QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF DRUGS AND PHARMACEUTICALS USING CHLORAMINE-T AND SAFRANIN-O DYE BY AN OXIDATIVE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD
HTML Full TextQUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF DRUGS AND PHARMACEUTICALS USING CHLORAMINE-T AND SAFRANIN-O DYE BY AN OXIDATIVE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD
Gopi Mamidi and Venkateshwarlu Gandu *
Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad - 500007, Telangana, India.
ABSTRACT: Simple, sensitive and selective methods are developed for the spectrophotometric determination of drugs, viz., Cetirizine hydrochloride, Duloxetine hydrochloride, Esmolol hydrochloride, Gemifloxacin, Moxifloxacin and Phenylephrine Hydrochloride based on their reactivity towards Chloramine-T (ChL-T). The method is based on the oxidation of drugs by ChL-T (Excess amount) in presence of acidic medium and estimating the amount of un-reacted ChL-T by Safranin-O (SO) dye at λmax 524 nm. The amount of ChL-T reacted is equal to the drug concentration in this method. The concentration of ChL-T is 10 µgmL-1 and Safranin-O Dye is 10 µgmL-1. The calibration curves obeyed Beer’s law over the concentration range of 2.5-17.5 µgmL-1 (CET), 5-35 µgmL-1 (DUL), 12-84 µgmL-1 (ESM), 10-70 µgmL-1 (GEM) & 2.5-17.5 µgmL-1 (MOX). This method has been applied for the determination of drugs in their pure form as well as in tablet formulations. The method has been validated in terms of guidelines of International Conference on Harmonization.
Keywords: |
Chloramine-T, Safranin-O, Cetirizine, Duloxetine, Esmolol, Gemifloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Hydrochloride
INTRODUCTION: Cetirizine dihydrochloride chemically is [2-[4-[(4-chlorophenyl) phenyl methyl]-1 piperazinyl] ethoxy] acetic acid di HCl. Cetirizine di HCl is belonged to the group of the second-generation h1 antagonist, inhibits allergic reaction mediated by histamine. It used to the relief of itching of eyes, sneezing, itching of the nose or throat problems due to respiratory allergies. Some analytical techniques had been constructed for dugs quantification such as Reverse Phase-High Performance Chromatography (RP-HPLC) 1-3, HPLC 4-5, UV Spectrophotometry 6, Ion exchange resigns method 7, chemiluminescence 8 for Cetirizine di HCl.
Duloxetine. HCl is chemically termed as N-methyl- 3-(naphthalene-1-yloxy)-3-(thio phen-2-yl) propane -1 -amine HCl. DUL employed to major depressive disorders and effects on pain due to urinary infections. Nowadays, Duloxetine HCl is an alternative to therapeutic action drugs in the treatment of depression symptoms. Some of the analytical techniques have been constructed for quantification of several pharmaceutical samples such as UV spectrophotometric method 9-11, UV Spectrofluorometric method 12, RP-HPLC 13-14, High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) 15-16, Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry 17, cyclic voltametry18, photo fluorescent probe method 19 for Duloxetine HCl.
Esmolol HCl is chemically, methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(Iso propyl amino) propoxy] phenyl} propionate HCl. ESM is used in the rapid heart rate control in with atrial; it is essential to develop and validate different analytical methods for its quantification of drugs in pharmaceutical dosage form. Some of the analytical techniques have been constructed for quantification of several drugs based on literature surveys such as on UV-Spectrophotometry 20-22, HPLC 23 and Capillary electrophoresis 24 for the determination of Esmolol HCl.
Gemifloxacin chemically is [{R,S}7-[{4Z}-3- {aminomethyl}- 4- {methoxyimino}- 1-pyrrolidinyl}- 1- cyclopropyl- 6- flouro- 1, 4- dihydro- 4- oxo- 1, 8-napthyridine-3-carboxylic acid. GEM is a new generation fluoroquinolone antibacterial drug. It is widely used for treatment of respiratory infections (bronchitis, pneumonia) and urinary infections. A few analytical techniques have been constructed for the quantification of Gemifloxacin in pure forms, such as, Spectro-photometric method 25-26, HPTLC 27, RP-HPLC 28-29, LC-MS 30, UV- Spectrofluorometric method 31 and Zone electrophoresis 32.
