2006) 154 | Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Tricophyton rubrum, Tricophyton schoenleinii, Tricophyton mentagrophytes
Trichophyton verrucosum |
Echinophora platyloba | Umbellifera
|
Hydroalcoholic | T. schoenleinii and T. verrucosum were consistently sensitive, T. rubrum and M. gypseum were consistently resistant, and tricomython and M. canis at 250 mg were sensitive | |
(Mohammadi, et al., 2010) 155 | Aspergillus nidulance
Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus Flavus Aspergillus niger |
Cinnamomum
Zeylanicum |
Lauraceae
|
Microdilution | Antifungal effect was exerted on all the strains | |
(Abdolmaleki, et al., 2011) 156 | Rhizoctonia solani
Fusarium onysporam Bipolaris sorokiniana Phytophthora drechsleri |
Mentna Pipertia
|
Labiatae | Aqueous, methanolic, ethanolic, acetone, and chloroform | Ethanolic and chloroform extracts displayed no antifungal effects. Methanolic and acetone extracts exerted little effect on Fusarium. Aqueous extract at 500 ppm exerted antifungal effect on P. drechsleriand at 100 ppm on B. sorokiniana. For the other two fungi, the extract at 2000 ppm caused no effect on the fungus growth | |
(Najib – Zadeh et al., 2011) 157 | Candida albicans | Myrtus communis | Myrtaceae | Distillation | Treatment with M. communis essential oil at a concentration two times higher than MIC did not suffice to eradicate candidiasis in immunosuppressed rats; hence, higher concentrations of this essential oil should be used | |
(Mohammadi et al., 2007) 158 | Fluconazol-Resistant Susceptible Candida albicans | Boswellia Serrata
|
Burseraceae
|
Distillation | The inhibitory effect of the essential oil on all fungal strains of C. albicans | |
(Mohammadi, et al., 2008) 159 | Aspergillus nidulance
Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus Flavus Aspergillus niger |
Myrtus Communisl | Myrtaceae | Distillation | The essential oil had optimal antifungal effects on all Aspergillus isolates
5 isolates up to 1.8; 8 isolates up to 1:16; 10 isolates up to 1:32 |
|
(Babaei et al., 2014) 160 | Aspergillus Flavus
|
Aloe vera | Liliaceae | Acetone, methanolic, ethanolic, aqueous | The greatest antifungal activity was seen at 105 microl/l of the acetone extract | |
(Diba et al., 2010) 161 | Candida albicans
Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus niger
|
Propolis | Alcoholic | The inhibitory effect of the extract at 0.25 concentration was observed on half of the fungi (C. albicans), at 3.2℅ g/α affected Aspergillus, but at 0.125 was effective on A. niger | ||
(Dehghan et al., 2013) 162 | Candida
Cryptococcus neoformans |
Ferula szowitsiana | Umbelliferae | Chloroform | The greatest effect of the extract was exerted on C. neoformans with inhibition zone diameter of 23.1 mm and no effect on M. canis was seen | |
(Motaharinia et al., 2011) 163 | malassezia furfur | Althaea officinalis | Malvaceae
Fabaceae |
Alcoholic | This study demonstrated that A. officinalis flower extract exerted greater antifungal effects than A. officinalis root and G. glabra root extracts | |
(Shoaie, et al., 2012) 164 | Candida albicans
Candida tropicalis Candida krusei Candida glabrata |
Teucrium Polium
Zingiber Officinale |
Labiatae
Zingiberaceae |
Hydroalcoholic | The extracts of the two plants exerted antifungal effects on each other and no effect on the fungi. Z. officinale exerted greater antifungal effect than T. polium | |
(Haghighi et al., 2011) 165 | Candida albicans | Petroselinum Crispum
Cuminum cyminum Bunium persicum |
Labiatae
Umbelliferae Umbelliferae Umbelliferae |
Hydroalcoholic | The essential oils were found to exert inhibitory effects at 146, 620, 580, and 48 microg/ml | |
(Afshari, et al., 2013) 166 | Aspergillus Flavus
|
Thymus vulgaris
Satureja Foeniculum Eucalyptus camadulensis Rosmarinus officinalis Ferula gummosa boiss |
Labiatae
Labiatae Umbelliferae Myrtaceae Labiatae Umbelliferae |
Distillation | The concentrations of 800 and 1000 PPM of Avishan and Razianeh had the most effects on inhibition of Aflatoxin B preparation | |
(Roudbary et al., 2009) 167 | Candida albicans
Candida dubliniensis |
Crocus satirum | Iridaceae | Ethanolic | Alcoholic C. satirum extract had antifungal effects with greater effects on C. dubliniensis than on C. albicans | |
(Moslemi et al., 2015) 168 | Candida albicans
Fusarium oxysporum Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus Flavus Aspergillus niger |
Ephedra Pachyclada | Ephedraceae | Methanolic
Aqueous Chloroform |
These extracts exerted optimal antifungal effects on C. albicans growth but no effect on other fung. | |
(Aali, et al., 1998) 169
|
Candida albicans | Myrtus communis | Myrtaceae | Methanolic | The methanol extract at 20 mg concentration exerted greater antifungal effect than clotrimazole at basin concentration | |
(Hoseini et al., 2011) 170 | Candida albicans | Carvacrol ( Satureja) | Labiatae | Essential oil | Carvacrol essential oil displayed suitable antifungal effects on sensitive and resistant strains to fluconazole in C. albicans | |
(Shams Ghahfarokhi,
et al., 2007) 171 |
Epidermophyton floccosum
Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Tricophyton rubrum Tricophyton mentagrophytes
|
onion ,
garlic |
Liliaceae | Aqueous | In this study, the effects of the plants were studied by trebniafine and the greatest antifungal effect was exerted by trebniafine on M. canis and M. gypseum. M. canis displayed the highest resistance to our extract. Overall, aqueous extract exerted the greatest inhibitory effect on dermatophytes at lower concentrations | |
(Mohammadpour et al., 2011) 172 | Candida albicans | Zataria multiflora
Satureja Bachthiarica Thymus vulgaris
|
Labiatae
|
Essential oil | The MIC of S. bachtiarica forfungal growth was lower than those of other extracts while T. vulgaris exhibited the greatest antifungal property | |
(Sepahvand et al., 2005) 173 | Trichophyton mentagrophytes,
Fusarium sp Cryptococcus neoformans Epidermophyton floccosum Microsporum gypseum, Tricophyton rubrum Trichophyton verrucosum Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus Flavus |
Satureja Khuzestanica jamzad | Labiatae
|