Moxifloxacin is chemically known as [1-Cyclopropyl-b-fluoro- 1, 4- dihydro-8-methoxy-7-[(4aS, 7aS)- octahydro- 6H- pyrrolo [3, 4–6] pyridine-6-yl]-4-oxo-3-quinoline carboxylic acid, is a fluoroquinolone broad-spectrum antibiotic agent and used in conjunctivitis. A few analytical techniques have been constructed for quantification of several drugs based on literature survey such as UV Spectrophotometry 33-36 RP-HPLC 37-40, HPLC 41-42, HPLC-MS 43-44, LC-MS 45, LC 46, chemiluminescence 47, Tanden mass spectrometry 48 methods for determination of Moxifloxacin have been reported.
Through a survey of literature on the drugs mentioned above revealed that UV spectro-photometric quantification based on the use of Chloramine-T 49-53 as an oxidizing reagent and Safranin-O 54-56 dye as an analytical reagent had not been yet reported.
FIG. 1: STRUCTURE OF DRUGS
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Instruments: All absorbance measurements were recorded on Shimadzu 140 double beam spectrophotometer as well as on Thermo Nicolet 100 & Elico double beam SL210 UV- Visible spectrophotometers using matched pair of Quartz cells of 10mm path length.
Materials and Reagents: All the reagents used were of analytical-reagent grade, and distilled water was used throughout the investigation.
ChL-T solution (100 mg in 100 ml standard flask) was prepared by dissolving ChL-T (Himedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai) in water with the aid of heat and standardized. The solution was diluted with distilled water appropriately to get 10 μgmL-1 of ChL-T for use in the spectrophotometric method.
A stock solution of Safranin-O (2.85 × 10-3 M) was prepared by dissolving the dye (s. d. Fine Chem. Ltd., Mumbai) in water and filtered using glass wool. The dye solution was diluted to 10 μg mL-1.
Hydrochloric acid (1M): Concentrated hydrochloric acid (S.D. Fine Chem., Mumbai, India; sp. gr. 1.18) was diluted appropriately with water to get 1M Hydrochloric Acid.
The pharmaceutical grade drugs were supplied by Dr. Reddy’s pharmaceuticals and hetero drugs Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad. A stock standard solution of drugs was prepared by dissolving accurately weighed 10 mg of pure drug in water and diluting to 100 mL in a calibrated flask with water. The solution was diluted stepwise to get working concentrations.
Assay Procedure: Aliquots containing 2.5-84 µgmL-1 of the drug were transferred into a series of 10 mL standard flasks using a micro burette. To this, 1 mL of ChL-T was followed by 1 mL of 1M HCl and contents were shaken well. After 30 min, 1 mL of Safranin-O dye added to the content. Then contents were shaken well and diluted up to the mark. The absorbance of each solution was measured at 524 nm against the corresponding reagent blank.
FIG. 2: OVERLAIN ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF A) SAFRANIN-O DYE (A). B) NEUTRALIZATION OF CHLORAMINE-T WITH SAFRANIN-O (I). C) GEMIFLOXACIN AND CHLORAMINE-T WITH SAFRANIN-O (B-H).
Calibration curves were constructed for all the drugs by plotting the absorbance versus the concentration of drugs. The absorbance data were collected for six replicate experiments, and absorbance to concentration ratio called the relative response was determined. The relative responses between 95-105% of average only being considered for construction of the Calibration curves Fig. 3A-3E.
FIG. 3: CALIBRATION CURVES OF DRUGS
Procedure for Assay of Pure Drug: Sample solutions of each drug in the beer’s law limits were chosen, and recovery experiments were performed to check the accuracy and precision. The concentration was chosen and recovery are tabulated in Table 2. For this purpose, the standard deviation method is also adapted. Excellent recovery and % RSD being less than 2 speaks about the precision and accuracy of the method Table 2.
TABLE 1: DRUGS CONCENTRATION RANGES USED FOR OXIDATION WITH ChL–T AND SAFRANIN O DYE
Name of the Drugs
|
Concentration
(working solution) (µg/mL) |
Range of working concentration (µg/mL) |
Cetirizine Di HCl | 2.5 | 2.5-17.5 |
Duloxetine HCl | 5 | 5-35 |
Esmolol HCl | 12 | 12-84 |
Gemifloxacin | 10 | 10-70 |
Moxifloxacin | 2.5 | 2.5-17.5 |
TABLE 2: DETERMINATION OF ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF THE METHODS ON PURE DRUG SAMPLES
Drug
sample |
Drug took
(μg/mL) |
Drug found
(μg/mL) |
Percentage
of error |
Percentage of drug recovery | Regression
SD of drug |
Mean ± SD of the proposed method |
4 | 3.98 | 0.5 | 99.5 | |||
CET | 8 | 7.96 | 0.5 | 99.5 | 0.301 | 99.75 ± 0.30 |
12 | 12.01 | 0.08 | 100.08 | |||
6 | 5.96 | 0.66 | 99.33 | |||
DUL | 12 | 11.9 | 0.41 | 99.58 | 0.307 | 99.69 ± 0.306 |
18 | 17.97 | 0.16 | 99.83 | |||
15 | 14.96 | 0.27 | 99.77 | |||
ESM | 30 | 29.98 | 0.07 | 99.93 | 0.133 | 99.91 ± 0.132 |
45 | 45.02 | 0.04 | 100.04 | |||
12 | 11.9 | 0.17 | 99.83 | |||
GEM | 24 | 24.01 | 0.04 | 100.04 | 0.09 | 99.93 ± 0.090 |
36 | 35.96 | 0.11 | 99.89 | |||
3 | 2.98 | 0.67 | 99.33 | |||
MOX | 6 | 6.01 | 0.17 | 100.07 | 0.343 | 99.78 ± 0.342 |
9 | 8.98 | 0.23 | 99.77 |
Procedure for Tablets:
Cetirizine Hydrochloride: Three tablets of GLOCET each containing 10 mg were collected and crushed into powder. 15 mg equivalent of Cetirizine Hydrochloride was weighed from tablet powder and transferred into 150 mL volumetric standard flask, completely dissolved in bidistilled water by sonication technique for 30 min and filtered with Eisco qualitative filter paper. After that, the solution converted to working concentration on dilution with bidistilled water for oxidative indirect spectrophotometric determination of Cetirizine Hydrochloride drug with Chloramine-T and Safranin-O dye couple.
Duloxetine Hydrochloride: Two tablets of DUMOOD each containing 20 mg were collected and crushed into powder. 20 mg equivalent of Duloxetine Hydrochloride was weighed from tablet powder and transferred into 200 mL volumetric standard flask, completely dissolved in bidistilled water by sonication technique for 35 min and filtered with Eisco qualitative filter paper. After that, the Solution converted to working concentration on dilution with bidistilled water for oxidative indirect spectrophotometric determination of Duloxetine Hydrochloride drug with Chloramine-T and Safranin-O dye couple.
Esmolol Hydrochloride: One tablet of NEOTACH - 100 mg were collected and crushed into powder. 20 mg equivalent of Esmolol Hydrochloride was weighed from tablet powder and transferred into 200 mL volumetric standard flask, completely dissolved in bidistilled water by sonication technique for 30 min and filtered with Eisco qualitative filter paper. After that, the Solution converted to working concentration on dilution with bidistilled water for oxidative indirect spectrophotometric determination of Esmolol Hydrochloride drug with Chloramine-T and Safranin-O dye couple.
Gemifloxacin: One tablet of GEMITAB each containing 320 mg were collected and crushed into powder. 20 mg equivalent of Gemifloxacin was weighed from tablet powder and transferred into 200 mL volumetric standard flask, completely dissolved in bidistilled water by sonication technique for 30 min and filtered with Eisco qualitative filter paper. After that, the Solution converted to working concentration on dilution with bidistilled water for oxidative indirect spectrophotometric determination of Gemifloxacin drug with Chloramine-T and Safranin-O dye couple.
Moxifloxacin: One tablet of TALEMOX -400 mg were collected and crushed into powder. 20 mg equivalent of Moxifloxacin was weighed from tablet powder and transferred into 200 mL volumetric standard flask, completely dissolved in bidistilled water by sonication technique for 30 min and filtered with Eisco qualitative filter paper. After that, the Solution converted to working concentration on dilution with bidistilled water for oxidative indirect spectrophotometric determination of Moxifloxacin drug with Chloramine-T and Safranin-O dye couple.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Each method developed for quantification of drugs has been validated regarding precision, accuracy, Limit of detection, Limit of quantification, Linearity, Selectivity, and Ruggedness. The Beer’s law limits, Slope, Intercept, Correlation coefficient, Sandell’s sensitivity and Regression equations for each drug are tabulated in Table 3. To assess the precision, each experiment was repeated at least 6 times, and accuracy is estimated regarding percent recovery and percent RSD. Excellent percent recovery and RSD being less than 2 for each drug demonstrates accuracy and precision of the methods.