Distillation | S. khuzestanica could exert 100% inhibitory effects on all fungi except for T. The inhibitory effects on T. ??? were various at different concentrations | |
(Falahati, et al., 2011) 174 | Aspergillus niger
Microsporum gypseum Candida albicans Saccharomyces cerevisiae Aspergillus niger |
Peganum Harmala | Zygophyllaceae | Alkaloid | 1-3.2 mg/ml of the extract exerted antifungal effects on all fungi | |
(Nodoushan, et al., 2007) 175 | Candida albicans
Candida tropicalis Candida krusei Candida glabrata |
Garlic (Allium sativum) | Liliaceae | Aqueous | C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. albicans were sensitive to A. sativum and displayed optimal antifungal effects but C. krusei was the most resistant species to the extract. | |
(janani, et al., 2011) 176 | Candida albicans | Myrtus communis | myrtacea | Cream | This study demonstrated that M. communis cream has similar therapeutic effects to clotrimazole cream and even more effective in improving certain symptoms than this cream | |
(Norooz-mirzaaghakhani, et al., 2015) 177 | Candida albicans
Candida parapsilosis Candida krusei Candida glabrata |
Anethum Graveolens | Umbelliferae | Aqueous | This study demonstrated that A. graveolens seed had no antifungal effect. | |
(Falahati et al., 2015) 178 | Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Pistacia atlantica | Anacardiaceae
|
Based on GC/MS analysis, the main components of P. atlantica fruit extract were β-myrcene (41.4%), α- pinene (32.48%), and limonene (4.66%), whereas the major components of P. atlantica fruit extract were trans-caryophyllene (15.18%), α-amorphene (8.1%) and neo-allo-ocimene (6.21%). According to the finding, all the components exhibited both fungistatic and fungicidal activities with MICs of 6.66-26.66 mg/mL and MFCs of 13.3-37.3 mg/mL, respectively. Among the studied extracts, the methanolic P. atlantica fresh fruit extract was significantly more effective than other extracts (P<0.05) |
CONCLUSION: More clinical Studies to determine the safety and effectiveness of medicinal plants and possible toxic ingredients and their active substances can lead to the production of safe and efficient drugs for fungal strains and diseases.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: This study was financially supported by Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: We declare that we have no conflict of interest.
REFERENCES:
- Maranhão FC, Paião FG and Martinez-Rossi NM: Isolation of transcripts over-expressed in human pathogen Trichophyton rubrum during growth in keratin. Microbial pathogenesis 2007; 43(4): 166-72.
- Richardson MD and Warnock DW: Fungal infection: diagnosis and management: John Wiley and Sons 2012.
- Lovey RG, Elliott AJ, Kaminski JJ, Loebenberg D, Parmegiani RM, Rane D, et al.: Isobenzofurans as conformationally constrained miconazole analogs with improved antifungal potency. Journal of medicinal chemistry 1992; 35(22): 4221-9.
- Mahmoudvand H, Dezaki ES, Sharififar F, Ezatpour B, Jahanbakhsh S and Harandi MF: Protoscolecidal effect of Berberis vulgaris root extract and its main compound, berberine in cystic echinococcosis. Iranian journal of parasitology 2014; 9(4): 503.
- Bahmani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Parsaei P and Mohsenzadegan A: The anti-leech effect of Peganum harmala extract and some anti-parasite drugs on Limnatis nilotica. African Journal of Microbiology Research 2012; 6(10): 2586-90.
- Mahmoudvand H, Dezaki ES, Ezatpour B, Sharifi I, Kheirandish F and Rashidipour M: In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activities of Pistacia vera essential oil. Planta medica 2016; 82(04): 279-84.
- Martin KW and Ernst E: Herbal medicines for treatment of fungal infections: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Mycoses 2004; 47(3‐4): 87-92.
- Daglia M: Polyphenols as antimicrobial agents. Current opinion in biotechnology 2012; 23(2): 174-81.
- Zhang L, Ravipati AS, Koyyalamudi SR, Jeong SC, Reddy N, Bartlett J, et al.: Anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activities of ethanol extracts of selected traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine 2013; 6(9): 673-81.
- Amini M, Safaie N, Salmani M and Shams-Bakhsh M: Antifungal activity of three medicinal plant essential oils against some phytopathogenic fungi. Trakia J Sci 2012; 10(1): 1-8.
- Sahraie-Rad M, Izadyari A, Rakizadeh S and Sharifi-Rad J: Preparation of Strong Antidandruff Shampoo Using Medicinal Plant Extracts: A Clinical Trial and Chronic Dandruff Treatment. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products 2015; 10(4).
- Mousavi SM and Raftos D: In vitro Antifungal activity of a new combination of Essential oils against some filamentous Fungi. Middle East J Sci Res 2012; 11(2): 156-61.
- Amin G, Sourmaghi MS, Zahedi M, Khanavi M and Samadi N: Essential oil composition and antimicrobial activity of Oliveria decumbens. Fitoterapia 2005; 76(7): 704-7.
- Entezari M, Hashemi M, Ashki M, Ebrahimian S, Bayat M, Azizi Saraji A, et al.: Studying the effect Echinophora platyloba extract on bactira (Staphilococus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa) and fungi (Candidia albicans, Aspergilus flavus and Aspergilus niger) in vitro. World J Med Sci 2009; 4(2): 89-92.
- Rasooli I and Owlia P: Chemoprevention by thyme oils of Aspergillus parasiticus growth and aflatoxin production. Phytochemistry 2005; 66(24): 2851-6.
- Gharachorlou AA and Shamami K: Study on Antifungal activity of Artemisia extract in Compared with Tryptophan against trichophytonmentagrophytes. Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci 2013; 3(1): 37-41.
- Naeini A, Khosravi A, Chitsaz M, Shokri H and Kamlnejad M: Anti-Candida albicans activity of some Iranian plants used in traditional medicine. Journal de Mycologie Médicale/Journal of Medical Mycology 2009; 19(3): 168-72.
- Rasooli I, Fakoor MH, Yadegarinia D, Gachkar L, Allameh A and Rezaei MB: Antimycotoxigenic characteristics of Rosmarinus officinalis and Trachyspermum copticum essential oils. International journal of food microbiology 2008; 122(1): 135-9.