Factors Affecting Absorbance:
Effect of Acid Concentration: To study the effect of acid concentration, different types of acids were examined (HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4, and CH3COOH) to achieve maximum yield of Redox reaction. The results indicated that the hydrochloric acid was the preferable acid with ChL-T as the oxidant. The reactions were performed in a series of 10 mL volumetric flasks containing 8.0 μgmL-1 of the cited drugs, different volumes (0.5–2.5 mL) of 1M HCl and 1 mL of ChL-T. After 5.0 min of heating time at 60 ± 2 °C in a water bath, the solution was cooled for about 3.0 min, 1 mL of Safranin-O dye were added, then complete to 10 mL total volume with water. It was found that the maximum absorbance was obtained at 1 mL of 1M HCl. Above this volume, the absorbance decreased. Therefore, a volume of 1 mL of 1M HCl was used for all measurements.
TABLE 3: ANALYTICAL AND REGRESSION PARAMETERS DERIVATION FOR DRUGS: ChL-T WITH SAFRANIN-O DYE- OXIDATIVE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD
Analytical Parameters | CET | DUL | ESM | GEM | MOX |
SO dye λmax (nm) | 524 | 524 | 524 | 524 | 524 |
Beer’s law Concentrations range (μg mL-1) | 2.5-17.5 | 5-35 | 12-84 | 10-70 | 2.5-17.5 |
Solution Molar absorptivity,
(Lmole-1cm-1) |
2×104 | 9.7×103 | 3.7×103 | 5.5×103 | 2.1×104 |
SS (μg /cm2) | 2×10-2 | 3.6×10-2 | 1.12×10-1 | 7.7×10-2 | 2×10-1 |
LOD (μg per mL) | 0.816 | 0.785 | 1.34 | 1.61 | 0.276 |
Limit of quantification
(μg mL-1) |
2.47 | 2.378 | 4.05 | 4.89 | 0.837 |
Intercept of curve(b) | 8×10-3 | 1.3×10-2 | 2×10-2 | 2×10-2 | 8×10-3 |
Slope of curve(a) | 5.1×10-2 | 2.8×10-2 | 9×10-3 | 1.3×10-2 | 5.1×10-2 |
Correlation coefficient, (R2) | 9.91×10-1 | 9.99×10-1 | 0.997 | 0.995 | 0.996 |
Regression equation of curve | Y= 0.051X-
8×10-3 |
Y= 0.028X+
1.3 ×10-3 |
Y= 0.009X+
2×10-2 |
Y= 0.013X-1.7×10-2 | Y= 0.051X-
8×10-3 |
SD (intercepts) (σ) | 1.26×10-2 | 6×10-3 | 3.6×10-3 | 9.97×10-1 | 4.2×10-3 |
Effect of Heating Time: To obtain the highest and most stable absorbance, the effect of heating time on the oxidation reaction of drugs were catalyzed by heating in a water bath at 60 ± 2°C for the periods ranging for 5-10 min the time required to complete the reaction and maximum absorbance was obtained after 5.0 min of heating.
After the oxidation process, the solution must be cooled at least for 3.0 min before addition of Safranin-O dye.
Effect of Oxidant Concentration: When a study on the effect of ChL-T on color development was performed, it was observed that in both cases the absorbance increased with increase in the volume of ChL-T. It reached maximum when 1 mL of 10 µg mL-1 ChL-T solution was added to a total volume of 10 mL for drugs solutions. The color intensity decreased above the upper limits. Therefore, 1 mL of 10 µg mL-1 ChL-T was used for all measurements.
Effect of Dye Concentration: To ascertain the linear relationship between the volume of added ChL-T and the decrease in absorbance of Safranin-O dye, experiments were performed using 1 mL of 1M HCl with varying volumes of ChL-T.
The decrease in absorbance was found to be linear up to the 1 mL of ChL-T with optimum volume 1.0 mL of Safranin-O dye for fixed concentration drug solution. The color was found to be stable up to 24 h.
Application to Formulations: The proposed methods were applied to the determination of drugs in tablets. The results in Table 4 showed that the methods are successful for the determination of drugs and that the recipients in the dosage forms do not interfere.