- Razzaghi-Abyaneh M, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Yoshinari T, Rezaee M-B, Jaimand K, Nagasawa H, et al.: Inhibitory effects of Satureja hortensis essential oil on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus. International journal of food microbiology 2008; 123(3): 228-33.
- Hadi M, Sorkhi R, Kashefi B, Sobhanipur A and Shamsi MH: Investigation antifungal activity of some medicinal plant extracts on growth and spore germination of Penicillium digitatum in vitro. Middle East J Sci Res 2013; 17: 1701-8.
- Torabzadeh P and Panahi P: Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Physalis alkekengi Extracts on Microsporum canis, Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Nocardia asteroids. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 2011; 13(7): 3.
- Tolouee M, Alinezhad S, Saberi R, Eslamifar A, Zad SJ, Jaimand K, et al.: Effect of Matricaria chamomilla flower essential oil on the growth and ultrastructure of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem. International journal of food microbiology 2010; 139(3): 127-33.
- Gandomi H, Misaghi A, Basti AA, Bokaei S, Khosravi A, Abbasifar A, et al.: Effect of Zataria multiflora essential oil on growth and aflatoxin formation by Aspergillus flavus in culture media and cheese. Food and chemical toxicology 2009; 47(10): 2397-400.
- Ahmadi F, Sadeghi S, Modarresi M, Abiri R and Mikaeli A: Chemical composition, in vitro anti-microbial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and methanolic extract of Hymenocrater longiflorus, of Iran. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2010; 48(5): 1137-44.
- Ebrahimabadi AH, Mazoochi A, Kashi FJ, Djafari-Bidgoli Z and Batooli H: Essential oil composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the aerial parts of Salvia eremophila from Iran. Food and chemical toxicology 2010; 48(5): 1371-6.
- Ebrahimabadi AH, Ebrahimabadi EH, Djafari-Bidgoli Z, Kashi FJ, Mazoochi A and Batooli H: Composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and extracts of Stachys inflata Benth from Iran. Food Chemistry 2010; 119(2): 452-8.
- Bamoniri A, Ebrahimabadi AH, Mazoochi A, Behpour M, Kashi FJ and Batooli H: Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity evaluation and essential oil analysis of Semenovia tragioides from Iran. Food chemistry 2010; 122(3): 553-8.
- Mahboubi M and Bidgoli FG: In vitro synergistic efficacy of combination of amphotericin B with Myrtus communis essential oil against clinical isolates of Candida albicans. Phytomedicine 2010; 17(10): 771-4.
- Rasooli I, Rezaei MB and Allameh A: Growth inhibition and morphological alterations of Aspergillus niger by essential oils from Thymus eriocalyx and Thymus x-porlock. Food Control 2006; 17(5): 359-64.
- Omidbeygi M, Barzegar M, Hamidi Z and Naghdibadi H: Antifungal activity of thyme, summer savory and clove essential oils against Aspergillus flavus in liquid medium and tomato paste. Food control 2007; 18(12): 1518-23.
- Khosravi A, Shokri H, Darabi M, Kashani A, Mansouri P and Naser A: Comparative study on the effects of a new antifungal lotion (Artemisia sieberi essential oil) and a clotrimazole lotion in the treatment of pityriasis versicolor. Journal de Mycologie Médicale/Journal of Medical Mycology 2009; 19(1): 17-21.
- Khosravi RA, Shokri H, Farahnejat Z, Chalangari R and Katalin M: Antimycotic efficacy of Iranian medicinal plants towards dermatophytes obtained from patients with dermatophytosis. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 2013; 11(1): 43-8.
- Gavanji S, Zaker SR, Nejad ZG, Bakhtari A, Bidabadi ES and Larki B: Comparative efficacy of herbal essences with amphotricin B and ketoconazole on Candida albicans in the in vitro Integrative Medicine Research 2015.
- Karbin S, Rad AB, Arouiee H and Jafarnia S: Antifungal activities of the essential oils on post-harvest disease agent Aspergilus flavus. Adv Environ Biol 2009; 3(3): 219-25.
- Sadeghi-Nejad B, Shiravi F, Ghanbari S, Alinejadi M and Zarrin M: Antifungal activity of Satureja khuzestanica (Jamzad) leaves extracts. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2010; 3: 36-40.
- Falahati M, Tabrizib NO and Jahaniani F: Anti dermatophyte activities of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in comparison with Griseofulvin. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2005; 4(2): 80-3.
- Alizadeh A and Shaabani M: Essential oil composition, phenolic content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in Salvia officinalis cultivated in Iran. Adv Environ Biol 2012; 6(1): 221-6.
- Badiee P, Nasirzadeh AR and Motaffaf M: Comparison of Salvia officinalis essential oil and antifungal agents against candida species. Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology and Drug Research 2012; 1(1): 7.
- Rasouli-Sadaghiani M, Hassani A, Barin M, Danesh YR and Sefidkon F: Effects of Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on growth, essential oil production and nutrients uptake in basil. J Med Plants Res 2010; 4(21): 2222-8.
- Nejat S, Pirbaluti AG, Yazdani M and Foroughi M: In Vivo Antifungal Activity of Some Medical Herbs and Propolis against Fungal pathogens Associated with Ringworm. International Conference on Chemical, Environmental and Biological Sciences March 18-19; Dubai (UAE) 2015.
- Avijgan M, Mirzadeh F and Nia EA: The comparative study of anti-fungal effect of pharmaceutical products containing hydroalcohol-ic extract of Echinophora platyloba DC and fluconazole in women with chronic recurrent vaginitis caused by candida albicans. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2012; 17.
- Mousavi M, Mirzargar SS, Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi H, Omidbaigi R, Khosravi A and Bahonar A: Antifungal and toxicity effects of new combined essential oils on Oncorhynchus mykiss in comparison with malachite green. The Iranian Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology 2014; 4(2): 1-8.
- Nabigol A and Morshedi H: Evaluation of the antifungal activity of the Iranian thyme essential oils on the postharvest pathogens of Strawberry fruits. African Journal of Biotechnology 2013; 10(48): 9864-9.
- Mikaeili A, Karimi I, Modaresi M and Bagherinasab Z: Assessment of Antidermatophytic Activities of Urtica dioica L against Microsporum canis in a Guinea Pig Model. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2014; 12(6): 997-1002.
- Mahmoudvand H, Ayatollahi Mousavi SA, Sepahvand A, Sharififar F, Ezatpour B, Gorohi F, et al.: Antifungal, antileishmanial, and cytotoxicity activities of various extracts of Berberis vulgaris (Berberidaceae) and its active principle berberine. ISRN pharmacology 2014.
- Saharkhiz MJ, Motamedi M, Zomorodian K, Pakshir K, Miri R and Hemyari K: Chemical composition, antifungal and antibiofilm activities of the essential oil of Mentha piperita ISRN pharmaceutics 2012.
- Mahboubi M and Bidgoli FG: Biological activity of essential oil from aerial parts of Artemisia aucheri from Iran. Herba Polonica 2009; 55(4): 96-104.
- Verdian RM, Sadat EE, Haji AA, Fazeli M and Pirali HM: Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Artemisia annua essential oil from Iran 2008.
- Gharachorlou AA, Alizadeh J, Behmard F and Morvati B: Evaluation effect of Artemisia siebri essence on some dermatophytes fungi in vitro compare to Clotrimazole. IJBPAS 2014; 3(10): 2408-2413
- Larypoor M, Akhavansepahy A, Rahimifard N and Rashedi H: Antidermatophyte Activity of the Essential oil of Hypericum perforatum of North of Iran 2009; 3(31): 7-110.
- Abdollahi M, Hamzehzarghani H and Saharkhiz MJ: Effects of the essential oil of Zataria multiflora Boiss, a thyme‐like medicinal plant from Iran on the growth and sporulation of Aspergillus niger both in vitro and on lime fruits. Journal of Food Safety 2011; 31(3): 424-32.
- Fateh R, Nasiri Kashani MJ, Motevallian M, Falahati M and Yazdanparast A: In vitro antifungal activity of Allium hirtifolium in comparison with miconazole. Medical Journal of The Islamic Republic of Iran (MJIRI) 2010; 24(1): 17-22.
- Khanahmadi M, Rezazadeh S, Shahrezaei F and Taran M: Study on chemical composition of essential oil and anti-oxidant and anti microbial properties of Artemisia haussknechtii. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2009; 8(31): 132-41.
- Aghel N, Mahmoudabadi AZ and Darvishi L: Volatile constituents and anti candida activity of the aerial parts essential oil of Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter grown in Iran. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2011; 5(6): 772-5.
- Ahanjan M, Raghavendra M and Raveesha K: A novel antifungal phenolic compound from Parrotia persica. African Journal of Biochemistry Research 2009; 3(5): 174-80.
- Arabi Z and Sardari S: An investigation into the antifungal property of Fabaceae using bioinformatics tools. Avicenna journal of medical biotechnology 2010; 2(2): 93.
- Naeini A, Naderi NJ and Shokri H: Analysis and in vitro anti-Candida antifungal activity of Cuminum cyminum and Salvadora persica herbs extracts against pathogenic Candida strains. Journal de Mycologie Médicale/Journal of Medical Mycology 2014; 24(1): 13-8.
- Pirbalouti AG, Bahmani M and Avijgan M: Anti-Candida activity of some of the Iranian medicinal plants. Elect J Biol 2009; 5: 85-8.
- Hajieghrari B, Mohammadi M and Hadian D: Antifungal activity of Cymbopogon parkeri essential oil on some important phytopathogenic fungi. Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences 2005; 71(3 Pt B): 937-41.
- Zihayat B, Noski A, Mehrabani M, RezaieFar M and Mousavi AA: Antifungal activity of ethanolic extract of leaves "Myrtle" against Microsporum gypseum, canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology. Iranian Congress on Medical Mycology 2003.
- Naeini A, Nazeri M and Shokri H: Antifungal activity of Zataria multiflora, Pelargonium graveolens and Cuminum cyminum essential oils towards three species of Malassezia isolated from patients with pityriasis versicolor. Journal de Mycologie Médicale/Journal of Medical Mycology 2011; 21(2): 87-91.
- Noori M and Taghavi A: Antifungal and antibacterial activities of Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.) metanolic extract. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology. Iranian Congress on Medical Mycology 2013.
- Hardani A and Sadeghi-Nejad B: Antimicrobial properties of Ixora brachiata against bacteria and Candida isolates . Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology. Iranian Congress on Medical Mycology 2013.
- Mikaeili A, Karimi I, Shamspur T, Gholamine B, Modaresi M and Khanlari A: Anti-candidal activity of Astragalus verus in the in vitro and in vivo guinea pig models of cutaneous and systemic candidiasis. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2012; 22(5): 1035-43.
- Torbati M, Arzanlou M, Azadmard-damirchi S, Babai-ahari A and Alijani S: Effect of fungal species involved in the olive fruit rot on the qualitative properties of olive oil. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 2014; 47(3): 292-7.
- Ghasemi Y, Faridi P, Mehregan I and Mohagheghzadeh A: Ferula gummosa fruits: an aromatic antimicrobial agent. Chemistry of natural compounds 2005; 41(3): 311-4.
- Faridi P, Ghasemi Y, Gholami A, Mehregan I and Mohagheghzadeh A: Antimicrobial essential oil from Smyrniopsis aucheri. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 2008; 44(1): 116-8.
- Faramarzi M, Moghimi M, Monsef-Esfahani H, Shahverdi A and Khodaee S: Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Geum kokanicum. Chemistry of natural compounds 2008; 44(6): 811-3.
- Yahyazadeh M, Omidbaigi R, Zare R and Taheri H: Effect of some essential oils on mycelial growth of Penicillium digitatum World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2008; 24(8): 1445-50.
- Razzaghi-Abyaneh M, Saberi R, Sharifan A, Rezaee M-B, Seifili R, Hosseini S-I, et al.: Effects of Heracleum persicum ethyl acetate extract on the growth, hyphal ultrastructure and aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus. Mycotoxin research 2013; 29(4): 261-9.
- Iranshahi M, Fata A, Emami B, Shahri BMJ and Bazzaz BSF: In vitro antifungal activity of polysulfides-rich essential oil of Ferula latisecta fruits against human pathogenic dermatophytes. Nat Prod Commun 2008; 3: 1543-6.
- Zarrin M, Amirrajab N and Sadeghi-Nejad B: In vitro antifungal activity of Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad against Cryptococcus neoformans. Pak J Med Sci 2010; 26(4): 880.
- Farjam MH: Comparative study of the antimicrobial activity of essential oil and two different extract from Salvia urmiensis Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2012; 2(3): S1680-S2.
- Naeini A, Ziglari T, Shokri H and Khosravi A: Assessment of growth-inhibiting effect of some plant essential oils on different Fusarium isolates. Journal de Mycologie Médicale/Journal of Medical Mycology 2010; 20(3): 174-8.