TABLE 4: RESULTS OF ASSAY OF TABLETS BY THE PROPOSED METHODS AND STATISTICAL EVALUATION AND RECOVERY EXPERIMENTS BY STANDARD ADDITION METHOD
Name of the Tablet sample | Drug taken in tablet
(μg/mL) |
Drug found in tablet
(μg/mL) |
%
Error |
%
Recovery |
Regression
SD of drug |
Mean± SD
(Reference method) |
Mean ± SD
(Proposed method) |
t-
test |
F-
test |
CET
(GLOCET-10mg) |
6
10 16 |
5.98
10.02 15.92 |
0.33
0.2 0.5 |
99.67
100.2 99.5 |
0.317
|
99.612 ± 0.637 | 99.715
± 0.441 |
0.588 | 0.498 |
DUL
(DUMOOD -20mg) |
12
15 19 |
12.01
14.96 18.94 |
0.08
0.27 0.31 |
100.08
99.73 99.69 |
0.219 |
100.8 ± 0.249 | 99.880
± 0.154 |
1.71 | 0.0759 |
ESM
(NEOTACH-100mg) |
14
20 32 |
13.98
20.01 32 |
0.14
0.05 0 |
99.86
100.05 100 |
0.082 |
99.23 ± 0.015 | 99.96
± 0.082 |
1.79
|
0.059
|
GEM
(Gemi tab-320mg) |
13
16 18 |
12.98
15.98 18.01 |
0.15
0.13 0.05 |
99.85
99.87 100.05 |
0.092 |
99.47 ± 0.147 | 99.926
± 0.092 |
1.97
|
0.032
|
MOX
(TALEMOX -400 mg) |
4
8 12 |
4.01
7.98 11.96 |
0.25
0.25 0.33 |
100.25
99.75 99.67 |
0.266 |
99.45 ± 0.274 | 99.85
± 0.266 |
1.67
|
0.082
|
Statistical analysis of the results using Student’s t-test for accuracy and F-test for precision revealed no significant difference between the proposed methods and the literature method at the 95% confidence level concerning accuracy and precision Table 4.
Recovery experiment was performed via standard addition technique to ascertain the accuracy and validity of the proposed methods. To a fixed and known amount/concentration of drug in tablet powder, the pure drug was added at three levels (50, 100 and 150% of the level present in the tablet) and the total was found by the proposed methods.
Each experiment was repeated six times, and the percent recovery of pure drugs added was within the permissible limits showing the absence of interference by the inactive ingredients in the assay.
CONCLUSION: This is a simple, rapid, and cost-effective methods for the determination of drugs have been developed and validated. The proposed method is more sensitive, and the methods depend on the use of simple and cost-effective chemicals and techniques but provide sensitivity comparable to that achieved by sophisticated and expensive techniques like HPLC. Thus, they can be used as alternatives for rapid and routine determination of bulk sample and tablets.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors are thankful to the Head, Department of chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana - 500007, India.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil
REFERENCES:
- Suman E, Kumar PN, Kumar BV, Babu JS, and Sreekanth G: RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of paracetamol, cetirizine HCl and ambroxol HCl in tablet dosage form by standard addition method. Inventi Impact: Pharm Analysis & Quality Assurance 2017; 1: 28-38.
- Adidala, Reddy R, Aerra, Rani J, Arrabelli and Mounika: Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of nimesulide, cetrizine and pseudo ephedrine HCl in tablet dosage form. American Journal of PharmTech Research 2014; 4(4): 259-68.
- Alekhya M, Ahmad, Rayees M, Khan, Rahman MH, Bano and Nasreen: Simultaneous estimation of cetrizine hydrochloride and montelukast sodium: RP-HPLC. International Journal of PharmTech Research 2013; 5(2): 370-76.
- Basu, Biswajit, Bagadiya, Abhishek, Makwana, Sagar, Kapadiya and Maulik: Design and evaluation of sublimed orodispersible tablets of cetrizine HCl using superdisintegrant blends by direct compression. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2011; 3(S5): 435-41.
- Derakhshandeh K and Mohebbi M: Oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic study of cetrizine HCl in Iranian healthy Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2009; 4(2): 113-21.
- Alekhya M, Likhitha S, Jyothirmayee A, Sohail M and Ramakoteswarrao M: Simultaneous estimation of Cetrizine hydrochloride and Montelukast Sodium by U.V. Journal of Scientific Research in Pharmacy 2014; 3(1): 49-53.