- Ghaderi R and Maleknezhad P: Evaluation of anticandidial effects of Berberis vulgaris root extracts (ethanolic and aqueous) and comparing their effects with those of clotrimazole. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences 2006; 13(2): 9-15.
- Behravan J, Ramezani M, Kasaian J and Sabeti Z: Antimycotic activity of the essential oil of Satureja mutica Fisch and CA Mey from Iran. Flavour and fragrance journal 2004; 19(5): 421-3.
- Abolfazl M, Hossein N, Sohrab I and Hadi A: Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils from some medicinal plants of Iran. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2014; 5(2): 376.
- Farzaneh M, Ahmadzadeh M, Hadian J and Tehrani A: Chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oils of three species of Artemisia on some soil-borne phytopathogens. Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences 2005; 71(3 Pt B): 1327-33.
- Kazemi Oskuee R, Behravan J and Ramezani M: Chemical composition, antimicrobial activity and antiviral activity of essential oil of Carum copticum from Iran. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 2011; 1(2): 83-90.
- Behnam S, Farzaneh M, Ahmadzadeh M and Tehrani A: Composition and antifungal activity of essential oils of Mentha piperita and Lavendula angustifolia on post-harvest phytopathogens. Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences 2005; 71(3 Pt B): 1321-6.
- Yousefzadi M, Ebrahimi SN, Sonboli A, Miraghasi F, Ghiasi S, Arman M, et al: Cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity and composition of essential oil from Tanacetum balsamita subsp. balsamita. Natural product communications 2009; 4(1): 119-22.
- Dehghan G, Solaimanian R, Shahverdi AR, Amin G, Abdollahi M and Shafiee A: Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Ferula szovitsiana Flavour and fragrance journal 2007; 22(3): 224-7.
- Mohajeri F, Misaghi A, Akhondzadeh A, Gheisari H, Khosravi A, Gandomi H, et al.: Growth inhibition and morphological alterations to Penicellium citrinium in response to Zataria multiflora essential oil. Journal of Veterinary Research 2012; 67(4): 307-12.
- Darougheh F, Barzegar M and Ali Sahari M: Antioxidant and anti-fungal effect of caraway (Carum carvi) essential oil in real food system. Current Nutrition and Food Science 2014; 10(1): 70-6.
- Ramezani H: Fungicidal activity of volatile oil from Eucalyptus citriodora against Alternaria triticina. Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences 2005; 71(3 Pt B): 909-14.
- Ghorbanian M, Razzaghi‐Abyaneh M, Allameh A, Shams‐Ghahfarokhi M and Qorbani M: Study on the effect of neem (Azadirachta indica juss) leaf extract on the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and production of aflatoxin by it at different incubation times. Mycoses 2008; 51(1): 35-9.
- Mahboubi M and Kazempour N: Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Satureja hortensis and Trachyspermum copticum essential oil. Iranian journal of microbiology 2011; 3(4): 194.
- Sadeghi-Nejad B and Deokule SS: Antidermatophytic activity of Pogostemon parviflorus Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research: IJPR 2010; 9(3): 279.
- Sonboli A, Mirjalili MH and Yousefzadi M: Antimicrobial activity and composition of the essential oil of Cymbopogon Olivieri (Boiss.) Bor from Iran. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2010; 65-8.
- Avijgan M, Hafizi M, Saadat M and Nilforoushzadeh MA: Antifungal effect of Echinophora platyloba's extract against Candida albicans. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2010; 285-9.
- Aghel N, Moghimipour E and Ameri A: Characterization of an anti-dermatophyte cream from Zataria multiflora Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2007; 3(2): 77-84.
- Shokri H, Khosravi A, Mansouri M and Ziglari T: Effects of Zataria multiflora and Geranium pelargonium essential oils on growth-inhibiting of some toxigenic fungi. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research 2011; 12(3): 247-51.
- Mohaddese M and Nastaran K: Antimicrobial activity of Zhumeria majdae F. and Wendelbo essential oil against different microorganisms from Iran. Pharmacognosy Magazine 2009; 5(19): 105.
- Ayatollahi MSA and Kazemi A: In vitro and in vivo antidermatophytic activities of some Iranian medicinal plants. Medical mycology 2015.
- Bahadoran P, Rokni FK and Fahami F: Investigating the therapeutic effect of vaginal cream containing garlic and thyme compared to clotrimazole cream for the treatment of mycotic vaginitis. Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research 2010; 15(S1): 343.
- Shams Ghahfarokhi M, Razafsha M, Allameh A and Razzaghi Abyaneh M: Inhibitory effects of aqueous onion and garlic extracts on growth and keratinase activity in Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Iranian Biomedical Journal 2003; 7(3): 113-8.
- Sadeghi I, Yousefzadi M, Behmanesh M, Sharifi M and Moradi A: In vitro cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Satureja Intermedia. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2013; 15(1): 70.
- Omran SM, Esmailzadeh S and Rahmani Z: Comparison of anti-Candida activity of thyme, pennyroyal, and lemon essential oils versus antifungal drugs against Candida species. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2009; 2(2): 53-60.
- Hadizadeh I, Peivastegan B and Hamzehzarghani H: Antifungal activity of essential oils from some medicinal plants of Iran against Alternaria alternate. American Journal of Applied Sciences 2009; 6(5): 857-61.
- Gandomi H, Abbaszadeh S, JebelliJavan A and Sharifzadeh A: Chemical constituents, antimicrobial and antioxidative effects of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation 2014; 38(4): 1690-5.
- Mohseni R, Noorbakhsh F, Moazeni M, Nasrollahi Omran A and Rezaie S: Antitoxin Characteristic of Licorice Extract: The Inhibitory Effect on Aflatoxin Production in Aspergillus parasiticus. Journal of Food Safety 2014; 34(2): 119-25.
- Sharifi‐Rad J, Hoseini‐Alfatemi SM, Sharifi‐Rad M and Setzer WN: Chemical composition, antifungal and antibacterial activities of essential oil from Lallemantia royleana (Benth. In Wall.) Benth. Journal of Food Safety 2015; 35(1): 19-25.
- Nejad BS, Nejad ME, Naanaie SY and Zarrin M: Antifungal Efficacy of Myrtus communis Jentashapir Journal of Health Research 2014; 5(4).
- Mehrabani M, Kazemi A, Mousavi SAA, Rezaifar M, Alikhah H and Nosky A: Evaluation of Antifungal Activities of Myrtus communis by Bioautography Method. Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology 2013; 6(8).
- Bassiri-Jahromi S, Katiraee F, Hajimahmoodi M, Mostafavi E, Talebi M and Pourshafie MR: In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Various Persian Cultivars of Punica granatum Extracts Against Candidaspecies 2015.
- Esfandiary MA, Mahmoudi S, Zaini F, Safara M, Mahmoudi M, Farasat A, et al.: In vitro antifungal activity of Zataria multiflora essential oil, fluconazole and ciclopirox olamine against nonalbicans Candida species isolated from recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Journal of Mycology Research 2015; 2(1): 3-8.
- Abdollahzadeh S, Mashouf R, Mortazavi H, Moghaddam M, Roozbahani N and Vahedi M: Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Punica granatum peel extracts against oral pathogens. Journal of dentistry (Tehran, Iran) 2011; 8(1): 1.
- Mahmoudvand H, Sepahvand A, Jahanbakhsh S, Ezatpour B and Mousavi SA: Evaluation of antifungal activities of the essential oil and various extracts of Nigella sativa and its main component, thymoquinone against pathogenic dermatophyte strains. Journal de Mycologie Médicale/Journal of Medical Mycology 2014; 24(4): e155-e61.
- Jamalian A, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Jaimand K, Pashootan N, Amani A and Razzaghi-Abyaneh M: Chemical composition and antifungal activity of Matricaria recutita flower essential oil against medically important dermatophytes and soil-borne pathogens. Journal de Mycologie Médicale/Journal of Medical Mycology 2012; 22(4): 308-15.
- Ali SE, El-Shaffey AA, Selim ME, El-massry KF and Sabry BA: Chemical Profile, Antioxidant, Antifungal and Antiaflatoxigenic Activity of Parsley and Ginger Volatile and Non-Volatile Extracts. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature 2012; 2(6): 316-29.
- Mannani R, Zia M, Mahmoudi M and Manshaei M: In vitro antifungal activity of Iranian propolis against Microsporum canis, gypseum and M. nanum. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature 2012; 2(2): 119-23.
- Asili J, Sahebkar A, Bazzaz BSF, Sharifi S and Iranshahi M: Identification of essential oil components of Ferula badrakema fruits by GC-MS and 13C-NMR methods and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 2009; 12(1): 7-15.
- Morteza-Semnani K, Saeedi M and Akbarzadeh M: Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oil of Mentha pulegium Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 2011; 14(2): 208-13.
- Alizadeh A: Essential oil constituents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salvia virgata from Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 2013; 16(2): 172-82.
- Alizadeh A, Alizadeh O, Amari G and Zare M: Essential oil composition, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and antifungal properties of Iranian Thymus daenensis daenensis Celak. as in influenced by ontogenetical variation. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 2013; 16(1): 59-70.
- Hadian J, Ramak-Masoumi T, Farzaneh M, Mirjalili M-H, Nejad-Ebrahimi S and Ghorbani M: Chemical Compositions of Essential Oil of Artemisia khorasanica and its Antifungal Activity on Soil-Born Phytopathogens. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 2007; 10(1): 53-9.
- Jahansooz F, Ebrahimzadeh H, Najafi AA, Naghavi MR, Kouyakhi ET and Farzaneh H: Composition and antifungal activity of the oil of Ferula gummosa samples from Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 2008; 11(3): 284-91.
- Morteza-Semnani K and Saeedi M: Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Stachys persica Journal of Essential Oil Research 2009; 21(3): 279-82.
- Iranshahi M, Hassanzadeh-Khayat M, Bazzaz BSF, Sabeti Z and Enayati F: High content of polysulphides in the volatile oil of Ferula latisecta F. et Aell. fruits and antimicrobial activity of the oil. Journal of Essential Oil Research 2008; 20(2): 183-5.
- Yousefzadi M, Riahi-Madvar A, Hadian J, Rezaee F, Rafiee R and Biniaz M: Toxicity of essential oil of Satureja khuzistanica: In vitro cytotoxicity and anti-microbial activity. Journal of immunotoxicology 2013; 11(1): 50-5.
- Razavi SM and Nejad-Ebrahimi S: Chemical composition, allelopatic and antimicrobial potentials of the essential oil of Zosima absinthifolia (Vent.) Link fruits from Iran. Natural product research 2010; 24(12): 1125-30.
- Khosravi A, Shokri H, Kermani S, Dakhili M, Madani M and Parsa S: Antifungal properties of Artemisia sieberi and Origanum vulgare essential oils against Candida glabrata isolates obtained from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis. Journal de Mycologie Médicale/Journal of Medical Mycology 2011; 21(2): 93-9.
- Mikaeili A, Modaresi M, Karimi I, Ghavimi H, Fathi M and Jalilian N: Antifungal activities of Astragalus verus against Trichophyton verrucosum on in vitro and in vivo guinea pig model of dermatophytosis. Mycoses 2012; 55(4): 318-25.
- Avijgan M, Mahboubi M, Nasab MM, Nia EA and Yousefi H: Synergistic activity between Echinophora platyloba DC ethanolic extract and azole drugs against clinical isolates of Candida albicans from women suffering chronic recurrent vaginitis. Journal de Mycologie Médicale/Journal of Medical Mycology 2014; 24(2): 112-6.
- Safaei-Ghomi J and Ahd AA: Antimicrobial and antifungal properties of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Eucalyptus largiflorens and Eucalyptus intertexta. Pharmacognosy magazine 2010; 6(23): 172.
- Safaei-Ghomi J and Batooli H: Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the volatile oil of Eucalyptus sargentii Maiden cultivated in central Iran. International Journal of Green Pharmacy 2010; 4(3): 174.
- Khakshoor M and Pazooki J: Bactericidal and fungicidal activities of different crude extracts of Gelliodes carnosa (sponge, Persian Gulf). Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences 2014; 13(3): 776-84.
- Ramezani M, Behravan J and Yazdinezhad A: Composition and antimicrobial activity of the volatile oil of Artemisia kopetdaghensis, M. Pop. and Linecz ex Poljak from Iran. Flavour and fragrance journal 2006; 21(6): 869-71.
- Kazemi M, Dakhili M, Rustaiyan A, Larijani K, Ahmadi M and Mozaffarian V: Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Artemisiatschernieviana Besser from Iran. Pharmacognosy Research 2009; 1(3): 120.