- Patel, Hardik, Dharamsi and Abhay: Formulation development of taste masked cetrizine HCl resinate. International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 2014; 3(3): 514-524, 11.
- Al Lawati, Haider AJ, Gharibi A, Eiman, Kindy A, Salma MZ, Suliman, Fakhr-Eldin O, Lawati A and Ali M: High throughput method for the analysis of cetrizine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations and in biological fluids using a tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)-peroxydisulphate chemiluminescence system in a two-chip device. Talanta 2011; 85(2): 906-12.
- Chadha, Renu, Bali and Alka: Development and validation of stability indicating derivative spectrophotometric methods for determination of duloxetine hydrochloride. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2015; 6(6): 402-14.
- Jadhav, Ajit C, Rajendra, Harshad M, Tanhji, Wackhaure S, Mahadev and Mahanvar S: Duloxetine hydrochloride method development using official dissolution media. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2015; 4(11): 1664-72.
- Venkateshwarlu G and Sailaja B: Quantitative estimation of drugs in pharmaceuticals using KMnO4 and Rhodamine-B couple: a spectrophotometric study. Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research 2013; 3(3): 25-33.
- Chadha, Renu, Bali and Alka: Stability indicating spectrofluorimetric method for determination of duloxetine hydrochloride in bulk and in dosage Pharmacia Lettre 2015; 7(7): 232-40.
- Sheladia, Patel S and Bhavesh: Implementation of quality by design approach to develop and validate analytical method for simultaneous estimation of duloxetine hydrochloride and methylcobalamin in pharmaceutical dosage form by RP-HPLC method. International Journal of Pharma Research & Review 2016; 5(2): 13-26.
- Bhimavarapu, Ramadevi, Durga, Ramya G, Mukarji P, Srinivasa RD, Anusha,V, Sneha P and Ravi TS: Method development and validation of duloxetine hydrochloride by RP-HPLC. International Journal of Inventions in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2013; 1(1): 25-29.
- Ghany A, Farouk M, Aziz A, Omar, Eskander and Wafik E: Stability-indicating HPTLC methods for determination of milnacipran HCl, Duloxetine HCl, and pregabalin in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations. Analytical Chemistry: An Indian Journal 2017; 17(1): 1-25.
- Sheladia, Seema, Patel and Bhavesh: Implementation of QBD approach to develop and validate analytical method for simultaneous estimation of duloxetine hydrochloride and methylcobalamin in pharmaceutical dosage form by HPTLC method. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2016; 8(7): 105-13.
- Chadha, Renu, Bali, Bansal A and Gulshan: Characterization of stress degradation products of duloxetine hydrochloride employing LC-UV/PDA and LC-MS/TOF studies. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2016; 121: 39-55.
- Hassanein, Amira M, Moharram, Youssef I, Oraiby, Naglaa F, Ebied and Sherif E: Trace determination of Duloxetine HCl in the formulation and spiked human serum at a carbon paste electrode. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2017; 8(11): 708-25.
- Jiao X, Xiao, Yongsheng L, Yong L, Muwen X, Xilei, Wang X and Tang B: Evaluating Drug-Induced Liver Injury and Its Remission via Discrimination and Imaging of HClO and H2S with a Two-Photon Fluorescent Probe. Analytical Chemistry (Washington, DC, United States) 2018; 90(12): 7510-16.
- Najla K, Marcos SA, Singh AK, and Santoro MIRM: Development and validation of UV spectrophotometric method for determination of levofloxacin in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Química Nova 2010; 33(4).
- Sayanna K and Venkateshwarlu G: Spectrophotometric determination of drugs and pharmaceuticals by Cerium (IV) amaranth dye couple. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry 2013; N5(4): N2278-5736.
- Battu S and Gandu V: pharmaceutical analysis using N-bromo succinamidemethyl orange dye couple: a spectrophotometric study. World journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences 2015; 4(08): 1134-44.
- Souza, Thiago VA, Takano, Diogo EN, Kassab, Najla M, do Amaral, Marcos S, Santoro, Maria IRM, Singh, and Anil K: Fast and eco-friendly UV spectrophotometric and HPLC assay methods for estimation of Esmolol in a pharmaceutical Latin American Journal of Pharmacy 2015; 34(9): 1743-48.
- Malovana S, Gajdosova D, Benedik J and Havel J: Determination of Esmolol in serum by capillary zone electrophoresis and its monitoring in the course of heart surgery. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 2001; 760(1): 37-43.