- Kordali S, Kotan R, Mavi A, Cakir A, Ala A and Yildirim A: Determination of the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Artemisia dracunculus and of the antifungal and antibacterial activities of Turkish Artemisia absinthium, dracunculus, Artemisia santonicum, and Artemisia spicigera essential oils. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2005; 53(24): 9452-8.
- Sonboli A, Azizian D, Yousefzadi M, Kanani M and Mehrabian A: Volatile constituents and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Tetrataenium lasiopetalum (Apiaceae) from Iran. Flavour and fragrance journal 2007; 22(2): 119-22.
- Mahboubi M and Kazempour N: The anti-dermatophyte activity of Allium hirtifolium Boiss aqueous extract. Journal de Mycologie Médicale/Journal of Medical Mycology 2015; 25(1): e10-e4.
- Atai Z, Atapour M and Mohseni M: Inhibitory effect of ginger extract on Candida albicans. American Journal of Applied Sciences 2009; 6(6): 1067-9.
- Zia M, Mannani R, Mahmoodi M, Bayat M and Mohaghegh F: The effects of alcoholic extract of propolis obtained from Iran bee hives on the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytis, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton verrucosum. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2009; 27(95): 232-41.
- Soltani M, Larypoor M and Hamedani MP: Effect of allicin of garlic on production nitric oxide of macrophage to Candida albicans. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2009; 8(29): 164-70, 71.
- Modaressi M, Shahsavari R, Ahmadi F, Rahimi-Nasrabadi M, Abiri R, Mikaeli A, et al.: The evaluation of antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Mindium Laevigatum (Vent.) Rech. F., from central part of Iran. Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products 2013; 8(1): 34.
- Khosravi A, Shokri H, Tootian Z, Alizadeh M and Yahyaraeyat R: Comparative efficacies of Zataria multiflora essential oil and itraconazole against disseminated Candida albicans infection in BALB/c mice. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 2009; 40(3): 439-45.
- Khosravi A, Minooeianhaghighi M, Shokri H, Emami S, Alavi S and Asili J: The potential inhibitory effect of Cuminum cyminum, Ziziphora clinopodioides and Nigella sativa essential oils on the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus flavus. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 2011; 42(1): 216-24.
- Mousavi SAA and Kazemi A: In vitro and in vivo antidermatophytic activities of some Iranian medicinal plants. Medical mycology 2015; 53(8): 852-9.
- Massiha A and Zolfaghar Muradov P: Comparison of Antifungal Activity of Extracts of 10 Plant Species and Griseofulvin against Human Pathogenic Dermatophytes. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2015.
- Khosravi-Darani K, Khaksar R, Esmaeili S, Seyed-Reihani F, Zoghi A and Shahbazizadeh S: Antifungal and Anti-bacterial Synergistic Effects of Mixture of Honey and Herbal Extracts. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2013; 15(8): 30-3.
- Khoshkholgh-Pahlaviani MRM, Massiha AR, Issazadeh K, Bidarigh S, Giahi M and Ramtin M: Evaluation of Antifungal Activity of Methanol Extract of Acacia (Anagalis arvensis) Leaves and Nystatin against Candida albicans in Vitro. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2013; 15(8): 39-41.
- Sonboli A, Salehi P and Yousefzadi M: Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of the essential oil of Nepeta crispa from Iran. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 2004; 59(9-10): 653-6.
- Sonboli A, Fakhari A, Kanani MR and Yousefzadi M: Antimicrobial activity, essential oil composition and micromorphology of trichomes of Satureja laxiflora Koch from Iran. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 2004; 59(11-12): 777-81.
- Sonboli A, Babakhani B and Mehrabian AR: Antimicrobial activity of six constituents of essential oil from Salvia. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 2006; 61(3-4): 160-4.
- Sonboli A, Sefidkon F and Yousefzadi M: Antimicrobial activity and composition of the essential oil of Gontscharovia popovii from Iran. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 2006; 61(9-10): 681-4.
- Yousefzadi M, Sonboli A, Karimi F, Ebrahimi SN, Asghari B and Zeinali A: Antimicrobial activity of some Salvia species essential oils from Iran. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 2007; 62(7-8): 514-8.
- Taran M, Azizi A and Sharifi M: Antibacterial and antifungal effects of hydroalcoholic and etheric extracts of Quercus brantii. Journal of Microbial Biotechnology 2011; 2(4): 7-11.
- Nasiri Kashani M, Falahati M, Motevalian M, Yazdanparast A and Fateh R: In vitro Antifungal Activity of Shallot Extract and Its Comparison with Miconazole. Qom Univ Med Sci J 2009; 3(3): 13-8.
- Banaeian-Boroujeni S, Mobini G, Rafeian Kopaei M, Rasti Boroujeni M, Sereshti M and Validi M: A comparative study of the effects of Clotrimazole and Salvia officinalis extract against vaginal Candida albicans isolated from women with candidacies vaginitis. Yafteh 2015; 17(1): 95-103.
- Davoodimoghadam H, Mohamadisani A and Mehraban M: Study of Antifungal activity of Helichrysum arenarium essential oil on growth of Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cereviciae. Journal of Food Microbiology 2014; 1(1): 31-8.
- Ataei Azimi A, Delnavaz Hashemloian B and Mansoorghanaei A: Antifungal Effects of Water, Alcoholic and Phenolic Extracts of Seeds and Leaves of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench on Fusarium solani and F. poae. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2007; 1(21): 26-32.
- Akbari S: Antifungal Activity of Thymus vulgaris and Origanum vulgare L. Against Fluconazol-Resistant and Susceptible Candida albicans Isolates. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2007; 1(21): 53-62.
- Avijgan M, Saadat M, Nilfrooshzadeh M and Hafizi M: Anti fungal effect of Echinophora platyloba extract on some common dermathophytes. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2006; 2(18): 10-6.
- Mohammadi R, Shokooh Amiri M, Mousavi S, Sepahvand A, Shams Ghahferokhi M, Yadegai M, et al.: Antifungal Activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Essential Oil Against Clinical Isolates of Aspegillus. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2010; 4(36): 66-71.
- Abdolmaleki M, Bahraminejad S, Salari M, Abbasi S and Panjeke N: Antifungal Activity of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) on Phytopathogenic Fungi. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2011; 2(38): 26-34.
- Najib – Zadeh T, Yadegari M, Naghdi Badi H and Salehnia A: Antifungal Efficacy of Myrtus communis Essential Oils on Oral Candidiasis in Immunosupressed Rats. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2011; 2(38): 102-16.
- Mohammadi R, Yadegari MH, Moattar F and Shams M: Antifungal activity of Boswellia serrata's essential oil against fluconazole resistant and susceptible isolates of Candida albicans. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2007; 24(82): 30-6.
- Mohammadi R, Mir HES, Shadzi S and Moatar F: Antifungal activity of Myrtus Communis esssential oil against clinical isolates of Aspergillus. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2008; 26(89): 105-11.
- Babaei A, Tavafi H, Manafi M and Fahimifar A: Comparing the in vitro antifungal activity of various Aloe vera leaf extracts on Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin B1 production. KAUMS Journal ( FEYZ ) 2014; 17(6): 537-44.
- Diba K, Mousavi B, Mahmoudi M and Hashemi J: In-vitro anti fungal activity of Propolis alcoholic extract on Candida and Aspergillus spp. Tehran University Medical Journal 2010; 68(2).
- Dehghan G, Zarrini G and Hajizadeh M: Phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial, antifungal and synergistic activities of chloroform fractions of the root of Ferula szovitsiana. Journal of Shahrekord Uuniversity of Medical Sciences 2013; 15(6): 10-7.
- Motaharinia Y, Rezaee M, Zandi F, Hosseini W, Rashidi A, Ahmadi neaz M, et al.: Comparison of the Antifungal effect of Licorice root, Althoca officinalis Extracts and Ketoconazole on Malassezia furfur. Armaghane danesh 2011; 16(5): 425-32.
- Shoaie N, Mohammadi P and Roudbar Mohammadi S: Antifungal Effect of Teucrium polium and Zingiber officinale Extracts on Clinical isolates of Candida Species. Armaghane danesh 2012; 17(5): 416-22.
- Haghighi F, Roudbar Mohammadi S, Soleimani N and Sattari M: Evaluation of antifungal activity of essential oils of Thymus vulgaris, Petroselinum Crispum, Cuminum cyminum and Bunium persicum on candida albicans in comparison with Fluconazole. Modares Journal of Medical Sciences: Pathobiology 2011; 14(1): 29-35.
- Afshari H, Ziveai F, Bagheri Gr, Afshari M and bagheri M: Study the antifungal effects of plant medicinal essences on growth of Aspergillus Flavus and Aflatoxin B1 in Pistachio (Pistacia vera). Journal of zabol university of medical sciences and health services 2013; 5(3): 16-23.
- Roudbary M, Roudbar Mohammadi S, Hajimoradi M, Taghizadeh Armaki M, Fatemeh Ghasemi Sakha F and Vahidi M: Evaluation of antifungal activity of alcoholic extract and safranol of Crocus sativum on Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis growth in vitro. Pars of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences 2009; 7(3): 1-9.
- Moslemi P, Hosseini Doust SR, Asgar Panah, Jinus and Razzaghi Abyane M: Antifungal activity of total extract and chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous fractions of aerial parts of Ephedra pachyclada against fungal strains. Medical Sciences Journal 2015; 24(4): 210-4.
- Aali BS, Kariminik A, Bahrampour A and Sodir N: Comparison of the effect of Myrtus communis extract and Clotrimazole on Candida albicans isolated from patients with Candida vaginitis. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences 1998; 5(2): 78-83.
- Hoseini SS, Rudbar mohammadi S and Joshaghani HR: EvaluationEvaluation of antifungal activity of essential oil of Carvacrol on standard Fluconazole sensitive and resistance strains of Candida albicans. Medical Laboratory Journal 2011; 5(2): 28-33.
- Shams Ghahfarokhi M, Shokoohamiri M, Sadeghi G, RazzaghiAbyaneh M and Mirzahoseini H: A comparative study of the effect of antifungal drugs (Terbinafine and Ketoconazole) on Malassezia furfur isolates growth in vitro. Daneshvar Scientific-Research Journal of Shahed University 2007; 14(66): 45-52.
- Mohammadpour G, Majd A, Najhadsatari T, Mehrabian S and Hossinzadehkalagar A: Antibacterial and antifungal effects of three genus of Thyme plants and two ecotype of Ziziphora and Satureja bachtiarica essential oils. Quarterly Journal of Sciences (Islamic Azad University) 2011; 20(78/1): 11-120.
- Sepahvand A, kordbacheh P, delfan B, Zaini F, Hashemi SJ and Mahmoodi M: Evaluating antifungal effects of Satureja khuzistanica essence in lorestan province by in vitro Yafteh 2005; 7(2): 37-43.
- Falahati M, Fateh F and Kiani J: Evaluation of Antifungal Effects of Peganum harmala. Qom Univ Med Sci J 2011; 5(3): 14-7.
- Nodoushan AJ, Dehghani M and Mirbagheri SM: In vitro antifungal effect of aqueous Garlic (Allium sativum) extract and its combination with fluconazole against five common clinical Candida isolated from candidiasis lesions. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences 2007; 14(3): 153-62.
- Janani F, Akbari S, Delfan B, Toulabi T, Ebrahim Zadeh F and Motamedi M: A Comparative study of effect of Myrtus vaginal cream and clotrimazol vaginal cream in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis. Yafteh 2011; 13(1): 32-41.
- Noroozmirzaaghakhani I, Dehghan P, Mohammadi R, Moattar F and Mahaki B: Antifungal Activity of Anethum graveolens Extract and Atrovastatin against Candida Species Compared to Fluconazole Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2015; 32(314): 2184-92.
- Falahati M, Sepahvand A, Mahmoudvand H, Baharvand P, Jabbarnia S, Ghojoghi A, et al.: Evaluation of the antifungal activities of various extracts from Pistacia atlantica Desf. Current Medical Mycology 2015; 1(3): 25-32.
How to cite this article:
Sepahvand A, Ezatpour B, Tarkhan F, Bahmani M, Khonsari A and Rafieian-Kopaei M: Phytotherapy in fungi and fungal disease: A review of effective medicinal plants on important fungal strains and diseases. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2017; 8(11): 4473-95. doi:10.13040/ IJPSR.0975-8232.8(11).4473-95.
All © 2013 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Article Information
1
4473-4495
906
2732
English
IJPSR
A. Sepahvand, B. Ezatpour, F. Tarkhan, M. Bahmani, A. Khonsari and M. Rafieian-Kopaei*
Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
rafieian@yahoo.com
16 March, 2017
13 June, 2017
29 June, 2017
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.8(11).4473-95
01 November, 2017