- Venkateshwarlu G and Sailaja B: Quantitative estimation of drugs in pharmaceuticals using KMnO4 and Rhodamine-B couple: a spectrophotometric study. Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research 2013; 3(3): 25-33.
- Paim C, Fuhr S, Steppe F, Schapoval M and Scherman EE: Gemifloxacin mesylate: UV spectrophotometric method for quantitative determination using the experimental design for robustness. Quimica Nova 2012; 35(1): 193-97.
- Mahmoud, Ashraf M, Atia, Noha N, El-Shabouri, Salwa R, El-Koussi and Wesam M: Development and validation of stability indicating HPTLC assay for determination of Gemifloxacin mesylate in dosage forms. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2015; 6(2): 85-97.
- Kumar A, Kumar A and Bera B: A simple, rapid and validated reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of Gemifloxacin in pharmaceutical dosage form. International Journal of PharmTech Research 2014; 6(3): 1011-17.
- Potnuri, Raju N, Rao DG and Prasad YR: A validated isocratic reverse phase-HPLC method for the quantitative estimation of Gemifloxacin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Jou of Pharmacy Res 2012; 5(9): 4836-39.
- Kadi, Adnan A, Angawi, Rihab F, Attwa, Mohamed W, Darwish, Abdelhameed HW and Saber A: High throughput quantitative bioanalytical LC/MS/MS determination of Gemifloxacin in human urine. Journal of Chemistry 2013; 905704: 1-10.
- Moussa, Abbas B, Mahrouse, Alphonse M, Hassan MA, Fawzy and Gamal M: Spectrofluorimetric determination of gemifloxacin mesylate and linezolid in pharmaceutical formulations: application of quinone-based fluorophores and enhanced native fluorescence. Acta Pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia) 2014; 64(1): 15-28.
- Tavares, Vanessa F, Patto, Daniela CS, Singh AK, Aurora-Prado, Maria S, Hackmann K, Erika RM and Ines RMMS: Quantitative determination of Gemifloxacin mesylate in tablets by capillary zone electrophoresis and high performance liquid chromatography. Latin American Journal of Pharmacy 2011; 30(4): 746-52.
- Kumar TV, Seethamma M and Venkateshwarlu G: quantitative determination of drugs & pharnaceuticals by using iodine as analytical reagent: a spectrophotometric study. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry 2014; 7(5): 7-15.
- Bapna SR, Patel M and Jigisha: Simultaneous estimation of moxifloxacin and betamethasone in combined ophthalmic dosage form. Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences 2014; 4(3): 1875-82.
- Elbashir AA, Sara AME, Alawia HEE and Aboul-Enein and Hassan Y: New spectrophotometric methods for the determination of moxifloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations. Acta chimica Slovenica 2013; 60(1): 159-65.
- Reddy KD, Sayanna K and Venkateshwarlu, G: Kinetic spectrophotometric determination of drugs based on oxidation by alkaline KMnO4. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry 2014; 6(6): 08-14, 7.
- Hurtado FK, Kaiser M, Tasso L and Dalla CT: Fast and sensitive RP-HPLC-fluorescence method for the quantitative analysis of moxifloxacin in rat plasma and its application to a preclinical pharmacokinetic study. Acta Chromatographica 2016; 28(2): 175-91.
- Begum S, Bharathi KD, Vaddepally L, Rani and Tulja G: A validated RP-HPLC method for simultaneous estimation of moxifloxacin hydrochloride and ketorolac tromethamine in ophthalmic dosage form. Pharmacia Lettre 2014; 6(6): 335-341.
- Shirisha V; Chaitanya PSK, Reddy GR, Reddy and Deepthi K: Development and validation of an analytical method for the simultaneous quantification of moxifloxacin and Bromofenac opthalmic solution by using RP-HPLC. Pharmacia Lettre 2015; 7(7): 29-41.
- Bansode PS, Chauhan CS, Kamble R, Singh GP and Chatrapal: Method development and validation of quantitative analytical method for moxifloxacin and Ketorolac combination in pharmaceutical dosage form by RP-HPLC. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2015; 4(3): 1402-08.
- Cavazos-Rocha N, Carmona-Alvarado I, Vera-Cabrera L, Waksman-de-Torres N, Salazar-Cavazos DLL and Maria: HPLC method for the simultaneous analysis of fluoroquinolones and oxazolidinones in plasma. Journal of Chromatographic Science 2014: 52(10): 1281-87.
- Sushma BL, Madhusudhan G, Jayashree A, Yeruva and Reddy K: Pre-Column derivatization chiral HPLC method for the separation and quantification of (R,R) 2,8-diazobicyclo [4.3.0]nonane content in (S,S)-2,8-diazobicyclo[4.3.0]nonane, a key intermediate of moxifloxacin hydrochloride. Oriental Journal of Chemistry 2015; 31(4): 2207-12.
- Paal M, Zoller M, Schuster C, Vogeser M and Schuetze G: Simultaneous quantification of cefepime, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, linezolid and piperacillin in human serum using an isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS method. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2018; 152: 102-10.
- John GS, Strittmatter, Nicole, Tucker, James W, Clench, Malcolm R, Webborn, Peter JH, Goodwin and Richard JA: Spatial quantification of drugs in tissues using liquid extraction surface analysis mass spectrometry imaging. Scientific Reports 2016; 6: 37648.
- Domingos LC, Moreira MVL, Viana FAB, Melo MM, Keller KM and Soto-Blanco B: Simultaneous quantification of gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, and besi-ofloxacin concentrations in cornea and aqueous humor by LC-QTOF/MS after topical ocular dosing. Journal of pharmacological and toxico methods 2017; 8387-93.
- Laksmi, P, Chaitanya P, Kumar S, Reddy KD, Joseph and Jomol: Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous estimation of moxifloxacin and Keterolac in ophthalmic dosage form. Pharmacia Sinica 2015; 6(4): 83-90.
- Mohammad WS, Mafiz AS, Zeid AA, Siddiqui MR, Naushad M, Alqadami and Ayoub A: Flow-injection chemiluminescence method for the determination of moxifloxacin in pharmaceutical tablets and human urine using silver nanoparticles sensitized calcein-KMnO4 system. Bioprocess and biosystems engineering 2015; 38(9): 1803-10.
- Castrignano E, Andrew KM, Edward FJ, Kasprzyk-Hordern and Barbara: Enantioselective fractionation of fluoroquinolones in the aqueous environment using chiral liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 2018; 206: 376-86.
- Babu KR, Sandhyarani K and Srividhya M: Spectro-photometric determination of Olmesartan Medoxomil in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations by Chloramine-T and Gallocyanine. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2015; 5(10): 3293-98.
- Maciazek-Jurczyk M and Sulkowska A: Spectroscopic analysis of the impact of oxidative stress on the structure of human serum albumin (HSA) in terms of its binding properties. Spectrochimica Acta, Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 2015; 136(Part_B): 265-82.
- Devi PU, Satyanarayana KVVV and Sastry CSP: Determination of diosmin by visible spectrophotometry. Asian Journal of Chemistry 2010; 22(3): 2300-04.
- Sastry TM, Padhi T and Ramakrishna, K: Development and validation of spectrophotometric method for the determination of abacavir sulphate in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. International Journal of Chemical Sciences 2009; 7(2): 1045-52.
- Gowtham M, Kumar D, Yogendra MS, Sathish and Mahadeshwarabetta A, Nagendrapp and Giddappa: A novel spectrophotometric determination of some phenothiazines involving iodine monochloride from Chloramine-T with iodine. Archiv der Pharmazie (Weinheim, Germany) 2004; 337(11): 605-14.
- Marothu VK and Dannana GS: Extractive Spectrophotometric methods for the determination of rosuvastatin calcium in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations by using safranin O and methylene blue. Journal of Chemistry 2007; 4(1): 46-49.
- Narayana B and Divya NS: A new method for spectro-photometric determination of colchicoside. Journal of scientific and industrial research 2010; 69: 368-72.
- Hayati F, Derya G, Burak C, Reşat and Apak: A novel fiber optic spectrophotometric determination of nitrite using Safranin O and cloud point extraction. Talanta 2011; 85(4): 18-24.
How to cite this article:
Mamidi G and Gandu V: Quantitative estimation of drugs and pharmaceuticals using chloramine-t and safranin-o dye by an oxidative spectrophotometric method. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019; 10(7): 3241-49. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.10(7).3241-49.
All © 2013 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Article Information
12
3241-3249
850
1309
English
IJPSR
G. Mamidi and V. Gandu *
Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
venkateshwarlugoudgandu@gmail.com
17 October 2018
30 December 2018
16 January 2019
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.10(7).3241-49
01 July 2019